Polyneoptera

The cohort Polyneoptera is one of the major groups of winged insects, comprising the Orthoptera (grasshoppers, crickets, etc.) and all other neopteran insects believed to be more closely related to Orthoptera than to any other insect orders. They were formerly grouped together with the Palaeoptera and Paraneoptera as the Hemimetabola or Exopterygota on the grounds that they have no metamorphosis, the wings gradually developing externally throughout the nymphal stages. Many members of the group have leathery forewings (tegmina) and hindwings with an enlarged anal field (vannus).

Extant
The following extant orders are included in Polyneoptera:


 * Superorder Dictyoptera
 * Order Blattodea (cockroaches and termites)
 * Order Mantodea (praying mantises)
 * Order Orthoptera (grasshoppers, crickets, katydids)
 * Order Dermaptera (earwigs)
 * Order Embioptera (web-spinners)
 * Order Plecoptera (stoneflies)
 * Order Grylloblattodea (ice-crawlers)
 * Order Mantophasmatodea (gladiators)
 * Order Phasmatodea (stick and leaf insects)
 * Order Zoraptera (angel insects)

Fossil
The following fossil groups are included in Polyneoptera:


 * Archaeorthoptera (Orthoptera and stem-group relatives)
 * †Caloneurodea
 * †Cnemidolestodea (= Cnemidolestida)
 * †Geraroptera
 * †Titanoptera – Carboniferous to Triassic
 * order Incertae sedis
 * family †Cacurgidae Handlirsch, 1911
 * family †Chresmodidae Haase, 1890
 * family †Permostridulidae Béthoux, Nel, Lapeyrie & Gand, 2003
 * family †Protophasmatidae Brongniart, 1885
 * genus †Chenxiella Liu, Ren & Prokop, 2009
 * genus †Lobeatta Béthoux, 2005
 * genus †Longzhua Gu, Béthoux & Ren, 2011
 * genus †Nectoptilus Béthoux, 2005
 * genus †Sinopteron Prokop & Ren, 2007
 * Stem-group Phasmatodea
 * †family Xiphopteridae Sharov 1968
 * †family Prochresmodidae Vishnyakova 1980
 * †family Aeroplanidae Tillyard 1918
 * †family Cretophasmatidae Sharov 1968
 * †family Aerophasmatidae Martynov, 1928
 * Stem-group Dermaptera
 * †Protelytroptera
 * †"Grylloblattida" (Stem-group Grylloblattodea?)
 * †Geinitziidae
 * †Gorochoviidae
 * †Juraperlidae
 * †Bajanzhargalanidae
 * †Eoblattida
 * †Paoliida
 * †Protorthoptera
 * † family Magicivenidae
 * † family Magicivenidae

Phylogeny
The following cladogram is based on the molecular phylogeny of Wipfler et al. 2019: