Riga Radio and TV Tower

The Riga Radio and TV Tower (Rīgas radio un televīzijas tornis) in Riga, Latvia is the tallest tower in the European Union. It was built between 1979 and 1989 with funding from the central government of the Soviet Union. Its highest point reaches 368.5 m, which makes it the third tallest tower in Europe (after the Ostankino Tower at 540 m and the Kyiv TV Tower at 385 m) and the 15th tallest self-supporting tower in the world.

Features
There was a restaurant, "Vēja roze" ("Wind Rose"), at the 93 m level, which was open since the completion of the tower until 2006. There is a public observation platform just above it at 97 m, from which most of the city and surroundings and the Gulf of Riga can be seen.

Reconstruction
Since May 2019, the tower has closed to visitors for about five years for the renovation and expansion of the visitors' area and the adjacent territory under the TV Tower 2.0 project. It is planned to re-open in 2024 when there will again be a restaurant and the tower's bomb shelter will open to the public. A 500 kg Foucault pendulum will also be installed. The estimated costs are €40-50 million.

Construction
The design chosen for the tower was that of Georgian architect Kims Nikurdze. Also credited are Nikolajs Sergijevskis and Viktors Savčenko. Construction materials included dolomite from Saaremaa, Karelian granite, and ironwork that had been prefabricated in Chelyabinsk. The assembly was done by the St Petersburg North-western Ironwork Assembly Trust.

The tower is built on an island called Zaķusala (English: Hare Island) in the middle of the River Daugava, and the base of the tower is located about 7 m above mean sea level. The tower is built to resist winds up to 44 m/s without any noticeable vibration with the help of three 10 ST dampers installed at the 198 m level. Though seismic activity is rare, the tower was designed to withstand a magnitude 7.5 earthquake. The projected service life of the tower is 250 years.

Bottom section
The support section of the tower rises the first 88 m, comprising the three pillars that give the tower its unusual appearance, and a central building that contains offices and machine rooms. There are two high-speed sloping elevators, one in the north-east pillar and one in the south-west pillar, that ascend the bottom section in just 42 seconds. The third pillar contains a staircase. It is one of only three "tall" towers in the world that has 3 pillars; the others are the Avala Tower in Belgrade and Žižkov Television Tower in Prague.

Middle section
The middle section, at 88 - 222 m, contains equipment and a central elevator and is enclosed by panels of COR-TEN, an aluminum-iron alloy.

Top section
The top section, at 222 - 368 m, is a cylindrical structure which supports and contains the various antennas, and is topped by a flagpole. An elevator rises to the machine rooms at the 308 m level, and stairs ascend another 44 m.

Operations
The tower started broadcasting regularly in January 1986, though construction work continued until 1989.

The following television channels are broadcast from the tower:
 * Latvian Television 1
 * Latvian Television 7
 * TV3
 * RīgaTV 24
 * DVB-T signal (experimental)

The following radio stations broadcast from the tower: There is a DAB+ test on channel 12D.

Additionally, broadcast and two-way communications services are provided for various organizations and government agencies.