Synodontis polli

Synodontis polli, known as Poll's synodontis, is a species of upside-down catfish endemic to the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Burundi, Zambia, and Tanzania, where it is only known from Lake Tanganyika. It was first described by Belgian ichthyologist Jean-Pierre Gosse in 1982, from specimens collected at multiple points along the shore of Lake Tanganyika.

Etymology
The species name is in honor in honor of Belgian ichthyologist Max Poll.

Description
Like all members of the genus Synodontis, S. polli has a strong, bony head capsule that extends back as far as the first spine of the dorsal fin. The head is about $3/10$ of the standard length of the fish. The head contains a distinct narrow, bony, external protrusion called a humeral process. The shape and size of the humeral process helps to identify the species. In S. polli, the humeral process is wide, triangular, and rough in appearance, with a poorly-defined ridge on the bottom edge. The top edge is convex and the end is sharply pointed. It is about $1/2$ of the length of the head. The diameter of the eye is about $1/7$ of the length of the head.

The fish has three pairs of barbels. The maxillary barbels are on located on the upper jaw, and two pairs of mandibular barbels are on the lower jaw. The maxillary barbel has a narrow membrane attached near the base and is straight without any branches. It extends at least as far as the base of the pectoral fin, about $2/3$ as long as the head. The outer pair of mandibular barbels extends just short of the pectoral girdle, about $1/2$ of the length of the head, and contains four to five branches without secondary branches. The inner pair of mandibular barbels is about $1/2$ to $2/3$ as long as the outer pair, about $1/4$ of the length of the head, with three to five branches, with many secondary branches present.

The skin of S. polli has a large number of tiny vertical skin folds. The exact purpose of the skin folds is not known, but is a characteristic of the species of Syndontis that are endemic to Lake Tanganyika. External thin papilla are present but do not extend onto the fins.

The front edges of the dorsal fins and the pectoral fins of Syntontis species are hardened into stiff spines. In S. polli, the spine of the dorsal fin is short, about $2/3$ as long as the head, is slightly curved, is smooth on the front and finely serrated on the back, and ends with short, dark filament. The remaining portion of the dorsal fin is made up of seven branching rays. The spine of the pectoral fin is slightly curved, almost as long as the dorsal fin spine, with small serrations on the front and large serrations on the back. The pectoral spine ends in short, black filament. The rest of the pectoral fins are made up of seven to eight branching rays. The adipose fin does not contain any rays, is long and well developed, and has a convex shape. The pelvic fin contains one unbranched and six branched rays. The front edge of the pelvic fin is aligned or slightly forward of the front edge of the adipose fin. The anal fin contains three to five unbranched and seven to nine branched rays; it is vertically aligned with the adipose fin. The tail, or caudal fin, is forked, with rounded lobes, and contains eight rays on the upper lobe, nine rays on the lower lobe.

The mouth of the fish faces downward and has wide lips that contain papilla. All members of Syndontis have a structure called a premaxillary toothpad, which is located on the very front of the upper jaw of the mouth. This structure contains several rows of short, chisel-shaped teeth. In some species, this toothpad is made up of a large patch with several rows in a large cluster. In other species of Syndontis, this toothpad is clearly divided into two separate groups, separated by a thin band of skin that divides the toothpad. This character is used as a method of differentiating between two different but similar species of Syndontis. In S. polli, the toothpad is interrupted, with a distinct gap between groups of teeth. On the lower jaw, or mandible, the teeth of Syndontis are attached to flexible, stalk-like structures and described as "s-shaped" or "hooked". The number of teeth on the mandible is used to differentiate between species; in S. polli, there are 40 to 70 teeth on the mandible, arranged in a 6 to 8 rows.

Some of the species of Synodontis have an opening or series of openings called the axillary pore. It is located on the sides of the body below the humeral process and before the pectoral fin spine. The exact function of the port is not known to scientists, although its presence has been observed in seven other catfish genera. Fish in the genus Acrochordonichthys are known to secrete a mucus with toxic properties from their axillary pore, but there is no scientific consensus as to the exact purpose of the secretion or the pore. S. polli does not have an axillary pore.

The body color is olive brown on the back, covered with large, irregularly-shaped black spots. The underside is lighter, with smaller spots. Most of the species of Synodontis of Lake Tanganyika have a recognizable pattern consisting of dark triangles at the bases of all of the rayed fins, present in S. polli, and the back edges of the fins are whiter. The caudal fin has a black bar that runs from the base of each lobe to the top of the fin. The barbels are white.

The maximum standard length of known specimens is 14.5 cm with a total length of 18 cm. Generally, females in the genus Synodontis tend to be slightly larger than males of the same age.

Habitat and behavior
In the wild, the species is endemic to Lake Tanganyika, which has an observed temperature range of 22 to 26 C, an approximate pH of 8.5 – 9, and dH range of 4-15. The fish inhabits rocky coasts in the littoral, and has been found at depths of up to 20 m. The reproductive habits of most of the species of Synodontis are not known, beyond some instances of obtaining egg counts from gravid females. Spawning likely occurs during the flooding season between July and October, and pairs swim in unison during spawning. The diet consists of algae that is scraped from rocks and small invertebrates. The growth rate is rapid in the first year, then slows down as the fish age.