Pythagoras number

In mathematics, the Pythagoras number or reduced height of a field describes the structure of the set of squares in the field. The Pythagoras number p(K) of a field K is the smallest positive integer p such that every sum of squares in K is a sum of p squares.

A Pythagorean field is a field with Pythagoras number 1: that is, every sum of squares is already a square.

Examples

 * Every non-negative real number is a square, so p(R) = 1.
 * For a finite field of odd characteristic, not every element is a square, but all are the sum of two squares, so p = 2.
 * By Lagrange's four-square theorem, every positive rational number is a sum of four squares, and not all are sums of three squares, so p(Q) = 4.

Properties

 * Every positive integer occurs as the Pythagoras number of some formally real field.
 * The Pythagoras number is related to the Stufe by p(F) ≤  s(F) + 1.  If F is not formally real then s(F) ≤ p(F) ≤  s(F) + 1, and both cases are possible: for F = C we have s = p = 1, whereas for F = F5 we have s = 1, p = 2.
 * As a consequence, the Pythagoras number of a non-formally-real field is either a power of 2, or 1 more than a power of 2. All such cases occur: i.e., for each pair (s,p) of the form (2k,2k) or (2k,2k + 1), there exists a field F such that (s(F),p(F)) = (s,p). For example, quadratically closed fields (e.g., C) and fields of characteristic 2 (e.g., F2) give (s(F),p(F)) = (1,1); for primes p ≡ 1 (mod 4), Fp and the p-adic field Qp give (1,2); for primes p ≡ 3 (mod 4), Fp gives (2,2), and Qp gives (2,3); Q2 gives (4,4), and the function field Q2(X) gives (4,5).
 * The Pythagoras number is related to the height of a field F: if F is formally real then h(F) is the smallest power of 2 which is not less than p(F); if F is not formally real then h(F) = 2s(F).