South Arabia

South Arabia (جنوب الجزيرة العربية) is a historical region that consists of the southern region of the Arabian Peninsula in Western Asia, mainly centered in what is now the Republic of Yemen, yet it has also historically included Najran, Jizan, Al-Bahah, and 'Asir, which are presently in Saudi Arabia, and Dhofar of present-day Oman.

South Arabia is inhabited by people possessing distinctive linguistic and ethnic affinities, as well as traditions and culture, transcending recent political boundaries. There are two indigenous language groups: the now extinct Old South Arabian languages and the unrelated Modern South Arabian languages, both members of the Semitic family.

Etymology
The term Yamnat was mentioned in Old South Arabian inscriptions on the title of one of the kings of the second Himyarite Kingdom known as Shammar Yahrʽish II. The term was probably referring to the southwestern coastline of the Arabian peninsula and the southern coastline between Aden and Hadramout. One etymology derives Yemen from, meaning "South", and significantly plays on the notion of the land to the right (𐩺𐩣𐩬). Other sources claim that Yemen is related to yamn or yumn, meaning "felicity" or "blessed", as much of the country is fertile. The Romans called it Arabia Felix (fertile Arabia), as opposed to Arabia Deserta (deserted Arabia). Classical Latin and Greek writers used the name "India" to refer to South Arabia (ancient Yemen). The use of the term "India" arose from the fact that the Persians called the Abyssinians whom they came into contact in South Arabia by the name of the Cushitic people who lived next to them, i.e., Indians. Southern Arabia was part of Indian Ocean trade routes for millennia. With the advent of the Omani Empire, ties were strengthened between India and the Eastern Coast of Africa and Madagascar.

History
Three thousand years ago, several ancient states occupied the region of South Arabia, being M'ain, Qataban, Hadhramaut, and Saba. In these ancient times South Arabia claimed several notable features: the famous dam at Marib, the cosmopolitan incense trade, as well as the legendary Queen of Sheba. Two thousand years ago the Himyarites became the masters of South Arabia, dominating the region for several centuries. The Ethiopian Kingdom of Aksum invaded South Arabia first in the 3rd–4th centuries, then later in the 6th under King Kaleb who subjugated the region, c. 520. They were displaced by Persian forces of the Sassanid dynasty, c.575, who also arrived by sea. A half-century later, in the year 6 A.H. (628), the region converted to Islam.

Ancient
Ancient kingdoms and appellations: Pre-Islamic foreign occupiers:
 * Saba'
 * Ma'īn
 * Qatabān
 * Ḥaḑramawt
 * Awsān
 * Himyar
 * Arabia Felix (the term the Romans used to refer to South Arabia)
 * Axum ( 3rd–4th, 6th centuries)
 * Sasanian Empire (6th– 7th centuries).

Islamic dynasties

 * Umayyad 661–750
 * Abbasid 750–897
 * Ziyadid 819–1022
 * Zaydi Imams 897-1962
 * Najahid 1022-1158
 * Sulaihid 1047–1138
 * Zurayid 1083-1193
 * Mahdids 1159–1174
 * Ayyubid 1174–1228
 * Rasulid 1229–1454
 * Tahiride 1454–1526

Early modern and colonial

 * Northern
 * Yemen Eyalet, Ottoman Empire (1517–1635)
 * Yemeni Zaidi State (1597–1849)
 * Yemen Vilayet, Ottoman Empire (1849–, 1872–1918)
 * Principality of Najran (1633–1934)
 * Southern
 * Aden city
 * Aden Province (1839–1937)
 * Colony of Aden (1937–1963)
 * Regional
 * Sultanate of Lahej (1728–1967)
 * Aden Protectorate (1874–1959)
 * Federation of Arab Emirates of the South (1959–1962)
 * Federation of South Arabia (1962–1967)
 * Protectorate of South Arabia (1963–1967)

Modern
Yemen: Beyond Yemen:
 * Unified
 * Republic of Yemen (1990–present)
 * Northern
 * Idrisid Emirate (1906–1934)
 * Sheikdom of Upper Asir (1916–1920)
 * Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen (1918–1970)
 * Yemen Arab Republic (1962–1990)
 * Southern
 * Qu'aiti Sultanate (1858–1967)
 * People's Republic of South Yemen (1967–1970)
 * People's Democratic Republic of Yemen (1970–1990)
 * Other articles
 * Yemeni Unification (1990)
 * North Yemen and South Yemen
 * Democratic Republic of Yemen (1994)
 * Greater Yemen
 * South Yemen insurgency
 * Houthi insurgency in Yemen (2015)
 * Najran, Jizan, 'Asir, Al-Bahah in Saudi Arabia
 * Dhofar in Oman