Pine warbler

The pine warbler (Setophaga pinus) is a small songbird of the New World warbler family.

Description
These birds have white bellies, two white wing bars, dark legs and thin, relatively long pointed bills; they have yellowish 'spectacles' around their eyes. Adult males have olive upperparts and bright yellow throats and breasts; females and immatures display upperparts which are olive-brown. Their throats and breasts are paler. The adult male pine warbler looks somewhat similar to the yellow-throated vireo which may cause some identification problems.

The song of this bird is a musical trill. Their calls are slurred chips.

Distribution and habitat
Their breeding habitats are open pine woods in eastern North America. These birds are permanent residents in southern Florida. Some of them, however, migrate to northeastern Mexico and islands in Bermuda and the Caribbean. The first record for South America was a vagrant wintering female seen at Vista Nieve, Colombia, on 20 November 2002; this bird was foraging as part of a mixed-species feeding flock that also included wintering Blackburnian and Tennessee warblers.

Behavior
They forage slowly on tree trunks and branches by poking their bill into pine cones. These birds also find food by searching for it on the ground. These birds mainly eat insects, seeds and berries.

Their nests are deep, open cups, which are placed near the end of a tree branch. Pine warblers prefer to nest in pine trees, hence their names. Three to five blotched white eggs are laid.

Books

 * Rodewald, P. G., J. H. Withgott, and K. G. Smith. 1999. Pine Warbler (Dendroica pinus). In The Birds of North America, No. 438 (A. Poole and F. Gill, eds.). The Birds of North America, Inc., Philadelphia, PA.

Thesis

 * Azevedo JC. Ph.D. (2003). A comparison of the environmental effects of traditional intensive forestry and the sustainable forestry initiative: A modeling approach at the landscape level. Texas A&M University, United States, Texas.
 * Kristensen DR. M.Sc. (1996). An assessment of the songbird habitat quality of red pine plantations in eastern Ontario. Queen's University at Kingston (Canada), Canada.
 * Laterza KJ. M.S.F. (1999). Effects of prescribed burning frequency on avian communities in a longleaf pine ecosystem. Stephen F. Austin State University, United States, Texas.
 * Sladek BG. M.S. (2006). Timber growth and avian community responses to prescribed fire and selective herbicide in thinned, mid-rotation afforested loblolly pine plantations in Mississippi. Mississippi State University, United States, Mississippi.

Articles
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 * Azevedo JC, Wu XB, Messina MG & Fisher RF. (2005). Assessment of sustainability in intensively managed forested landscapes: A case study in eastern Texas. Forest Science. vol 51, no 4. p. 321-333.
 * Betts MG, Franklin SE & Taylor RG. (2003). Interpretation of landscape pattern and habitat change for local indicator species using satellite imagery and geographic information system data in New Brunswick, Canada. Canadian Journal of Forest Research. vol 33, no 10. p. 1821-1831.
 * Birch A. (1994). Yellow-throated Vireo: New to Britain and Ireland. British Birds. vol 87, no 8.
 * Bowman R, Leonard DL Jr., Backus LK & Mains AR. (1999). Interspecific interactions with foraging Red-cockaded Woodpeckers in south-central Florida. Wilson Bulletin. vol 111, no 3. p. 346-353.
 * Brush T & Stiles EW. (1990). Habitat Use by Breeding Birds in the New Jersey USA Pine Barrens. Bulletin New Jersey Academy of Science. vol 35, no 2. p. 13-16.
 * Burley JB. (1989). Multi-Model Habitat Suitability Index Analysis in the Red River Valley Minnesota USA. Landscape & Urban Planning. vol 17, no 3. p. 261-280.
 * Childers EL & Sharik TL. (1981). Pine Warbler Dendroica-Pinus Use of Thinned Loblolly Pine Pinus-Taeda Plantations Following Ice Damage. Transactions of the Northeast Section the Wildlife Society. vol 38, no 106.
 * Collins SL, James FC & Risser PG. (1982). Habitat Relationships of Wood Warblers Parulidae in Northern Central Minnesota USA. Oikos. vol 39, no 1. p. 50-58.
 * Conner RN, Dickson JG, Locke BA & Segelquist CA. (1983). Vegetation Characteristics Important to Common Song Birds in East Texas USA. Wilson Bulletin. vol 95, no 3. p. 349-361.
 * Cooper RJ, Dodge KM, Martinat PJ, Donahoe SB & Whitmore RC. (1990). Effect of Diflubenzuron Application on Eastern Deciduous Forest Birds. Journal of Wildlife Management. vol 54, no 3. p. 486-493.
 * Durden LA, Oliver JH Jr. & Kinsey AA. (2001). Ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) and spirochetes (Spirochaetaceae: Spirochaetales) recovered from birds on a Georgia Barrier Island. Journal of Medical Entomology. vol 38, no 2. p. 231-236.
 * Emlen JT. (1981). Divergence in the Foraging Responses of Birds on 2 Bahama Islands. Ecology. vol 62, no 2. p. 289-295.
 * Emlen JT & Dejong MJ. (1981). Intrinsic Factors in the Selection of Foraging Substrates by Pine Warblers Dendroica-Pinus a Test of an Hypothesis. Auk. vol 98, no 2. p. 294-298.
 * Ferguson D. (1997). Bay-breasted warbler in Cornwall: New to Britain and Ireland. British Birds. vol 90, no 10. p. 444-448.
 * Gaddis P. (1980). Mixed Flocks Accipiters and Anti Predator Behavior. Condor. vol 82, no 3. p. 348-349.
 * Haney JC & Lydic J. (1999). Avifauna and vegetation structure in an old-growth oak-pine forest on the Cumberland Plateau, Tennessee (USA). Natural Areas Journal. vol 19, no 3. p. 199-210.
 * Homann PH. (2003). American Goldfinches associate with Pine Warblers in north Florida. Florida Field Naturalist. vol 31, no 3.
 * James FC, McCulloch CE & Wolfe LE. (1990). Methodological Issues the Estimation of Trends in Bird Populations with an Example the Pine Warbler. U S Fish & Wildlife Service Biological Report. vol 90, no 1. p. 84-96.
 * Kerlinger P & Doremus C. (1981). Habitat Disturbance and the Decline of Dominant Avian Species in Pine Barrens of the Northeastern USA. American Birds. vol 35, no 1. p. 16-20.
 * Levey DJ, Place AR, Rey PJ & del Rio CM. (1999). An experimental test of dietary enzyme modulation in pine warblers Dendroica pinus. Physiological & Biochemical Zoology. vol 72, no 5. p. 576-587.
 * McNair DB. (1986). Past Breeding Distribution of Eleven Species in Georgia USA Based on Nest Records from Egg Data Slips. Oriole. vol 51, no 2-3. p. 28-31.
 * Murray NL & Stauffer DF. (1995). Nongame bird use of habitat in central Appalachian riparian forests. Journal of Wildlife Management. vol 59, no 1. p. 78-88.
 * Niemi GJ, Hanowski JM, Lima AR, Nicholls T & Weiland N. (1997). A critical analysis on the use of indicator species in management. Journal of Wildlife Management. vol 61, no 4. p. 1240-1252.
 * Provencher L, Gobris NM & Brennan LA. (2002). Effects of hardwood reduction on winter birds in northwest Florida longleaf pine sandhill forests. Auk. vol 119, no 1. p. 71-87.
 * Rutledge BT & Conner LM. (2002). Potential effects of groundcover restoration on breeding bird communities in longleaf pine stands. Wildlife Society Bulletin. vol 30, no 2. p. 354-360.
 * Sample BE, Cooper RJ & Whitmore RC. (1993). DIETARY SHIFTS AMONG SONGBIRDS FROM A DIFLUBENZURON-TREATED FOREST. Condor. vol 95, no 3. p. 616-624.
 * Schulte LA, Pidgeon AM & Mladenoff DJ. (2005). One hundred fifty years of change in forest bird breeding habitat: Estimates of species distributions. Conservation Biology. vol 19, no 6. p. 1944-1956.
 * Tyler JD. (2000). Noteworthy bird records for southwestern Oklahoma and north central Texas. Proceedings of the Oklahoma Academy of Science. vol 80, p. 111-114.
 * Van Horne B & Wiens JA. (1991). Forest Bird Habitat Suitability Models and the Development of General Habitat Models. U S Fish & Wildlife Service Fish & Wildlife Research. vol 8, p. 1-30.
 * Willson MF & Comet TA. (1993). Food choices by northwestern crows: Experiments with captive, free-ranging and hand-raised birds. Condor. vol 95, no 3. p. 596-615.