State Space Agency of Ukraine

The State Space Agency of Ukraine (SSAU; Державне космічне агентство України (ДКАУ)) is the Ukrainian government agency responsible for space policy and programs. It was formed on 29 February 1992, and was based on the Soviet space program infrastructure that remained in Ukraine following the dissolution of the Soviet Union. It was called the National Space Agency of Ukraine (NSAU; Національне космічне агентство України, НКАУ) until 9 December 2010.

The agency succeeded the Soviet space program along with the Russian Federal Space Agency, which inherited the biggest share. Dnipro, also known as Rocket City, was one of the Soviet space rocket manufacturing centers, while the cities of Kyiv and Kharkiv provided technological support. Those remnants of the Soviet program in Ukraine were reorganized into their own space agency. The SSAU does not specialize in crewed astronautical programs.

Ukrainian spacecraft include a few types for domestic and foreign use and international cooperation. Ukraine has supplied Russia with military satellites and their launch vehicles, a relationship unique in the world. The agency does not have its own spaceport. It used the resources of the Russian Federal Space Agency until 2014. Launches were conducted at Kazakhstan's Baikonur and Russia's Plesetsk Cosmodromes. After the Russian annexation of Crimea, launches were conducted on Sea Launch's floating platform, which was soon mothballed. SSAU has ground control and tracking facilities in Kyiv and a control center in Dunaivtsi (Khmelnytskyi Oblast). Facilities in Yevpatoria, Crimea, had to be abandoned with the 2014 Russian occupation of Crimea. Since the start of the Russo-Ukrainian War in 2014, the agency has been transitioning its cooperation efforts away from Russia, with participation in other space programs.

Along with the Ukrainian Defense Industry conglomerate and the Antonov Aeronautical Scientific-Technical Complex, the agency is a major state-owned component of the defense industry of Ukraine.

Main tasks

 * Development of state policy concepts in the sphere of research and peaceful uses of space, as well as in the interests of national security;
 * Organization and development of space activities in Ukraine and under its jurisdiction abroad;
 * Contributing to state national security and defense capability;
 * Organization and development of Ukraine's cooperation with other states and international space organizations.

SSAU is a civil body in charge of co-ordinating the efforts of government installations, research, and industrial companies (mostly state-owned). Several space-related institutes and industries are directly subordinated to SSAU. However, it is not a united and centralized system immediately participating in all stages and details of space programs (like NASA in the United States). A special space force in the military of Ukraine is also absent.

The agency oversees launch vehicle and satellite programs, co-operative programs with the Russian Aviation and Space Agency, the European Space Agency, NASA, and commercial ventures. International participation includes Sea Launch and the Galileo positioning system.

Space program


Space activities in Ukraine have been pursued over a 10-year span in strict accordance with National Space Programs. Each of them was intended to address the relevant current issues to preserve and further develop the space potential of Ukraine. The First Program (1993–1997) was called upon to keep up the research and industrial space-related potentiality for the benefit of the national economy and state security as well as to be able to break into the international market of space services. The Second Program (1998–2002) was aimed at creating an internal market of space services, conquering the international space markets by presenting in-house products and services (including launch complexes and spacecraft, space-acquired data, space system components) and integrating Ukraine into the worldwide space community.

The National Space Program of Ukraine for 2003-2007 (NSPU), which was adopted by the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine (the Parliament of Ukraine) on October 24, 2002, outlines the main goals, assignments, priorities, and methods of maintaining space activity in Ukraine.

The Ukrainian Cabinet of Ministers announced its plans on 13 April 2007 to allocate 312 million euros to the National Space Program for 2007–2011.

Specific programs


 * Scientific space research
 * Remote sensing of the Earth
 * Satellite telecommunication systems
 * Development of ground-based infrastructure for navigation and special information system
 * Space activities in the interests of national security and defense
 * Space complexes
 * Development of base elements and advanced space technologies
 * Development of research, test and production base of the space sector

Goals of the program
 * To develop a national system for Earth observation from outer space to meet the national demands in the social economic sphere and for security and defense purposes
 * To introduce satellite systems and communication facilities into the telecommunication infrastructure of the state
 * To obtain new fundamental knowledge on near-Earth outer space, the solar system, deep space, biological and physical processes and the microgravity condition
 * To create and develop techniques for space access with a view toward realizing national and international projects and to enable the home-made rocket to be employed on the worldwide market of space transportation services
 * To elaborate the advanced space facilities
 * To ensure the innovative development of the space sector in terms of improving its research, experimental and production basis

History
The agency is a minor descendant of the Soviet space program that was passed mostly to the Russian Federal Space Agency. The agency took over all of the former Soviet defense industrial complex that was located on the territory of Ukraine. The space industry of Ukraine started in 1937 when a group of scientists led by Heorhiy Proskura launched a large stratospheric rocket near Kharkiv.

In 1954, the Soviet government transformed the car producer Yuzhmash (Dnipropetrovsk) into a rocket company. Since that time, the city of Dnipropetrovsk has been known in the Anglophone world as the Soviet Rocket City.

As of April 2009, the Ukrainian National Space Agency was planning to launch a Ukrainian communications satellite by September 2011 and a Sich-2 before the end of 2011.

The Ukrainian built RD-843 engine is used for the upper stage of the European Vega rocket.

The first stage of the U.S. Antares rocket was developed by the Yuznoye SDO and produced by Yuzhmash.

National enterprises of the space industry
Most of the enterprises are located in Dnipro or Kyiv
 * Dnipro
 * State Enterprise Makarov Yuzhny Machine-Building Plant (Yuzhmash)
 * State Enterprise Yangel Yuzhnoye State Design Office
 * State Enterprise "Dniprokosmos"
 * State Enterprise "Dniprovsky Project Institute"
 * Makarov National Center of aero-cosmic education for the youth
 * State Enterprise "Center of rocket-space technology standardization"
 * Kyiv
 * State Enterprise "Arsenal Factory"
 * State Enterprise "Ukrkosmos"
 * State Enterprise "Kyivprylad"
 * State Enterprise "Scientific Center of a Precise Machine-building"
 * State Joint-Stock Holding Company "Kyiv Radio Plant" (former Production Complex)
 * Open Joint-Stock Association "Kyiv Radio Plant"
 * Open Joint-Stock Association "RSB-Radio Plant"
 * Open Joint-Stock Association "SPC Kurs"
 * State Scientific-Production Center "Pryroda"
 * Kharkiv
 * Science-research technological institute of instrument-building (NDTIP)
 * Public Stock Association "Khartron"
 * Corporation Kommunar
 * Crimea
 * National Space Facilities Control and Testing Center

Launch vehicles
Ukraine continues further development and modernization of launch vehicles that were created during the Soviet period, primarily the Cyclone and the Zenith. There also was an attempt to redesign a former intercontinental ballistic missile as the Dnepr rocket. Almost all its launch vehicles are heavily dependent on Russian components.

During 1991–2007, a total of 97 launches of Ukrainian LV were conducted, including, but not limited to launches on the Sea Launch mobile launch pad. In 2006 Ukrainian launch vehicles accounted for 12% of all launches into space in the world. Ukrainian companies Yuzhnoye Design Office and Yuzhmash have engineered and produced seven types of launch vehicles. Adding strapon boosters to launch vehicles may expand the family of Mayak, which is the latest launch vehicle developed.

Retired

 * Tsyklon (ICBM-based 1967–1969) Baikonur, 8 launches (0 launches after 1991)
 * Tsyklon-2 (ICBM-based 1969–2006) Baikonur, 106 launches (14 launches in 1991–2006)
 * Tsyklon-3 (ICBM-based 1977–2009) Plesetsk, 122 launches (33 launches in 1991–2009)

In use
Statistics of Launches of LVs produced in cooperation with Ukrainian enterprises. State Space Agency of Ukraine
 * Zenit-2 (LRB 1985–2007) Baikonur, 37 launches (22 launches in 1991–2007)
 * Zenit-2M
 * Zenit-3SL (LRB 1999–2014) Sea Launch, 36 launches
 * Zenit-3SLB (LRB 2008–2017) Baikonur, 11 launches
 * Zenit-3F
 * Dnepr (ICBM-based 1999–2015) Baikonur, 22 launches
 * Antares, production and development of stage one core structure

In development

 * Mayak
 * Cyclone-4M (ICBM-based, 2023) Canso, Nova Scotia

Svityaz project
The Svityaz, Oril and Sura aerospace rocket complexes (ASRC) is intended for launching of various spacecraft (SC) into circular, elliptic and high-altitude circular, including the geostationary (GSO), orbits. Svityaz ASC represents a unique system that allows launch of spacecraft without utilization of complicated ground infrastructure. The Svityaz was to be launched directly from a modified version of An-225 Mriya, a Ukrainian airplane and airplane carrier that was the largest one in the world, prior to its destruction during attacks in 2022. The modified Mriya, that was to be used to carry Svityaz, was designated with the extension code of An-225-100.

The aircraft is equipped with special devices to secure the LV above the fuselage. The operators and onboard equipment are located in the pressure-tight cabins. The Svityaz LV is being created on the basis of units, aggregates and systems of Zenit LV. It consists of three stages of non-toxic propellants: liquid oxygen and kerosene. The launch vehicle would be injected into the geostationary orbit using a solid-propellant apogee stage.

Sea Launch project

 * See more detailed article at Sea Launch

Sea Launch was a joint venture space transportation company, partially owned by companies in Ukraine which handle operations for the National Space Agency. Sea Launch offered a mobile sea platform, used for spacecraft launches of commercial payloads on specialized Ukrainian Zenit 3SL rockets. The main advantage of the floating cosmodrome is its placement directly on the equator. It allows taking the greatest advantage of Earth's rotation to deliver payloads into orbit at low expense.

Within the framework of the project the space rocket complex was developed, which consists of four components:


 * marine segment
 * rocket segment
 * spacecraft segment, and
 * facilities

Sea Launch mothballed its ships and put operations on long-term hiatus in 2014.

Spaceports
Ukraine does not have its own spaceports, but leases elsewhere.
 * Baikonur Cosmodrome, Baikonur, Kazakhstan (under Russian administration)
 * Plesetsk Cosmodrome, Arkhangelsk Oblast, Russia
 * Dombarovsky Air Base, Orenburg Oblast, Russia
 * Odyssey (launch platform) stationed in the Pacific near Kiribati
 * Alcântara Launch Center, Maranhão, Brazil

Satellite programs
Ukraine produced the Sich and Okean Earth observation satellites, as well as a few other types of satellites and the Coronas solar observatory in cooperation with Russia.


 * 1995–2001 Sich-1 (Tsyklon-3 from Plesetsk)
 * 1999–???? Okean (Zenit-2 from Baikonur)
 * 2004–active Sich-1M (Tsyklon-3 from Plesetsk)
 * 2004–2007 MC-1-TK (Tsyklon-3 from Plesetsk)
 * 2011–2012 Sich-2 (Dnepr from Dombarovskiy)
 * 2014–active PolyITAN-1 (CubeSat-type satellite by Dnepr from Dombarovskiy)
 * 2017–active PolyITAN-2 (CubeSat-type satellite by Atlas V from Cape Canaveral)
 * suspended Lybid 1 (planned to be launched 2018 by Zenit-3F from Baikonur)
 * suspended Sich-2M (planned to be launched 2018 by Dnepr)
 * canceled Ukrselena (planned to be launched 2017 by Dnepr; being revised)

The SSAU currently is working on further Sich series satellites: Sich-2M, Sich-3, Sich-3-O and Sich-3-P; Lybid M and an Ukrselena satellite to fly around the Moon in 2017 (postponed). The optical satellite Sich-2-30 was successfully launched on 13 January 2022.

Ground complexes

 * SSAU main special control center
 * SSAU ground information complex
 * SSAU ground control complex
 * SSAU Space Monitoring and Analysis System
 * SSAU remote telemetric stations
 * SSAU ground-based broadcasting network of satellite television channels
 * SSAU system of positioning and timing and navigation
 * Pluton complex, temporarily inaccessible, due to Russian occupation

Human flights


Prior to Ukraine's independence, several Ukrainians flew in space under the Soviet flag. Ukrainian Pavlo Popovych was the fourth cosmonaut in space, in 1962.

The first Ukrainian to fly in space under the Ukrainian flag was Leonid K. Kadenyuk on 13 May 1997. He was a payload specialist on NASA's STS-87 Space Shuttle mission. It was an international spaceflight mission, involving crew members from NASA (USA), NSAU (Ukraine) and NASDA (Japan).

Directors-General

 * Volodymyr Horbulin (9 March 1992 – 12 August 1994)
 * Andriy Zhalko-Titarenko (23 August 1994 – 9 March 1995)
 * Oleksandr Nehoda (20 February 1995 – 25 July 2005)
 * Yuriy Alekseyev (25 July 2005 – 11 February 2009)
 * Oleksandr Zinchenko (11 February 2009 – 17 March 2010)
 * Yuriy Alekseyev (17 March 2010 – 28 November 2014)
 * Oleksandr Holub (16 October 2014 – 21 January 2015)
 * Oleh Urusky (21 January – 19 August 2015)
 * Liubomyr Sabadosh (19 August 2015 – 22 July 2016)
 * Oleksandr Holub (25 July – 13 September 2016)
 * Yuriy Radchenko (interim) (14 September 2016 – 31 August 2017)
 * Pavlo Dehtyarenko (31 August 2017 – 3 November 2019)
 * Volodymyr Mikheev (interim) (3 November 2019 – 24 January 2020)
 * Volodymyr Usov (24 January – 16 November 2020)
 * Mykhailo Lev (interim) (since 16 November 2020)