Specialized court



Specialized court is a type of court with limited subject-matter jurisdiction concerning particular field of law, compared to 'ordinary court' with general subject-matter jurisdiction. This concept of court usually includes administrative court or family court.

Austria
Under hierarchical chain of ordinary courts compared to administrative courts in Austria, specialized court (Fachgerichtsbarkeit) for specific jurisdictions, including court on cartel cases (Kartellgericht) and court on employment - social welfare cases (Arbeits- und Sozialgericht) are established in Vienna.

China
Judiciary in the People's Republic of China includes the courts of special jurisdiction, translated as 'Specialized court' including matters concerning the military, national railway system and maritime disputes.

India
In India, various types of specialized tribunals are established for each of specific matters, including offences Relating to Transactions in Securities, Atrocities against Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribes, consuming Narcotic Drugs, violation on NIA act, Corruption. Supreme court has also setup 12 fast track special courts to exclusively deal with cases involving with MLA/MPs.

United Kingdom
The judiciary of United Kingdom includes courts and tribunals for specific subject-matter jurisdictions, such as Employment Tribunal in England and Wales and Scotland, Family Court in England and Wales.

United States
In the United States, 'specialized courts', or 'specialty courts' are courts that aim to rehabilitate generally non-violent and low-rate offenders by including specifically trained professionals pertaining to the field of specialty court. [https://pinalcountyattorney.org/criminal-justice/specialty-courts/#:~:text=Specialty%20Courts%20are%20problem%2Dsolving,services%2C%20and%20social%20service%20agencies. The purpose of these specialized courts is to acknowledge and handle criminal activity at the source.] An example of this would be "Drug Court." Drug court aims to reduce criminal activity by mandating that the offender stay clean from drugs and mandating drug treatment therapy. [https://www.uscourts.gov/about-federal-courts/court-role-and-structure#:~:text=Courts%20decide%20what%20really%20happened,people%20can't%20resolve%20themselves. Traditional courts focus on what happened, decide whether the person committed a crime, and punish the person proportionately.] [https://pinalcountyattorney.org/criminal-justice/specialty-courts/#:~:text=Specialty%20Courts%20are%20problem%2Dsolving,services%2C%20and%20social%20service%20agencies. Specialized courts focus on reducing future rearrests and rehabilitation. These specialized courts usually involve the help of the prosecutor, judge, probation, law enforcement, mental health professionals, social service agencies, and relevant treatment.] Some examples of different specialized courts include Adult DWI Court, Adult Drug Court, Juvenile Drug Court, Mental Health Court, Sex Trafficking Court, Domestic Violence Court, Truancy Court, and Veterans Treatment Court.

Special courts in United States can handle both civil and criminal disputes. In 2008, the first Veterans' Court was created. Of the older such courts, usually Article I tribunals, is the Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces founded in 1951 which functions as an appeal court for military and economic offences. Some common forms of specialty courts include "Drug Courts," "Family Courts," "Mental Health Court," and "Traffic Courts." Drug Courts are separated into categories such as "Adult Drug Court", "Juvenile Drug Court", "DWI Court," and "Veteran's Treatment Court."

Adult Drug Court in the United States
Drug Court generally involves evaluating risk level and accommodating with proportionate supervision, drug testing, therapy, inpatient drug rehabilitation, and outpatient drug rehabilitation. Some examples of general proportionate accommodation for offenders convicted under Drug Court would be mandated treatment under Alcoholics Anonymous, Narcotics Anonymous, Addiction Treatment Centers, and specialized therapy by a substance abuse therapist. The criteria that must be met for Drug Court includes being over 18 at the time of the offense, United States citizen, guilty plea to a non-violent felony offense, no prior violent offenses, diagnosed chemical dependency, and willingness to comply with Drug Court. The purpose of drug court is to advance public safety and healthy communities by creating collaborative responses to crimes committed by individuals who suffer from chemical dependency. The argued reason for using drug court for drug offenders is that this method addresses some of the root causes of their criminal activity.