Perth Wetlands



The Perth Wetlands, also known as the Perth Great Lakes or the Great Lakes District, was a collection of fresh-water wetlands, swamps and lakes located on the Swan Coastal Plain north of the city of Perth in Western Australia. Over a period of 80 years from the first British settlement in Western Australia in 1829 most of the wetlands were reclaimed for use as housing, parks and market gardens.

Location
The wetlands were spread from Claisebrook Cove, north of the present city on the Swan River, through to Herdsman Lake to the north-west of the city, approximately 3.8 km east of the coast. The lakes were located in the present-day suburbs of Perth, Highgate, West Perth, East Perth, Northbridge, North Perth, Leederville, West Leederville, Wembley, Glendalough, Mt. Hawthorn and Herdsman, and the local government areas of the City of Perth, the City of Vincent, the Town of Cambridge and the City of Stirling. Jualbup Lake, formerly known as Dyson's Swamp and Shenton Park Lake, is located in Shenton Park in the City of Subiaco.

Aboriginal uses
Aboriginal tribes occupied the area around Perth for around $40,000$ years before European settlement, using the wetlands as a source of food (fish, waterfowl, crayfish and turtles) and fresh water. Local Nyungar tribes continued to use the lakes for resources and as a meeting place up until they were reclaimed for housing developments in the 1940s, with meetings of up to 400 people recorded in corroborees at Lakes Monger and Henderson as well at Hyde Park.

European settlement
Perth was founded by Captain James Stirling in June, 1829. The area on which Perth was built was described by George Seddon in Sense of Place (1972) as follows:

"The site [of Perth] was a well-timbered, low and narrow sand-ridge running east- south-east from Mt Eliza. ... To the north of this narrow ridge, there was a chain of freshwater lakes: Smith's Lake, Lake Henderson, Third Lake, Lake Sutherland, Lake Irwin, Lake Tompson, Lake Poulett, Stones Lake, and Tea Tree Lake, which was part of Clause's Brook. These lakes were in a broad valley running south-east from Lake Monger to the Swan River..."

Following the arrival of the first Europeans in 1829, the township of Perth was gradually expanded. The area to the north of the township, was not considered ideal for settlement due to the extensive wetlands that stretched for almost 10 km immediately north of the town site. Gradually, lakes closer to the city were drained, with the first drainage work commencing in 1832. Some wetlands were reclaimed by individual settlers on whose land the lakes encroached, others were reclaimed to be used for public works and housing. At the same time, the Swan River foreshore was reclaimed to ease transportation along the river.

The last of the lakes were drained in the 1880s. However, some areas including Herdsman Lake, Lake Monger and Third Swamp (now Hyde Park) were unable to be drained due to their location, size or depth.

Former features

 * Tea-tree Lake - a small lagoon that appeared seasonally to the west of Claise Brook during flooding.
 * Lake Kingsford - a lake located close to the inner-city of Perth that was drained in the 1830s. Most of the railways in Perth, and associated infrastructure, including Perth railway station, Perth Underground station, the Horseshoe Bridge and the main section of Wellington Street, were built on reclaimed land from Lake Kingsford.
 * Stone’s Lake (Yoorgoorading) - Perth Oval is located on the site of Stone's Lake
 * Lake Poulett (“First Swamp”; known by Noongar Peoples as Chalyeding)
 * Lake Thomson (“Mew’s Swamp”) - partial reclamation by Thomas Mews led to the name Mew’s Swamp being given
 * Lake Henderson (Boojoormelup)
 * Lake Georgianna - a small lake to the south of Lake Monger, near the present-day Mitchell Freeway Interchange.
 * Lake Irwin - a medium-size lake in between Lakes Sutherland and Kingsford. Perth Entertainment Centre and later Perth Arena were built on reclaimed land on the former site of the lake.
 * Lake Sutherland (“Padbury’s Lake”)
 * Second Swamp

Flora
Species that are or were prominent in the Perth wetlands include(d):

Trees and shrubs

 * Melaleuca rhaphiophylla (swamp paperbark) - found especially in Lakes Herdsman, Monger and formerly Lake Henderson.
 * Banksia littoralis (swamp banksia) -
 * Eucalyptus rudis (flooded gum) -
 * Eucalyptus camaldulensis (river red gum) -
 * Various species of Xanthorrhoea (grass trees)
 * Melaleuca preissiana (modong)
 * Banksia littoralis (swamp banksia)
 * Kunzea ericifolia (spearwood) - woody, evergreen shrub usually 2 to 6 m metres tall.
 * Banksia ilicifolia (holly-leaf banksia)

Sedges

 * Baumea articulata
 * Typha orientalis (broadleaf cumbungi) - generally considered a weed; also a fire hazard in summer.
 * Schoenoplectus validus (great bulrush) -

Herbaceous and aquatic plants

 * Potomogeton pectinatus (fennel pondweed)
 * Najas marina (prickly waternymph)
 * Cotula coronopifolia (buttonweed) - an introduced species originally from Africa that appears on dried-up lakebeds during summer, especially in Claisebrook Cove.

Fungi

 * Phytophthora cinnamomi - a soil-borne water mould causing dieback, a major plant fungus affecting trees at Herdsman Lake and Lake Monger.

Fauna
Species that are or were prominent in the Perth wetlands include(d):

Birds and waterfowl
Surveys have recorded over 30 different species of birds at Point Fraser, and over 100 different species of native and non-native birds that inhabit Lakes Herdsman and Monger for some period of the year, around two-thirds of which breed there. The most notable species include:
 * Cygnus atratus (black swan) - Western Australia's state emblem, found on both the flag and coat-of-arms of Western Australia, as well as in Australian popular culture as a symbol of Western Australia.
 * Several varieties of duck, including:
 * Tadorna tadornoides (mountain duck)
 * Chenonetta jubata (wood duck)
 * Several varieties of cormorant, including:
 * Phalacrocorax varius (pied cormorant)
 * Microcarbo melanoleucos (little pied cormorant)
 * Phalacrocorax fuscescens (black cormorant)
 * Phalacrocorax sulcirostris (little black cormorant)

Reptiles and amphibians

 * Cherax quinquecarinatus (common gilgie) - a small freshwater variety of crayfish that was especially present in lakes Herdsman and Monger. They were used as a source of food by Aborigines up until the 1940s.
 * Cherax destructor (common yabby) - an introduced species of crayfish posing a threat to the gilgy. It was first documented in Western Australia in the 1930s.
 * Chelodina colliei (long-necked turtle) - a small freshwater turtle endemic to Southwest Australia, growing up to 40 cm in length.

Fish

 * Pseudogobius olorum (Swan River goby) - a small, native fish commonly found in Herdsman Lake.