Revolution from above

A revolution from above refers to major political and social changes that are imposed by an élite on the population it dominates. It usually occurs in urban areas in a capital city. By contrast, the plain term "revolution" suggests that pressure from below is a major driving force in events, even if other social groups cooperate with—or ultimately capture—the movement. The phrase "revolution from above" was coined by the Spanish writer Joaquín Costa (1846-1911) in the 19th century. In contrast, a "revolution from below" refers to a grassroots campaign against élites. Johann Gottlieb Fichte advocated the right of revolution, particularly from above rather than below.

Examples

 * Enlightened absolutism in 18th-century Europe
 * The Constitution of the German Confederation (1871) and the formation of the German Empire
 * Stalin's Collectivization of agriculture
 * De-Stalinization under Nikita Khrushchev
 * Great Purge in the Soviet Union under Stalin
 * German reunification
 * White Revolution in Iran