Pichia

Pichia (Hansenula and Hyphopichia are obsolete synonyms) is a genus of yeasts in the family Pichiaceae with spherical, elliptical, or oblong acuminate cells. Pichia is a teleomorph, and forms hat-shaped, hemispherical, or round ascospores during sexual reproduction. The anamorphs of some Pichia species are Candida species. The asexual reproduction is by multilateral budding.

The genus name of Pichia is in honour of Pico Pichi (1862–1933), who was an Italian botanist and Professor of natural history and plant pathology at a viticulture school in the town of Conegliano in the Province of Treviso.

The genus was circumscribed by Emil Christian Hansen in Centralbl. Bakteriol., 2. Abt., 12 on pages 533–538 in 1904.

Lactose is neither fermented nor assimilated by these species. The behaviour with regard to other carbohydrates is dependent on the different species. Nitrate is always assimilated.

More than 100 species of this genus are known. GBIF lists 155. A number of Pichia species have been reassigned to other genera, see below. As a result, Species Fungorum accepts only 32 species (see below for list).

Taxonomy
A nunber of species have been moved to other genera. These include moves to Wickerhamomyces (W. canadensis, W. ciferri, W. lynferdii, W. salvicola and W. subpelliculosa), to Starmera, to Cyberlindnera, to Ogataea and many others.

Occurrence
Some Pichia (in the broad, pre-split sense) interfere with the fermentation process for alcohol production. In winemaking, some species of Pichia can create potential faults in wines. Most are found in decaying plants; some live in close symbiosis with insects, which live on decaying plants.

Some Pichia (sensu lato) representatives can be found in raw milk and cheese, such as P. anomala (now named Wickerhamomyces anomalus). W. anomalus has been shown to combat the undesirable mold Aspergillus flavus, which contaminates food sources such as tree nuts and corn, and produces aflatoxins. Researchers of the Agricultural Research Service found that when pistachio trees were treated with W. anomalus, the growth of A. flavus was inhibited up to 97%. In addition to inhibiting A. flavus, the yeast may also help protect other agricultural crops from unwanted molds that affect the crop's taste, texture, yield, and safety. In smeared-surface ripened cheese, the most important species is P. membranifaciens that also occurs on cream cheese. The formation of a so-called pellicle is typical.

Another member of the genus, P. pastoris (now Komagataella phaffii), is widely used in molecular biology and biotechnology as an expression system. P. angusta (now called Ogataea polymorpha), is a model organism for studying the functions of peroxisomes and their underlying molecular biology.

Some Pichia species (e.g. P. ohmeri, now Kodamaea ohmeri) have recently been clinically proven to be pathogens, better known as so-called opportunistic pathogens in immunocompromised humans.

Species
As accepted by Species Fungorum;


 * Pichia barkeri
 * Pichia cactophila
 * Pichia cecembensis
 * Pichia cephalocereana
 * Pichia deserticola
 * Pichia eremophila
 * Pichia exigua
 * Pichia fermentans
 * Pichia galeiformis
 * Pichia garciniae
 * Pichia gijzeniarum
 * Pichia heedii
 * Pichia kluyveri
 * Pichia kudriavzevii
 * Pichia megalospora
 * Pichia membranifaciens
 * Pichia methanothermo
 * Pichia myanmarensis
 * Pichia nakasei
 * Pichia nanzhaoensis
 * Pichia nongkratonensis
 * Pichia norvegensis
 * Pichia occidentalis
 * Pichia paraexigua
 * Pichia porticicola
 * Pichia pseudocactophila
 * Pichia punctispora
 * Pichia rarassimilans
 * Pichia scaptomyzae
 * Pichia scutulata
 * Pichia sporocuriosa
 * Pichia terricola
 * Pichia uvarum