Suleiman of Dulkadir

Suleiman Beg (Süleyman Bey; died 28 August 1454) was the ruler of Dulkadir from 1442 until his death. During the reign of his father's, Nasir al-Din Mehmed ((r. 1399 – 1442)), he served as the wali (governor) of Kayseri. His reign was relatively uneventful. His major accomplishment was the arrangement of the political marriages of his daughters to the Ottoman Sultan Mehmed II ((r. 1444 – undefined)) and the regnant Mamluk Sultan Sayf al-Din Jaqmaq ((r. 1438 – 53)). Towards the end of his reign, Suleiman was involved in the internal struggle of the Aq Qoyunlu and led an unsuccessful siege on Çemişgezek. He had numerous offspring, among whom four sons would consecutively rule the state. He was succeeded by Malik Arslan ((r. 1454 – 66)).

Early life and background
Suleiman was born to Khadija Khatun, the daughter of the Anatolian ruler Kadi Burhan al-Din, and Nasir al-Din Mehmed ((r. 1399 – 1442)), the fifth Beg of Dulkadir. Parallel to his father's support for Mehmed Chelebi during the Ottoman Interregnum (1402–13), Suleiman took part in the latter's clash with Musa Chelebi in Rumelia in the spring of 1413. He governed Kayseri after his father was granted control of it in April 1419 as a reward for Dulkadirid participation in the Mamluk campaign against the Karamanids. In 1435, the Karamanids attempted to negotiate the restoration of their control of the city with the Mamluks. Although the diplomatic mission of Suleiman's mother, Khadija Khatun, in Cairo was successful in preventing the loss of Kayseri, the Karamanids and the Ramadanids captured the city in July 1435. At the request of his father, Suleiman traveled to Gallipoli where the Ottoman Sultan Murad II ((r. 1421 – undefined)) was momentarily residing and was authorized military support to recover Kayseri from the Karamanids, who were ridden by internal struggles. He was able to regain the city in 1436 or early 1437.

Reign
Suleiman's reign was largely devoid of major threats. He was fairly experienced when he ascended to the throne after his father's death in October 1442. He continued his father's policy of strengthening ties with the Ottomans and the Mamluk Sultanate through marriage and other means. Aiming to secure an ally against the Karamanids and the Qara Qoyunlu, Murad II consulted with his vizier Halil Pasha and sent an envoy to Elbistan to choose one of Suleiman's five daughters to marry with his heir (and eventual successor) Mehmed (known as Mehmed II or Mehmed the Conqueror; (r. 1444 – undefined)). The wedding of Sittişah Hatun and Mehmed lasted two months in November–December 1450. While the dowry payment was brought to Elbistan by an escort of every Ottoman wali (governor) and their consorts, Murad II additionally invited the kadis (judges), ulama (Islamic dignitaries), poets, and others in his realm to join the wedding. Suleiman's sister and consort of the Mamluk Sultan Sayf al-Din Jaqmaq ((r. 1438 – 53)) had died in April 1449 after having contracted the plague, and Suleiman instead married his daughter to Jaqmaq. By marrying two of his daughters to neighboring major powers, who were at peace at the time, Suleiman ensured protection against the Karamanids to the west and the Qara Qoyunlu and Aq Qoyunlu to the east. Following their struggle with Jahangir, the leader of the Aq Qoyunlu, Kasim Beg, the uncle of Jahangir, and several other Aq Qoyunlu dignitaries had taken refuge in Suleiman's court, while Jahangir's other uncles sought help from Jahan Shah, the head of the Qara Qoyunlu. During Jahan Shah's pursuit of Jahangir, the Mamluk Sultan Jaqmaq requested Suleiman to prevent Jahangir from escaping into Syria in October 1451. Despite that, Suleiman and frontier governors of the Mamluks were in covert support of Jahangir and Uzun Hasan. Jahan Shah reached Harpoot, while the rest of the Qara Qoyunlu forces passed the Euphrates and marched on Malatya, within the Mamluk borders, to thwart Dulkadirid support of the Aq Qoyunlu. This prompted Jaqmaq to instead decree every Syrian Mamluk governor to help Suleiman, his father-in-law. Fearing the worsening of the Mamluk–Qara Qoyunlu relations, Jahan Shah gave up on attacking the Dulkadirids and was forced to make peace with Jahangir the next year upon the news that the Timurid ruler Abul-Qasim Babur Mirza were about to wage war in Ray, Iran.

Subsequent to the end of the Aq Qoyunlu–Qara Qoyunlu conflict, Suleiman marched on Çemişgezek with a 30-thousand-strong army to subdue its Kurdish ruler Sheikh Hasan, who was competing to gain control of the castles of Gobrak and Vibrak jeopardizing the eastern frontier of the Dulkadirids. Suleiman's siege of the city was unsuccessful and prompted him to retreat to Harpoot. During his last years, Suleiman had grown fat and was unable to ride a horse. He died on 28 August 1454, survived by many offspring from his crowded harem. The throne was inherited by his son Malik Arslan ((r. 1454 – 66)). Suleiman left some architectural legacy that included the Grand Mosque, the largest mosque in Marash.

Family
Suleiman's sons included:


 * Malik Arslan
 * Shah Budak
 * Shah Suwar
 * Ala al-Dawla Bozkurt
 * Abd al-Razzaq
 * Isa
 * Hudadad
 * Mughulbay
 * Yunus
 * Salman
 * Erdivane
 * Yahya

He had at least five daughters, including:
 * Misir Khatun
 * Sittişah Hatun, the consort of Mehmed II of the Ottoman Empire
 * Another daughter who married the Mamluk Sultan Jaqmaq

Sitti Hatun is believed to have not given birth to a child from her marriage with Mehmed II, who abandoned her in Edirne (where she would die), when he ascended to the throne.