South Texas

South Texas is a region of the U.S. state of Texas that lies roughly south of—and includes—San Antonio. The southern and western boundary is the Rio Grande, and to the east it is the Gulf of Mexico. The population of this region is about 4.96 million according to the 2017 census estimates. The southern portion of this region is often referred to as the Rio Grande Valley. The eastern portion along the Gulf of Mexico is also referred to as the Coastal Bend.

Greater Houston and Beaumont–Port Arthur are occasionally tied to the region, both for physically being on the southern end of the state and for businesses that use "South Texas" in its name. (i.e. South Texas School of Law, South Texas State Fair, etc). However, the two are more commonly associated with East Texas or Southeast Texas.

Geography
There is no defined northern boundary, although it is believed to be at the city of San Antonio and from an east to west line extending from the Rio Grande near Maverick County to the Gulf of Mexico, but turning southeast at or near Lavaca County, and continuing towards the Gulf of Mexico to separate it from East Texas and Southeast Texas. The Rio Grande serves as the western and southern boundaries and separates Texas from Mexico. The eastern portion of South Texas is bordered by the Gulf of Mexico. South Texas consists of 41 counties. Its terrain is flat, lying on the coastal plain. South Texas is so vast, that there are even subregions. The very southern tip of South Texas, called the Rio Grande Valley, has fertile soils and is known for its citrus production. The eastern portion of South Texas is often referred to as the Coastal Bend; here, coastal salt marshes, estuaries, and wetlands are scattered all around. The western and central parts are known as the South Texas Plains or the Brush Country. Mesquite trees and crop fields dominate the Brush Country.

Counties



 * The fastest growing county in South Texas is Guadalupe County, growing by 31.3% from 2010 to 2020.
 * The slowest growing county in South Texas is Refugio County, shrinking by 8.7% from 2010 to 2020.

Cities
Some people consider Houston to be in South Texas for several reasons: numerous businesses in the Houston region contain 'South Texas' in their titles. The United States District Court for the Southern District of Texas includes the Houston division. However, Houston is most accurately classified as being within Southeast Texas, a subregion of East Texas.

Lakes and reservoirs

 * Choke Canyon Reservoir
 * Lake Corpus Christi
 * Falcon Lake
 * Lake Amistad
 * Lake Findley
 * Mitchell Lake
 * Lake Casa Blanca
 * Brauning Lake
 * Calaveras Lake

Bays

 * Corpus Christi Bay
 * San Antonio Bay
 * Baffin Bay
 * Nueces Bay
 * Oso Bay
 * Copano Bay
 * Aransas Bay
 * Matagorda Bay
 * Lavaca Bay
 * Redfish Bay
 * Mission Bay

Estuaries and waterways

 * Rincon Bayou - a bayou in the Nueces River Delta, just north of the mouth of the Nueces River, for Location, see Nueces Bay
 * Elm Bayou - a bayou on the Victoria-Refugio County line
 * Gulf Intracoastal Waterway - a navigable route along the Gulf of Mexico without many of the hazards of travel on the open sea
 * Resacas of the Rio Grande Valley - many oxbow lakes found scattered throughout the lower Rio Grande Valley
 * Laguna Madre - a long, hypersaline bay that creates a barrier between Padre Island and mainland Texas

Islands

 * Padre Island
 * North Padre Island
 * South Padre Island
 * Mustang Island
 * Matagorda Island
 * Ward Island
 * San José Island

Climate
The climate of South Texas is varied. The area along the Mexican border is generally semi-arid (Köppen climate classification BSh), while the area from the coast inland to just west of San Antonio has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa). South Texas weather is affected by the Sierra Madre Oriental mountains to the west, the Gulf of Mexico to the east, and the Chihuahuan Desert to the west/northwest. Moisture from the Pacific is cut off by the Mexican Sierra Madre Occidental and Oriental mountain ranges. Along the coast the climate is best exemplified in the summers when humidity is extremely high though at times arid, depending upon whether tropical moisture from the Gulf and sometimes from the Pacific is flowing in or if the region is cut off from any moisture by high pressure systems, causing long droughts, which occur every few years. Temperatures reach freezing only a few times in the winter and snowfall is rare, usually three inches or less. Summers in this zone are hot and humid, with daily averages above 90 °F. In addition, areas in Texas that are slightly inland from the Gulf of Mexico, such as San Antonio that border the semi-arid climate zone, generally see a peak of precipitation in the spring, and a deep, drought-like nadir in midsummer. The region itself sees a short wet season from March to May and another one from late August to October, and a dry season elsewhere in the year. Night-time temperatures are around 85 °F in summer. The region of South Texas includes the semi-arid ranch country and the wetter Rio Grande Valley. Considered to be the southernmost tip of the American Great Plains region, the inland region has rainfall similar to that of the Northern Plains. The coastal areas are warm most of the year due to currents of the Gulf of Mexico, but can get cold in winter if a strong front comes in, occasionally causing snow at sea level. Rain in the coastal region is more abundant than in the inland region, and subtropical forests line the Rio Grande. Inland, where it is drier, ranches dominate the landscape, characterized by thick, spiny brush and grasslands. The winters in the inland region are cooler and drier, as Arctic air can make it into the region, but snow is rare due to the lack of humidity. Summers are for the most part hot and dry, but at times can be humid if winds come off the warmer Gulf of Mexico. Tornadoes can occur in this region, but less frequently than in other parts of the state.

Hurricanes are the most dangerous weather systems to affect South Texas. Hurricane season is between June and November. However, the Texas coast gets affected usually between August and September, when systems sporadically organize in the southern Gulf around the Bay of Campeche or western Caribbean and the latter months forming off the coast of Africa.

Droughts- Although South Texas summers generally see rainfall in summer months, some years the lack of rain is persistent and leads to water shortages; lake levels drop significantly and lead to municipal water restrictions. In the summer of 2011, numerous records were set. On August 28, 2011, most of South Texas had temperatures reaching 110 °F, breaking many cities' record highs. Furthermore, 95% of the state faced an extreme or exceptional drought, according to the office of the Texas state climatologist. These drought conditions led to a string of dangerous wildfires across the state, and the enforcement of burn bans in 250 of the 254 counties in Texas.

Tornadoes do occur in this part of the state, but not as frequently as other parts. They approach, usually from the northwest to southeast, as a line of severe thunderstorms, mostly in the summer months and by cold fronts in fall.

Snow rarely falls south of San Antonio or on the coast except in rare circumstances. Of note is the 2004 Christmas Eve snowstorm, when 6 inches (150 mm) of snow fell as far south as McAllen.

Reptiles
• Texas tortoise

• Texas horned lizard

• Texas spiny lizard

• Green anole

• American alligator

• Western diamondback rattlesnake

• Texas coral snake

• Desert massasauga rattlesnake

• Kemp's ridley sea turtle

• Loggerhead sea turtle

• Leatherback sea turtle

• Green sea turtle

• Hawksbill sea turtle

Mammals
• Coyote

• Javelina

• Virginia opossum

• Bobcat

• White-tailed deer

• Mountain lion

• Jaguar

• Jaguarundi

• Ocelot

• Nine-banded armadillo

• Black-tailed jackrabbit

• Desert cottontail

• Striped skunk

• Ring-tailed Cat

Sealife
• Bottlenose dolphins

• West Indian manatee

• Barracuda

• Bluefish

• Tarpon

• Tiger shark

• Red drum

• Blue crab

• Stone crab

• Fiddler crab

• Lightning whelk

• Atlantic Spanish mackerel

• King mackerel

• Pinfish

• Pigfish

• Gafftopsail catfish

• Hardhead catfish

• Atlantic cutlassfish

• Atlantic croaker

• Striped mullet

• American eel

• Black drum

• Spotted seatrout

• Greater amberjack

• Florida pompano

• Common snook

• Crevalle jack

• Tripletail

• Cobia

• Eastern oyster

• Red snapper

• Vermilion snapper

• Sheepshead

• Lane snapper

• Bull shark

• Shortfin mako

• Atlantic blue marlin

• Southern flounder

Arthropods
• Southern black widow

• Black widow

• Brown recluse

• Texas brown tarantula

• Giant desert centipede

• Texas tan tarantula

• Fire ant

Birds
• Northern mockingbird

• Laughing gull

• American herring gull

• White-winged dove

• Green jay

• Brown pelican

• American white ibis

• Great white heron

• Osprey

• Anhinga

• Monk parakeet

• Roseate spoonbill

• Reddish egret

• Red-crowned parrot

Multicultural influences
South Texas is well known for strong Hispanic, primarily Mexican American and Tejano (the Spanish term for "Texan") influences, due to its proximity to Mexico. Tejanos and Mexicans living in South Texas are descended from the Spanish and Sephardic Jewish settlers of Mexico, from Mexican indigenous groups allied with the Spanish, such as Tlaxcaltec and Otomi peoples, and from local indigenous groups of South Texas who were missionized by the Spanish, particularly Coahuiltecans. These migrations occurred and have been ongoing since the early 1700s in South Texas. The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in the 1840s failed to secure land belonging to the Mexican settlers. The disputed area was between the Nueces River south of San Antonio and Corpus Christi, the King Ranch, and the Rio Grande. Recognized by neither Mexico nor the United States, the Republic of the Rio Grande was established in this region in 1840, lasting less than a year. Laredo served as its capital.

The Rio Grande Valley area played a significant role in the Mexican War of Independence, the Texas Revolution, the Mexican–American War, and the American Civil War, with many historical battle sites around the area. General Robert E. Lee resided at Fort Ringold (Rio Grande City) during this time as a colonel. President Zachary Taylor was General of the Army at Fort Brown (Brownsville) during the Mexican–American War.

The Texas Rangers gained popularity for their actions in South Texas during the Mexican bandit raids in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. On May 25, 1876, a band of 40 Texas Rangers rode out of Laredo and headed north to the Nueces Strip. Their mission was to find, kill or capture John King Fisher, leader of a band of cattle rustlers and cut-throats who had been terrorizing the area. The Rangers were members of a select group known as the Special Force. Led by Leander McNelly, the Special Force was given the task to bring law and order to an area of South Texas that lay between Corpus Christi and the Mexican border. San Antonio has the most significant African American population in all of South Texas.

Rice
An important event in the development of South Texas and the Texas Gulf Coast rice industry was the introduction of seed imported from Japan in 1904. The Houston Chamber of Commerce and the Southern Pacific Railroad invited Japanese farmers to Texas to help area farms in the production of rice. The seed the Japanese farmers brought with them was a gift from the Japanese emperor. The production of Japanese rice began at Webster in Harris County. The Gulf Coast rice industry is credited to the Saibara family.

Air

 * San Antonio International Airport
 * Corpus Christi International Airport
 * Laredo International Airport
 * Valley International Airport
 * Victoria Regional Airport
 * McAllen Miller International Airport
 * Brownsville/South Padre Island International Airport
 * Alice International Airport
 * South Texas International Airport at Edinburg
 * Aransas County Airport
 * Kleberg County Airport
 * Duval-Freer Airport
 * Mustang Beach Airport
 * San José Island Airport

Passenger rail

 * San Antonio Amtrak station, serving two Amtrak lines; the Sunset Limited and the Texas Eagle; and Amtrak Thruway route serving Harlingen, Brownsville, and McAllen, Texas.

Interstate

 * I-2 (TX).svg I-2
 * I-10 (TX).svg I-10
 * I-35 (TX).svg I-35
 * I-37 (TX).svg I-37
 * I-69C (TX).svg I-69C
 * I-69E (TX).svg I-69E
 * I-69W (TX).svg I-69W
 * I-169 (TX).svg I-169
 * I-410 (TX).svg I-410

US Routes

 * US 59.svg US 59
 * US 77.svg US 77
 * US 83.svg US 83
 * US 87.svg US 87
 * US 90.svg US 90
 * US 181.svg US 181
 * US 281.svg US 281

Texas State Highways

 * Texas 4.svg TX 4
 * Texas 16.svg TX 16
 * Texas 44.svg TX 44
 * Texas 107.svg TX 107
 * Texas 141.svg TX 141
 * Texas 151.svg TX 151
 * Texas 255.svg TX 255
 * Texas 285.svg TX 285
 * Texas 286.svg TX 286
 * Texas 336.svg TX 336
 * Texas 358.svg TX 358
 * Texas 359.svg TX 359
 * Texas 361.svg TX 361
 * Texas 495.svg TX 495

International bridges
Laredo Eagle Pass Brownsville Los Indios Falcon Heights Hidalgo McAllen Pharr Progreso Rio Grande City Roma
 * Gateway to the Americas International Bridge
 * Juárez–Lincoln International Bridge
 * Texas Mexican Railway International Bridge
 * World Trade International Bridge
 * Laredo–Colombia Solidarity International Bridge
 * Eagle Pass–Piedras Negras International Bridge
 * Camino Real International Bridge
 * Union Pacific International Railroad Bridge
 * Brownsville & Matamoros International Bridge
 * Veterans International Bridge at Los Tomates
 * Gateway International Bridge
 * Free Trade International Bridge
 * Lake Falcon Dam International Crossing
 * McAllen–Hidalgo–Reynosa International Bridge
 * Anzalduas International Bridge
 * Pharr–Reynosa International Bridge
 * Progreso–Nuevo Progreso International Bridge
 * Rio Grande City–Camargo International Bridge
 * Roma–Ciudad Miguel Alemán International Bridge

Tourism
San Antonio Corpus Christi Laredo Rio Grande Valley Other
 * San Antonio Missions National Historical Park
 * The Alamo
 * Tobin Center for the Performing Arts
 * Six Flags Fiesta Texas
 * San Antonio River Walk
 * San Antonio Zoo
 * SeaWorld San Antonio
 * San Antonio Museum of Art
 * San Antonio Stock Show & Rodeo
 * Mirador de la Flor (Selena Memorial Statue)
 * Texas State Aquarium
 * USS Lexington Museum Ship
 * Mustang Island and Mustang Island State Park
 * Padre Island National Seashore near Corpus Christi
 * Bayfest
 * Schlitterbahn
 * San Agustin de Laredo Historic District
 * Republic of the Rio Grande Capitol Building Museum
 * Washington's Birthday Celebration festivities during January and February
 * South Padre Island
 * Gladys Porter Zoo in Brownsville
 * Basilica of the National Shrine of Our Lady of San Juan del Valle
 * King Ranch near Kingsville
 * Aransas National Wildlife Refuge

Colleges

 * Alamo Community College District
 * San Antonio College
 * Palo Alto College
 * St. Philip's College
 * Northeast Lakeview College
 * Northwest Vista College
 * Coastal Bend College
 * Alice Campus
 * Main Campus (Beeville)
 * Kingsville Campus
 * Pleasanton Campus
 * Del Mar College
 * Laredo Community College
 * Laredo Community College South Campus
 * South Texas College
 * Main Campus, McAllen
 * Tech Campus, McAllen
 * Nursing and Allied Health Campus, McAllen
 * Mid-Valley Campus, Weslaco
 * Starr County Campus, Rio Grande City
 * Texas State Technical College
 * Texas Southmost College

Public universities

 * Texas A&M International University (Laredo)
 * Texas A&M University–Corpus Christi
 * Texas A&M University–Kingsville (Texas A&I)
 * Texas A&M University–San Antonio
 * University of Houston–Victoria
 * University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio
 * University of Texas at San Antonio
 * University of Texas Rio Grande Valley (2015)
 * University of Texas at Brownsville
 * University of Texas–Pan American

Private universities

 * Our Lady of the Lake University
 * St. Mary's University
 * University of the Incarnate Word
 * Trinity University
 * Texas Lutheran University

Sports
The only major professional sports team in South Texas is the San Antonio Spurs in the NBA.

Area codes

 * 210 - San Antonio, Bexar County
 * 361 - Corpus Christi, Alice, Victoria, Kingsville, Rockport, Falfurrias
 * 726 - San Antonio metropolitan area
 * 830 - Eagle Pass, Floresville
 * 956 - Laredo, Brownsville, McAllen, Mission, Edinburg
 * 979 - only the southern half of this area is in South Texas