Staines Bridge

Staines Bridge is a road bridge running in a south-west to north-east direction across the River Thames in Surrey. It is on the modern A308 road and links the boroughs of Spelthorne and Runnymede at Staines-upon-Thames and Egham Hythe. The bridge is Grade II listed.

The bridge crosses the Thames on the reach between Penton Hook Lock and Bell Weir Lock, and is close to and upstream of the main mouth of the River Colne, a tributary. The bridge carries the Thames Path across the river.

Its forebear built in Roman Britain, the bridge has been bypassed by three arterial routes, firstly in 1961 by the Runnymede Bridge near Wraysbury and in the 1970s by the building of the UK motorway network (specifically near Maidenhead and Chertsey). Owing to the commercial centres of the town in Spelthorne and of Egham, the bridge has had peak hour queues since at least the 1930s.

Description
Staines Bridge is a road and pedestrian bridge across the River Thames at Staines-upon-Thames in northeast Surrey. It is built of white granite from Aberdeen. There are three arches across the river, four arches on the north bank and two on the south bank. The pavements, which overhang the river beneath the structure, were added in 1956. Staines Bridge is 35 mi upstream of London Bridge and has a clearance of 5.94 m above the water level for navigation.

History
The Roman road from Londinium (London) to Calleva Atrebatum (Silchester), commonly called the Devil's Highway, crossed the Thames in the Staines area. Both the Thames and Colne are thought to have had multiple channels during this period, which may have necessitated the building of more than one bridge. It is thought that Staines was chosen as the location of the crossing, because the gravel islands in the area constrained the main river channel so that it could be bridged.

The exact position of the Roman crossing is uncertain. It could have been on the site of the later medieval bridge at the end of the High Street or further upstream, closer to Egham. There was a settlement in the area surrounding the High Street and, although the date of its foundation is uncertain, the earliest archaeological evidence is from 5496 AD, corresponding to the reign of Nero and the period of the Flavian Dynasty. However, more recent excavations have revealed that the width of the Thames at this point was around 230 m in Roman times, which may have been too wide for a bridge of that period, leading to the alternative proposal of a site closer to Egham, possibly as far upstream as Church Island.

The first surviving mention of a bridge from the medieval period is a document from 1222, that authorises repairs using wood cut from Windsor Forest. In around 1250, a causeway was constructed at Egham Hythe to improve the southern approach to the crossing Also during the 13th century, there were renewals of the grant of pontage and, in 1376, tolls were levied on boat traffic to provide additional funds for maintenance. Local people left bequests for not only the repair of the bridge, but also for the upkeep of the roads leading to it on each side of the river.

The bridge was destroyed in the Civil War and was not rebuilt until the 1680s. In 1734, an act of Parliament noted that the structure was "in a ruinous and dangerous condition" and that the money raised from tolls and local taxes was insufficient to fund adequate maintenance. A second act, the  (31 Geo. 3. c. 84) authorised the construction of a new bridge, alongside the existing structure, which was retained. The new bridge, designed by Thomas Sandby, opened in 1796, but was closed two years later after cracks started to form in the stonework. The artist, J. M. W. Turner, produced a sketch of Sandby's bridge when it was under construction, which was subsequently turned into an engraving by John George Murray. Part of the bridge is still visible in the garden of the former tollhouse, 14, The Hythe, on the Egham side of the river.

A cast-iron replacement was designed by James Wilson and opened in 1803. It joined the surviving parts of Sandby's bridge on each side with a segment cut from an exhibition bridge that had been erected in Hyde Park. Within two months, the metal had cracked and the still-standing 1680 bridge was used again instead. Another bridge was authorised by a further act of Parliament, the  (44 Geo. 3. c. lxxviii). It was designed by John Rennie and was constructed of timber, strengthened with cast iron plates. Although it did not suffer from the problems of the previous two bridges, it was costly to maintain (£11,000 in 1827) and restricted the size of boats passing beneath it.



The  (9 Geo. 4. c. c) authorised the borrowing of up to £60,000 for the construction of a fourth bridge. The granite structure was designed by George Rennie and was based on Waterloo Bridge. Rennie insisted that the site of the crossing be moved upstream of the confluence of the Colne and Thames, where deeper foundations could be constructed. The repositioning required new approach roads to be constructed and the necessary land was subject to compulsory purchase.

The foundation stones were laid on each side of the river in September 1829 and William IV opened the bridge in April 1832. Tolls for crossing the bridge were abolished in 1871.

A Bailey bridge was constructed on the upstream side of the 1832 bridge in 1939, to provide an alternative crossing in the event of the Rennie's bridge being bombed. Neither bridge was damaged during the war, but the Bailey bridge remained in use for pedestrians until 1956, when Staines Bridge was widened with the addition of overhanging pavements either side of the roadway. A 10 tonne weight limit for vehicles was imposed in 1978, reduced to 7.5 tonne by 1990. During repairs in 1993, wartime demolition charges were discovered, still embedded in the structure.

Literature and art
In his Arthurian novel, Enemy of God, Bernard Cornwell sites an 11-arch stone bridge at Staines. He attributes it seven arches over the river with two on land at each end. At the western end is a tower over the road from Calleva, which bears a plaque commemorating its construction by Hadrian. At the eastern end is an earth-walled settlement.

Chertsey Museum holds an oil painting of Staines Bridge by Arthur Melville, dated 1879.