Sole meunière

Sole meunière (or sole à la meunière) is a classic French fish dish consisting of sole, floured and fried, and served with hot melted butter, lemon juice and parsley. Many recipes specify Dover sole, but the technique can be used with other similar flatfish.

Etymology and background
The term à la meunière translates literally as "in the style of the miller's wife". It means that the dish, usually fish, is first dusted with flour and then cooked in butter. Anything cooked à la meunière is also generally sprinkled with lemon juice and chopped parsley. The derivation is the late Latin molinarius (a miller).

Composition
The dish named sole meunière has varied over the years. In his 1846 cookery book The Gastronomic Regenerator, Alexis Soyer leaves the skin on the fish and rubs salt and chopped onions into it, before grilling it whole and, once cooked, adding a sauce of melted butter with lemon juice and cayenne pepper. The method most widely used today is similar to that given by Auguste Escoffier in 1907: the dark skin is removed from a whole sole; the fish is then coated with flour, fried in butter, sprinkled with lemon juice and chopped parsley, and served with very hot melted butter poured over it.

There are minor variations in the method of cooking. Some cooks, like Craig Claiborne, suggest soaking the sole in milk before flouring and cooking; others, such as Marcel Boulestin, insist that the fish must be completely dried with a cloth before flouring. Some authorities call for filets of sole, but the majority call for the fish to be cooked whole (although some suggest removing the head). Elizabeth David specifies clarified butter for frying the fish, and Escoffier advises "for small fish, ordinary butter can be used, but for larger ones, the use of clarified butter is to be preferred". Authorities differ about whether to use salted or unsalted butter. Marcus Wareing prefers to fry the sole in oil, and Paul Bocuse recommends a mixture of olive oil and butter.

A more marked departure from the norm is reported by Patricia Wells in a 2003 collection of Parisian chefs' recipes. The chef of the well-known fish restaurant Le Dôme leaves the dark skin on the fish (as Soyer does) and omits the flouring.

Although the classic version is made with Dover sole, Felicity Cloake comments in a 2021 survey of sole meunière recipes that the method is suitable for other flatfish, including megrim and lemon sole.