Royal Society Range

The Royal Society Range (-78.16667°N, 162.66667°W) is a majestic range of mountains in Victoria Land, Antarctica, rising to 4,025 m along the west shore of McMurdo Sound between the Koettlitz, Skelton and Ferrar Glaciers. They are south of the Kukri Hills, southeast of the Quartermain Mountains, and northeast of the Worcester Range.

With its summit at 4025 m, the massive Mount Lister forms the highest point in this range. Mount Lister is located along the western shore of McMurdo Sound between the Koettlitz, Skelton and Ferrar glaciers. Other notable local terrain features include Allison Glacier, which descends from the west slopes of the Royal Society Range into Skelton Glacier.

Discovery and naming
The range was probably first seen by Captain James Clark Ross in 1841. It was explored by the British National Antarctic Expedition (BrNAE; 1901–04) under Robert Falcon Scott, who named the range after the Royal Society and applied names of its members to many of its peaks. For example, Mount Lister was named for Lord Joseph Lister, President of the Royal Society, 1895–1900. The Royal Society provided financial support to BrNAE and its members had assisted on the committee which organized the expedition.

Geology
The Royal Society Range consists of a Precambrian igneous and meta-igneous basement complex overlain by Devonian- to Triassic-age sandstones, siltstones and conglomerates of the Beacon Supergroup which dip shallowly westward away from the Ross Sea coast. The entire region is cut by north–south trending longitudinal faults, east–west trending transverse faults, and structurally related dike swarms.

Tectonic and fluvial activity have featured very heavily in the recent geologic history of the Royal Society Range. Following the extension of the Ross Sea Basin (c. 55 million years ago), an episode of uplift drove the creation of the Royal Society Range rift flank. At this time a tectonic (though not accretionary) wedge, up to 6 km thick on the coast, was present, though it quickly began to erode due primarily to fluvial processes, and the Royal Society Range was cut down near to its present appearance by the mid-Miocene. Relatively limited glacial action since that time has preserved much of the fluvial architecture of the Range, and though uplift did not cease, its magnitude is such that it has not drastically affected the landscape, having progressed only 67 meters in the last 8 million years.

Koettlitz Glacier Alkaline Province
Neoproterozoic tectonic extension along the edge of the East Antarctic Craton between the Skelton and Koettlitz Glaciers resulted in the emplacement of coarse grained alkaline igneous intrusive rocks (ranging from gabbro to A-type granite). This area of alkaline intrusives is referred to as the Koettlitz Glacier Alkaline Province.

Ross Orogeny
Cambrian tectonic convergence, continental collision and plate subduction led to the emplacement of calc-alkaline and adakitic granitoids. This period of mountain building is referred to as the Ross Orogeny.

Volcanic history
The Royal Society Range contains over 50 basaltic vents, ranging in size from tiny mounds to cinder cones up to 300 meters (985 feet) high. Dating of surface material indicates they were active earlier than 15 million years ago (e.g. Heald Island) and as recently as 80,000 years ago, with glacier-bound tephra layers suggesting even more recent Holocene activity. The vast majority of vents are located in the foothills of the Royal Society mountains just north of Koettlitz Glacier, and most are Quaternary in age. Most emanating flows are 3–10 meters thick and less than 4 kilometers long. The composition, with very few exceptions, is porphyritic basanite with primarily olivine and clinopyroxene phenocrysts, though some phenocrystic plagioclase is also present.

Location
The Royal Society range borders the Bowers Piedmont Glacier and the Blue Glacier to the east. The Blue Glacier separates the range from the Denton Hills, which run from north to south along the coast of McMurdo Sound in the northeast, and along the northwest side of the Koettlitz Glacier further south. The Pyramid, the southeast tip of the range, is on the north side of the Koettlitz Glacier. The southwest and west of the range lies to the east of the Skelton Glacier, which rises in the Skelton Névé to the west of the range and flows south into the Ross Ice Shelf. The northwest of the range lies to the east and south of the Ferrar Glacier, which flows east along the north of the range to New Harbour in McMurdo Sound.

Glaciers
The surrounding glaciers are:
 * Blue Glacier, a large glacier which flows into Bowers Piedmont Glacier about 10 nmi south of New Harbour.
 * Koettlitz Glacier, a large glacier lying west of Mount Morning and Mount Discovery in the Royal Society Range, flowing from the vicinity of Mount Cocks northeastward between Brown Peninsula and the mainland into the ice shelf of McMurdo Sound.
 * Skelton Glacier, a large glacier flowing from the Antarctic Plateau into the Ross Ice Shelf at Skelton Inlet on the Hillary Coast.
 * Ferrar Glacier, a glacier about 35 nmi long, flowing from the plateau of Victoria Land west of the Royal Society Range to New Harbour in McMurdo Sound.

Features
Major features include:
 * Colwell Massif (-78.03333°N, 161.55°W), a rugged rock massif, about 4 nmi long, rising to 2,635 m between Palais Glacier, Ferrar Glacier, and Rotunda Glacier.
 * Table Mountain (-77.95°N, 162°W), a large flat mountain rising to over 2,000 m immediately south of the junction of the Emmanuel Glacier and Ferrar Glacier in Victoria Land.
 * Cathedral Rocks (-77.85°N, 162.6°W), a series of four abrupt cliffs interspersed by short glaciers and surmounted by sharp peaks. The cliffs extend for 8 nmi along the south side of Ferrar Glacier and form part of the north shoulder of the Royal Society Range.
 * Briggs Hill (-77.81667°N, 163°W), a conspicuous ice-free hill, 1,210 m high, standing on the south side of Ferrar Glacier between Descent Glacier and Overflow Glacier.
 * Bettle Peak (-77.78833°N, 163.53056°W), a peak, 1,490 m high, standing west of Bowers Piedmont Glacier and 6 nmi north of the Granite Knolls.
 * Rampart Ridge (-78.16667°N, 161.91667°W), a prominent broken ridge on the west side of the Royal Society Range. It stands north of Rutgers Glacier and extends from The Spire to Bishop Peak.
 * Mount Lister (-78.06667°N, 162.68333°W), a massive mountain, 4025 m high, forming the highest point in the Royal Society Range.
 * Mount Rücker' (-78.18333°N, 162.53333°W), a mountain, 3,815 m high, immediately south of Johns Hopkins Ridge.
 * Radian Ridge (-78.23333°N, 162.66667°W), a ridge extending east from the scarp of the Royal Society Range, along the south side of Radian Glacier.
 * Mount Dromedary (-78.31667°N, 163.03333°W), a hump-shaped mountain, over 2,400 m high, standing 4 nmi east of Mount Kempe.
 * Mount Schwerdtfeger (-78.35°N, 162.76667°W), a peak, 2950 m high on the ridge at the head of Renegar Glacier, 1.75 nmi south of Mount Kempe.
 * Harvey Summit (-78.31444°N, 162.3025°W), a peak 2644 m high at the head of McDermott Glacier.