Raoul Salan

Raoul Albin Louis Salan (10 June 1899 – 3 July 1984) was a French Army general and the founder of the Organisation armée secrète, a clandestine terrorist organisation that sought to maintain French Algeria by preventing Algerian independence. He served as the fourth French commanding general during the First Indochina War. He was one of four retired generals who organized the 1961 Algiers Putsch operation. He was the most decorated soldier in the French Army at the end of his military career.

World War I
Salan was born on 10 June 1899 in Roquecourbe, Tarn. Enlisted in the French Army for the duration of the war on 2 August 1917, he was accepted in the École spéciale militaire de Saint-Cyr on 21 August 1917, being assigned to the cadet student platoon of the 16th Infantry Regiment stationed at Montbrison, as part of the promotion "de Saint-Odile et de La Fayette" (1917-1918). Salan graduated as an aspirant on 25 July 1918, and was assigned to the 5th Colonial Infantry Regiment (5e RIC) in Lyon on 14 August 1918.

As a platoon leader in the 5e RIC's 11e Compagnie, he took part in the fighting in the Verdun region (Saint-Mihiel, Les Éparges, Fort de Bois-Bourru, Côte de Oie, Cumières-le-Mort-Homme). He was mentioned in the Order of the Brigade by Order dated 29 December 1918.

World War II
Until France's surrender in World War II, Colonel Salan commanded a battalion of Senegalese troops. At first he sided with the Vichy Government, but when the tide turned to the Allied side, he campaigned hard and successfully in southern France with General Jean de Lattre de Tassigny's troops. Between the world wars he was attached in various capacities to the Ministry of Colonies, and in 1941–43 he served with the Free French forces in French West Africa. After participating in the Allied invasion of France in 1944, he went to Indochina in 1945 and was commander in chief there during 1952–53.

Indochina and Algeria
Salan served as the commander of French forces in Vietnam from 1945 to 1947. By 1948, he was commander of all French land forces in East Asia, and after the death of Jean de Lattre de Tassigny in 1952, Salan became the commander-in-chief in Indochina.

Salan served as commander-in-chief of French forces in French Algeria in 1956. In 1958, he established special military internment centers for PAM rebels. The Minister of Interior declared a state of emergency, while the army engaged in a "struggle against the terrorism" of the FLN. Special powers were devolved to the military and were returned to civilian powers only in September 1959, when Charles de Gaulle made his speech on self-determination. General Salan refused to apply the Geneva Conventions ratified by France in 1951 because the detainees were not POW's. The civil authorities had different attitudes concerning the use of torture by the military.

In 1958, Salan called for the return to power of Charles De Gaulle, believing that the latter would protect French Algeria. He retired shortly after, first moving to Spain, then to mainland France. He was banned from entering Algeria in 1960.

Nevertheless, Salan returned to Algeria to organize the putsch on 21 April 1961 with André Zeller, Edmond Jouhaud and Maurice Challe. After the failure of the putsch, he became the chief of Organisation armée secrète (OAS), which attempted to disrupt the April 1962 Peace Evian Accords. Salan, who was sentenced to death in absentia, was arrested in April 1962. He was tried for treason and sentenced to life in prison. Salan was pardoned and released from prison in June 1968. He was amnestied by the French parliament and re-instated to the rank of general in 1982.

Death
Salan died on 3 July 1984. Every year, former members of the OAS bring flowers to his tomb on his death anniversary.

Decorations
Salan was the most decorated soldier in the French Army.

French and Colonial Decorations
 * Legion of Honour
 * Legion Honneur Chevalier ribbon.svg Knight (5 April 1922)
 * Legion Honneur Officier ribbon.svg Officer (21 August 1940)
 * Legion Honneur Commandeur ribbon.svg Commander (10 February 1945)
 * Legion Honneur GO ribbon.svg Grand Officer (27 October 1948)
 * Legion Honneur GC ribbon.svg Grand Cross (28 August 1952)
 * Medaille militaire ribbon.svg Médaille militaire (12 July 1958)
 * Croix de Guerre 1914-1918 ribbon.svg Croix de guerre 1914–1918 (1 citation)
 * Croix de Guerre 1939-1945 ribbon.svg Croix de Guerre 1939–1945 (8 citations)
 * Croix de Guerre des Theatres d'Operations Exterieurs ribbon.svg Croix de guerre des théâtres d'opérations extérieures (7 citations)
 * Croix de la Valeur Militaire ribbon.svg Cross for Military Valour (1 citation)
 * Croix du Combattant Volontaire 1914-1918 ribbon.svg Volunteer Combatant's Cross 1914–1918
 * Croix du Combattant (1930 France) ribbon.svg Combatant's Cross
 * Medaille d'Outre-Mer (Coloniale) ribbon.svg Colonial Medal (Far East clasp)
 * Ordre de l'Etoile Noire GC ribbon.svg Grand Cross of the Order of the Black Star
 * Ordre du Dragon d'Annam (par le Gouvernement Francais) GC ribbon.svg Ordre du Dragon d'Annam (par l’Empereur d’Annam) Chevalier ribbon.svg (with GC rosette) Grand Cordon of the Order of the Dragon of Annam with Military and Civil title
 * Ordre Royal du Cambodge Officier ribbon.svg Officer and (later) Ordre Royal du Cambodge GC ribbon.svg Grand Cross of the Royal Order of Cambodia
 * LAO Order of the a Million Elephants and the White Parasol - Grand Cross BAR.svg Grand Cross of the Order of the Million Elephants and the White Parasol
 * Barrette de Grand Croix du Merite civil Tai .png Grand Cross of the Tai Order of Civil Merit (Sip Song Chau Tai)
 * Ordre du Nichan Iftikhar GC ribbon (Tunisia).svg Grand Cross of the Order of Glory
 * Ordre de l'Ouissam Alaouite GC ribbon (Maroc).svg Grand Cordon of the Order of Ouissam Alaouite
 * Ordre de l'Etoile d'Anjouan GC ribbon.svg Grand Cross of the Order of the Star of Anjouan
 * Grand Cross of the Étoile des Comores
 * KHM Royal Order of Monisaraphon - Knight.png Royal Order of Monisaraphon
 * Vietnam Gallantry Cross, with palm.svg Gallantry Cross, with palm
 * KHM National Defence Medal - gold.png National Defense Medal (Cambodia)
 * Medaille commemorative de Syrie-Cilicie (Levant) ribbon.svg Syria-Cilicia commemorative medal
 * CivilMerit.Syria.png Order of Civil Merit of the Syrian Arab Republic
 * World War I Victory Medal ribbon.svg 1914–1918 Inter-Allied Victory medal
 * Medaille commemorative de la Guerre 1914-1918 ribbon.svg 1914–1918 Commemorative war medal
 * Medaille commemorative de la Guerre 1939-1945 ribbon.svg 1939–1945 Commemorative war medal with "Africa", "Italy", "France", and "Germany" clasps
 * Medaille de l'Aeronautique ribbon.svg Aeronautical Medal
 * Medaille (Insigne) des Blesses Militaires ribbon.svg Medal for the War Wounded
 * Annam Order of Military Merit
 * Order of the Reign of King Savang Vatthana
 * Medaille commemorative de la Campagne d'Italie ribbon.svg 1943–1944 Italian campaign medal
 * Medaille commemorative de la Campagne d'Indochine ribbon.svg Indochina Campaign Commemorative Medal
 * [[File:Medaille commemorative des Operations de securite et de Maintien de l'ordre ribbon.svg|60px]] North Africa Security and Order Operations Commemorative Medal with "Algeria" clasp

Foreign Decorations
 * Distinguished Service Cross ribbon.svg Distinguished Service Cross (US)
 * Order of the British Empire (Military) Ribbon.svg Commander of the Order of the British Empire (UK)
 * Vietnam Campaign Medal (Thailand)
 * KHM Sena Jayaseddh Medal.png Sena Jayaseddh Medal (Cambodia)