Primark

Primark Stores Limited (trading as Penneys in the Republic of Ireland) is an Irish multinational fashion retailer with headquarters in Dublin, Ireland, with outlets across Europe and in the United States. The original Penneys brand is not used outside of Ireland because it is owned elsewhere by American retailer J. C. Penney.

History
The company's first shop, named Penneys and still in operation today, was established by Arthur Ryan in June 1969 on behalf of the Weston family (who in 1935 founded Allied Bakeries Limited, later renamed Associated British Foods) at 47 Mary Street in Dublin. The first major shops outside of Dublin were opened in the cities of Cork and Belfast in 1971, both under the name of Penneys.

The company subsequently expanded outside of Ireland and into Great Britain, opening a shop in Derby in 1973. By 1974, the business had 24 shops, including three in Scotland and two in England, all operating under the Penneys brand.

The American company, JC Penney, opposed the use of Penneys as a business name. JC Penney registered the various business names of Penneys's parent company in countries throughout Europe in order to put pressure on it to relinquish its registration of the Penneys brand, and issued proceedings disputing the use of the brand. Following an injunction granted by the High Court of England in June 1974, the two shops in England were rebranded as Primark. However, the Penneys brand continued to be used in Ireland and Scotland, and in 1975–1976, four more Penneys-branded shops were opened in Scotland and Northern Ireland.

Eventually, the two companies settled their dispute. Penneys/Primark agreed that from 27 August 1976 onward, it would only use the Penneys brand in the Republic of Ireland, with its shops elsewhere, including in Northern Ireland, to be rebranded as Primark. In exchange, JC Penney agreed to relinquish its registration of the various business names of Primark's parent companies throughout Europe, and agreed not to trade under the Penneys brand in the Republic of Ireland. Since that date, the business has been known as Penneys in the Republic of Ireland and as Primark elsewhere.

In 2005, Primark bought UK retailer Littlewoods's retail stores for £409 million, retaining 40 of the 119 shops and selling the rest.

In May 2006, the first Primark shop in mainland Europe opened in Madrid, Spain. In December 2008, Primark opened in the Netherlands, followed by Portugal, Germany and Belgium in 2009, Austria in 2012, France in 2013, and Italy in 2014.

Primark opened its current headquarters in 2015 in a redeveloped Dublin building, Arthur Ryan House, formerly Chapel House.

In 2015, Primark opened its first United States shop in Boston, later expanding into New York City, Philadelphia, Danbury and Chicago. Having built a chain of around 40 shops in Spain, Primark opened a second outlet in Madrid in October 2015, its second-biggest in the world. The largest Primark shop opened in Birmingham on 11 April 2019, occupying the former Pavilions Shopping Centre of 161000 sqft, with five floors including a beauty salon, Disney-themed café and a barbershop, and adding the largest Greggs fast-food outlet in the world in February 2022. On 13 June 2019, Primark expanded to Slovenia with a shop in Ljubljana.

On 23 March 2020, Primark temporarily closed its 189 UK shops, as a result of government restrictions during the COVID-19 outbreak. Its 153 shops in England re-opened on 15 June 2020. As a result of the lockdown, the company reported a sales loss of £430 million.

On 10 August 2020, Primark opened the first shop in Poland in the Galeria Młociny shopping center in Warsaw, later expanding into Poznań, Kraków, Katowice, Wrocław and Łódź. In June 2021, Primark opened the first shop in the Czech Republic in Prague, occupying the area of 50590 sqft and serving as a flagship for the region of Central and Eastern Europe.

In 2021, Primark unveiled a sustainability strategy that sets targets to reduce textile waste, halving emissions and improving the life of Primark workers.

On 15 December 2022, Primark opened its first shop in Romania, in Bucharest. On 20 June 2023, Primark opened its second store in Bucharest.

In November 2022, Primark announced it was going online with a new click-and-collect service. This announcement came after the company lost more than £1 billion in sales during the Covid-19 pandemic, when its shops had to be closed, while the competitors with online shops had smaller or no financial losses. The click-and-collect service was launched as a trial in 25 stores in north-west England, Yorkshire and north Wales for children's products only. However, on the day of launch of the new service, the company's website crashed, causing the issues for people trying to access it.

In 8 February 2024, as part of expansion plans, Primark announced a major scheme in which five shops would open and 15 (including its shop on Oxford Street) would be renovated. Primark also opened a distribution centre in Jacksonville, Florida.

In 21 May 2024, Primark unveiled a new brand identity, revealing a more curved and bold logo based on its 2005 logo, along with changing the colour slightly.

On 28 May 2024, Primark opened its first Hungarian shop in the Arena Mall in Budapest. On 20 June 2024, it was announced that the business intended to invest more than €40 million on its Portuguese business, including opening four further shops in Portugal, as part of its plan to have 530 shops internationally by 2026.

Corporate affairs
The key trends for Primark are (as of the financial year ending 17 September):

Products
Primark offers a diverse range of products, including: baby, children's, women's and men's clothing, accessories and footwear; beauty products; housewares and confectionery. The chain sells clothing at prices below those typically charged by other retailers.

From 2014, Primark began selling makeup products. Primark started selling vegan snacks from January 2018. Laura O' Sullivan, co-founder of Primark, expressed her support of the new snacks.

Along with retailers such as Zara and H&M, Primark contributes to the contemporary fast fashion trend. According to an article about Primark in The Economist, "For many shoppers, Primark has an irresistible offer: trendy clothes at astonishingly low prices. The result is a new and even faster kind of fast fashion, which encourages consumers to buy heaps of items, discard them after a few wears and then come back for another batch of new outfits."

In 2020, Primark launched their Wellness collection which includes 80 eco-conscious products. All of the products are made of organic, sustainable or recycled materials. This is part of the retailer's commitment to be more responsible for its footprint.

Working practices
In 2006, Primark joined the Ethical Trading Initiative (ETI), a collaborative organisation bringing together businesses, trades unions and NGOs to work on labour rights issues in their supply chains. ETI members commit to working towards the implementation of a code of conduct based on the International Labour Organization's core conventions.

In December 2008, the UK charity War on Want launched a new report, Fashion Victims II, that showed conditions had not improved in Bangladeshi factories supplying Primark, two years after the charity first visited them.

On 9 January 2009, a supplier was forced by ETI to remove its branding from Primark stores and websites following a BBC/The Observer investigation into the employment practices. The investigation alleged the use of illegal immigrant labour and argued that the workers were paid less than the UK legal minimum wage.

On 16 June 2011, the BBC Trust's Editorial Standards Committee (ESC) published its findings into a Panorama programme "Primark: On the Rack", broadcast in June 2008. The programme was an undercover investigative documentary examining poor working conditions in Indian factories supplying Primark. Although Primark subsequently stopped doing business with the Indian supplier, the ESC concluded that footage in the programme was 'more likely than not' to have been fabricated. The ESC directed the BBC to make an on-air apology and to ensure that the programme was not repeated or sold to other broadcasters. Primark created a specific website to deal with the issues around the programme.

In 2011 and 2012, Primark achieved 'Leader' status in the Ethical Trading Initiative.

In June 2013, two labels both stitched with alleged SOS messages were separately found in garments purchased from a store in Swansea, Wales. Primark argued the supply chain showed these label messages were a hoax.

Also in June 2014, a customer from Ireland allegedly found an SOS note wrapped in a prison ID card in the pocket of trousers purchased from a Primark store several years earlier. The letter was written in Chinese and said to report that prisoners were forced to work "like oxen" making fashion clothes for export for 15 hours per day and that the food they were given would not be fit for animals.

A year and a half later an alleged SOS note from a Chinese torture victim was found in socks purchased from Primark.

In December 2018, a bone was found by a customer in a sock purchased in the shop's Colchester branch.