Taha Hussein

 Taha Hussein (, طه حسين; November 15, 1889 – October 28, 1973) was among the most influential 20th-century Egyptian writers and intellectuals, and a leading figure of the Arab Renaissance and the modernist movement in the Arab world. His sobriquet was "The Dean of Arabic Literature" (عميد الأدب العربي). He was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature twenty-one times.

Early life
Taha Hussein was born in Izbet el Kilo, a village in the Minya Governorate in central Upper Egypt. He was the seventh of thirteen children of lower middle class parents. He contracted ophthalmia at the age of two, and as the result of false treatment by an unskilled practitioner, he became blind. After attending a kuttab, he studied religion and Arabic literature at El Azhar University; but from an early age, he was dissatisfied with the traditional education system.

When the secular Cairo University was founded in 1908, he was keen to be admitted, and despite being poor and blind, he won a place. In 1914, he received a PhD for his thesis on the sceptic poet and philosopher Abu al-ʿAlaʾ al-Maʿarri.

Taha Hussein in France
Taha Hussein left for Montpellier, enrolled in its university, attended courses in literature, history, French and Latin. He had studied formal writing, but he was not able to take full advantage of it as he "may be used to taking knowledge with his ears, not with his fingers."

He was summoned to return to Egypt due to the poor conditions at then University of Cairo; but three months later, those conditions improved, and Taha Hussein returned to France.

After obtaining his MA from the University of Montpellier, Hussein continued his studies at the Sorbonne University. He hired Suzanne Bresseau (1895–1989) to read to him, and subsequently married her. In 1917 the Sorbonne awarded Hussein a second PhD, this time for his dissertation on the Tunisian historian Ibn Khaldun, who is regarded as one of the founders of sociology.



Academic career
In 1919 Hussein returned to Egypt with Suzanne, and he was appointed professor of history at Cairo University. He went on to become a professor of Arabic literature and of Semitic languages.

At the Academy of the Arabic Language in Cairo, Taha Hussein was made responsible for the completion of Al-Mu'jam al-Kabir (The Great Dictionary), one of the academy's most important tasks. He also served as president of the academy.

He was a member of several scientific academies in Egypt and internationally.

A work of literary criticism, On Pre-Islamic Poetry (في الشعر الجاهلي), published in 1926, brought him fame and some notoriety in the Arab world. In this book, Hussein expressed doubt about the authenticity of much early Arabic poetry, claiming it to have been falsified during ancient times due to tribal pride and inter-tribal rivalries. He also hinted indirectly that the Qur'an should not be taken as an objective source of history. Consequently, the book aroused the intense anger and hostility of religious scholars at Al Azhar as well as other traditionalists, and he was accused of having insulted Islam. The public prosecutor stated, however, that what Taha Hussein had said was the opinion of an academic researcher; no legal action was taken against him, although he lost his post at Cairo University in 1931. His book was banned but was re-published the next year with slight modifications under the title On Pre-Islamic Literature (1927).

He was the founding Rector of the University of Alexandria.

Political career
Taha Hussein was an intellectual of a modern Egyptian renaissance in the early to mid 20th century and a proponent of the ideology of Egyptian nationalism as an Arab nation within the Arab world, arguing in a series of public letters against the Pharaonist Tawfiq al-Haki that Arab identity is integral to Egyptian identity. Hussein criticized the lack of freedom in Nazi Germany, writing "They live like a society of insects. They must behave like ants in an anthill or like bees in a hive." Hussein urged the Egyptian government to reject neutrality and fight the Germans in the war.

In 1950, he was appointed Minister of Education, in which capacity he led a call for free education and the right of everyone to be educated. He also transformed many of the Quranic schools into primary schools and converted a number of high schools into colleges such as the Graduate Schools of Medicine and Agriculture. He is also credited with establishing a number of new universities and he was the head of the Cultural Heritage of the Ministry of Education. Hussein proposed that Al Azhar University should be closed down in 1955 after his tenure as education minister ended.

Taha Hussein held the position of chief editor of a number of newspapers.

Works
In the West he is best known for his autobiography, Al-Ayyam (الأيام, The Days) which was published in English as An Egyptian Childhood (1932) and The Stream of Days (1943).

The author of "more than sixty books (including six novels) and 1,300 articles", his major works include:
 * The Memory of Abu al-Ala' al-Ma'arri 	1915
 * Selected Poetical Texts of the Greek Drama 	1924
 * Ibn Khaldun's Philosophy 	1925
 * Dramas by a Group of the Most Famous French Writers 	1924
 * Pioneers of Thoughts 	1925
 * Wednesday Talk 	1925
 * On Pre-Islamic Poetry 	1926
 * In the Summer 	1933
 * The Days, 3 Volumes, 1926–1967
 * Hafez and Shawki 	1933
 * The Prophet's Life "Ala Hamesh El Sira" 	1933
 * Curlew's Prayers 	1934
 * From a Distance 	1935
 * Adeeb 	1935
 * The Literary Life in the Arabian Peninsula 	1935
 * Together with Abi El Alaa in his Prison 	1935
 * Poetry and Prose 	1936
 * Bewitched Palace 	1937
 * Together with El Motanabi 	1937
 * The Future of Culture in Egypt 	1938
 * Moments 	1942
 * The Voice of Paris 	1943
 * Sheherzad's Dreams 	1943
 * Tree of Misery 	1944
 * Paradise of Thorn 	1945
 * Chapters on Literature and Criticism 	1945
 * The Voice of Abu El Alaa 	1945
 * Osman "The first Part of the Greater Sedition
 * Al-Fitna al-Kubra ("The Great Upheaval")	1947
 * Spring Journey 	1948
 * The Stream Of Days 1948
 * The Tortured of Modern Conscience 	1949
 * The Divine Promise "El Wa'd El Haq" 	1950
 * The Paradise of Animals 	1950
 * The Lost Love 	1951
 * From There 	1952
 * Varieties 	1952
 * In The Midst 	1952
 * Ali and His Sons (The 2nd Part of the Greater Sedition)	1953
 * (Sharh Lozoum Mala Yalzm, Abu El Alaa) 	1955
 * Anatagonism and Reform 	1955
 * The Sufferers: Stories and Polemics (Published in Arabic in 1955), Translated by Mona El-Zayyat (1993), Published by The American University in Cairo, ISBN 9774242998
 * Criticism and Reform 	1956
 * Our Contemporary Literature 	1958
 * Mirror of Islam 	1959
 * Summer Nonsense 	1959
 * On the Western Drama 	1959
 * Talks 	1959
 * Al-Shaikhan (Abu Bakr and Omar Ibn al-Khattab) 	1960
 * From Summer Nonsense to Winter Seriousness 	1961
 * Reflections 	1965
 * Beyond the River 	1975
 * Words 	1976
 * Tradition and Renovation 	1978
 * Books and Author 	1980
 * From the Other Shore 	1980

Translations

 * Jules Simon's The Duty 1920–1921
 * Athenians System (Nezam al-Ethnien) 	1921
 * The Spirit of Pedagogy 	1921
 * Dramatic Tales 	1924
 * Andromaque (Racine) 	1935
 * From the Greek Dramatic Literature (Sophocles) 	1939
 * Voltaire's Zadig or (The Fate) 	1947
 * André Gide: From Greek
 * Legends' Heroes
 * Sophocle-Oedipe

Tribute
On November 14, 2010, Google celebrated Hussein's 121st birthday with a Google Doodle.