Talk:Archaeology/Archive 2

Something that is wrong
I present this scentence as an example. "Kennewick Man is an example of archaeology interacting with modern culture". My question is How? What is the point of this scentence if there is no explanation of HOW Kennewick man is an example etc. ? It is pointless otherwise.

Unfortunatley, the article is full of these types of errors.

Flavio Biondo
Flavio Biondo is an Italian historian and author who has been called "The First Archaeologist". He wrote three influential books that systematically described the topography and ruins of Rome in the early 15th century. The first time anything like that had been done anywhere. My interest is history, and not archaeology, I was hopeing someone could help me if or where he belongs in this article and in what capacity. Did not see a "history of archaeology" section. I don't want to call him "the first" if it is hype, but I have seen it used in other sources, and don't know enough about the field to know how accurate a claim it is. Stbalbach 06:22, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)


 * A reference on the page History of archaeology would be great! Personally, if you can give a reference to an academic who called him the first archaeologist then I'd use it, otherwise I'd put "one of the first". Thanks. --G Rutter 08:54, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)


 * Thanks, I missed that page, I'll try over there.Stbalbach 23:26, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Suggest 34 possible wiki links and 1 possible backlink for Archaeology.
An automated Wikipedia link suggester has some possible wiki link suggestions for the Archaeology article:

Done or not appropriate. Not sure about the ones in the bibliography sections below. What do people think? --G Rutter 12:07, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC) Additionally, there are some other articles which may be able to linked to this one (also known as "backlinks"): Notes: The article text has not been changed in any way; Some of these suggestions may be wrong, some may be right. Feedback: I like it, I hate it, Please don't link to &mdash; LinkBot 11:25, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Can link 14th century: ...outs of medieval villages abandoned after the crises of the 14th century and the equally lost layouts of 17th-century parterre garde...
 * Can link folk religion: ...ion - the development of agriculture, cult practices of folk religion, the rise of the first cities - must come from arc... (link to section)
 * Can link writing systems: ...]'', which concerns itself with societies that did not have writing systems . However, the term is generally valid only in Europe an... (link to section)
 * Can link bodies of water: ...pwreck]]s as well as settlements that have been engulfed by bodies of water .... (link to section)
 * Can link sixteenth century: ...ology]] is the study of material culture in Europe from the sixteenth century onwards.... (link to section)
 * Can link public land: ...her statutes, this mandates that no construction project on public land or involving public funds may damage an unstudied archaeolo... (link to section)
 * Can link archaeological site: ...blic land or involving public funds may damage an unstudied archaeological site . ... (link to section)
 * Can link Western civilisation: ...of the archaeological record by the ever-sprawling works of Western civilisation, but it leaves something to be desired. CRM is conducted by... (link to section)
 * Can link the early days: ...rgely the same methods. Survey was not widely practiced in the early days of archaeology. Cultural historians and prior researchers w... (link to section)
 * Can link stone structures: ...ld]] caused by iron artefacts, kilns, some types of stone structures, and even ditches and middens. Devices that measure the link to section)
 * Can link cultural history: ...chaeology|cultural, or culture history]]'''. The product of cultural history was to group sites into distinct "cultures", to determine t... (link to section)
 * Can link diffusionism: ...cal material had been excavated and studied to suggest that diffusionism was not the only mechanism through which change occurred. I... (link to section)
 * Can link inter-war: ...hange occurred. Influenced by the political upheaval of the inter-war period Childe then argued that revolutions had wrought ... (link to section)
 * Can link social organisation: ...nomadically. This would have led to considerable changes in social organisation, which Childe argued led to a second Urban Revolution t... (link to section)
 * Can link exact sciences: ...cessual archaeology]]'''). Processualists borrowed from the exact sciences the idea of hypothesis testing and the link to section)
 * Can link ethnic groups: ...g clear, largely through the evidence of anthropology, that ethnic groups and their development were not always entirely congruent wi... (link to section)
 * Can link personal experience: ...ng that every archaeologist is in fact biased by his or her personal experience and background, and thus truly scientific archaeological wo... (link to section)
 * Can link resource management: ...cognised in such fields as visitor interpretation, cultural resource management and ethics in archaeology as well as fieldwork. It has also... (link to section)
 * Can link social change: ...male, elders vs. juniors, workers vs. owners) in generating social change . Some contemporary cultural groups have tried, with varying... (link to section)
 * Can link post-modernism: ...enced by neo-Darwinian evolutionary thought, phenomenology, post-modernism, agency theory, and cognitive science.... (link to section)
 * Can link public interest: ...e doing their work for is often discussed. Without a strong public interest in the subject, often sparked by significant finds and cele... (link to section)
 * Can link building site: ... indemnity insurance issues involved in working on a modern building site to tight deadlines. Certain charities and local government ... (link to section)
 * Can link local government: ...ern building site to tight deadlines. Certain charities and local government bodies sometimes offer places on research projects either a... (link to section)
 * Can link local group: ...ld without having to pay for the privilege should contact a local group .... (link to section)
 * Can link non-fiction authors: ...rk (discussed above), as well as some actual activity. Many non-fiction authors have ignored the scientific methods of link to section)
 * Can link buried treasure: ...g=== Looting of archaeological sites by people in search of buried treasure is an ancient problem. For instance, many of the tombs of t... (link to section)
 * Can link Third World: ... The popular consciousness may associate looting with poor Third World countries. Many are former homes to many well-known ancient... (link to section)
 * Can link well-founded: ...ican Indians tend to mistrust archaeology. This mistrust is well-founded . For years, American archaeologists have been digging up In... (link to section) Incorrect link
 * Can link native peoples: ...haeologists have begun to actively enlist the assistance of native peoples likely to be descended from those under study.... (link to section)
 * Can link Alternative History: ....com/maat/index.php Hall of Maat]'' : Weighing evidence for Alternative History, pseudohistory, and pseudoarchaeology.... (link to section)
 * Can link web directory: ... the Internet] - Anthropology Resources on the Internet : a web directory with over 3000 links grouped in specialised topics.... (link to section)
 * Can link Mountain View: ...Discovering Our Past: A Brief Introduction to Archaeology'' Mountain View : Mayfield Publishing Company. ISBN 076741196X. This has als... (link to section)
 * Can link trade paperback: ...field.com/ Rowman and Littlefield Pub Inc], December, 2001, trade paperback, 256 pages, ISBN 0759100950... (link to section)
 * Can link Cambridge University Press: ...ce. 1990. "A History of Archaeological Thought". Cambridge: Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0521338182... (link to section)
 * In Hulk (ship), can backlink ARCHAEOLOGY: ...alled and surpassed the cog. Selections from:  HISTORY AND ARCHAEOLOGY OF THE SHIP - LECTURE NOTES... Not appropriate I think --G Rutter 12:07, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)


 * I'm not at all sold on well-founded relation and The Early Days. I also think Stone structures and resource management need more work before they're worth linking from here. adamsan 15:43, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Wikiproject
I've started a very rough Archaeology Wikiproject. If you're interested in joining up and guiding it in these early days then please come along and start editing. I'd certainly like to get Template:Archaeology_tasks fleshed out. adamsan 13:55, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)


 * I'm happy to help. I'll visit the template and see what's up. Rattus 21:25, 11 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Version 1.0 validation
I see that archaeology is listed as one of the hundred-odd articles that the Version_1.0_Editorial_Team have selected as targets for Wiki 1.0 validation. Culture is the only article they have edited so far and they are looking for Harvard-style references, style guide conventions, images, npov, decently-written text etc. It won't be easy but the more sub-editing we can do ourselves then less they will have to do and the chances of any howlers being accidentally created are also lower.

Can anyone suggest some possible images to accompany the article, preferably not too anywhere-centric? adamsan 14:46, 26 Dec 2004 (UTC)


 * I would suggest that a photo of archaeologists working, or of a particular technique in action, would be far more valuable than pictures of any particular sites. I've certainly taken photos while on digs, but they are not that great.  However, I'm sure there are plenty of others that we could get permission to use.  Is this the kind of thing you were thinking of? Deb 16:56, 26 Dec 2004 (UTC)


 * Yeah, that sounds good to me. I take a rubbish photo myself but I'm sure we can source a few that that cover some of the topics in the article without being too biased towards any particular period or region. This may also be a prime opportunity to discuss exactly what we want this article to cover in general and whether the structure is working for any level of reader. adamsan 17:12, 26 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Wikiportal
Although I have signally failed to keep up the Archaeology Wikiproject that hasn't stopped me starting the Archaeology Wikiportal with pictures and everything!. Feel free to come along and add stuff. adamsan 22:53, 18 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Addition to subdiscipline?
I was recently asked how one could become a "forensic archaeologist" and couldn't quite understand the concept. The term "forensic" (something to do with the court system, law, current criminal investigations) and "archaeology" (something to do with the past) didn't seem to jive well. Well, I did a bit of search and apparently UCL offers a masters course in "forensic archaeological science" and I even found a definition on one of the websites. Apparently it's supposed to be "archaeology using method and theory borrowed from the forensic sciences (I guess kind of like palaeopathology... but I can't see why it would have to be specifically forsensic science), OR using archaeological method and theory to aid in forensic research of a current, on-going criminal investigation". The latter tends to make a little more sense, because I can see how archaeological techniques (excavation, recording and interpretation of stratigraphic information, etc.) could be of help at a crime scene, especially if the dead bodies are buried (which, I guess, they often are). Any way, I was wondering if forensic archaeology should be added to the list of subdisciplines and exactly how to define it if it should.rawhead
 * A friend of mine did the UCL Forensics MA, stabbed and buried a load of dead sheep for her thesis. The police use forensic archs in murder investigations, as yes the work involves excavating shallow graves and keeping a thorough record of the work as well as borrowing a lot from pathology in terms of bone analysis and studying trauma. The UN hired a load to go and dig up the mass graves in Bosnia and some have gone out to excavate Saddam's mass graves in Iraq. It is gruesome stuff and most archaeologists prefer their bones not have flesh still on them but it is easily the best-paying area of the field if you can stomach it. I'm sure we can thrash out a definition on the article page. adamsan 12:57, 29 Mar 2005 (UTC)

If forensic archaeology was to be called a subdiscipline, it would be a subdiscipline of archaeology. The subdisciplines discussed in the article, however, are the four subdisciplines of anthropology (archaeology, cultural anthropology, biological anthropology and linguistic anthropology). Labelling forensic archaeology as a subdiscipline of archaeology would not be exactly correct, though. It's more a combination of archaeology and biological anthropology.Tpstigers 02:59, 18 October 2005 (UTC)

Where does information on this belong on Wikipedia?
Medieval works found at LNG site I don't know how to classify the find. Adraeus 21:28, 5 Apr 2005 (UTC)


 * I'd suggest waiting until there is more information published that confirms the date and the type of metal being produced. As to the question of classification of the site, 'Medieval smithy' is used quite a bit. Rattus 22:40, 5 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Shortening entry
I'd like to start tightening up and shortening (slightly) this entry. For starters, would anybody have any objections if the Academic sub-disciplines section was removed (leaving a couple sentences in its place) and shifted to another page (e.g. Archaeological sub-disciplines)? Any other suggestions? Rattus 14:00, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)


 * I'd say hive off Archaeological Theory, History of Archaeology and Cultural Resources Mgmt too. adamsan 14:58, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)


 * Sorry, should probably have checked here first- I finally got around to moving Archaeological theory to its own page which I've been meaning to do for ages. History of archaeology and Cultural resources management already have their own pages, although the CRM section on this page could probably be shortened. I agree with moving Archaeological sub-disciplines to its own entry. Personally, I find the "Relations with the public" section a bit strange- any suggestions, or is this just me?! --G Rutter 16:05, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Whoops, I am behind the times. Yes Relations with the public is a bit odd; I've never seen another wikipedia page about a major discipline with such a heading. Maybe some could be absorbed by CRM? I long to sort out the introduction too. adamsan 18:00, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)

The "Relations with the public" section seems fine to me. All the material therein is significant. As for the title, I have considered "Archaeology for the layman" (inappropriately gender specific term), "Public face of archaeology" (too racy), "Amateur archaeology" (too narrow) and others. I cannot come up with anything satisfactory. This reflects the prevailing problems with public involvement with arcaheology, I guess. --Theo (Talk) 19:39, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * I agree. I cannot think of any other profession that could call as one of its own a fictional character as famous and as inaccurate as Indiana Jones.  Also, for a variety of reasons many of the objects of archeological study have considerable commercial value &mdash; which is often in direct conflict with archeology values.  Reasons enough for a section on archeology and the public. Slrubenstein   |  Talk  19:49, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * How about Modern issues in Archaeology? It sounds more encompassing that Archaeology and the public to me and less suggestive of a gulf between amateur and paid archaeologists. Also, could elements of field survey and excavation could be shifted to their subpages? adamsan 20:49, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * From 'Modern' I infer 'before Postmodern'. 'Issues in archaeology' would encompass the processualism/post-procuessualism debate and other theoretical discussions as well as the public-professional interface (please forgive the succinct but pompous jargon) that this section embraces. How about 'Current issues with '? --Theo  (Talk) 22:05, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * The term Public Archaeology is used a lot in the US and UK to refer to many of these topics (including indigenous peoples' concerns, heritage management, public involvement, and archaeology and popular culture --- there is a journal entitled the same where these issues are debated). Would Public Archaeology thus be a reasonable heading for these issues? And re. moving some things into new articles --- I'll have a look later today/evening, and see what I can do...--Rattus 23:55, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * I understood Public Archaeology to mean the involvement of non-professional archaeologists in the discipline through outreach and suchlike. Does it encompass pseudoscience and the ethics of human remains handling?  If it does, it is ideal. --Theo  (Talk) 00:01, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Certainly the latter, but only possibly the former. However, my guess is that the even if they haven't already, the editors of Public Archaeology would entertain a submision on (e.g.) 'Pseudoarchaeology and Pyramidiots'--Rattus 01:55, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * OK, I'm convinced. Let's do it. --Theo (Talk) 01:09, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC) 'Tis done. --Theo  (Talk) 01:11, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)


 * the Subdisciplines need more than a wikilink. Each needs a sentence or two describing what it is, to keep this main article complete. --Wetman 20:17, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Metal detectors
Edir:"Metal detectors can be used to locate metal artifacts." The use of metal detectors to locate metal artifacts is not archaeology, but treasure-hunting. The previous text is better; however, some text on the actual use of metal detectors in professional archaeology would be welcome. --Wetman 16:47, 28 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Former text: "Metal detectors can be used to locate metal artifacts."
 * The use of metal detectors to find and retrieve metal artefacts without recording their context may well be treasure hunting. But that is not what the text says. Changing " Metal detectors can be used to locate metal artifacts." to " Metal detectors sense the presence of ancient metal artifacts." implies that archaeology is only concerned with the "ancient". It is also a more passive form than that which it replaces (but that is secondary). Uses that fall outside the identification of "ancient metal artefacts" include musketball distribution analysis on English Civil War battlefields, service cable location during evaluation, and metal distribution analysis prior to excavation of nineteenth century ship wreck. --Theo (Talk) 18:12, 28 Apr 2005 (UTC)


 * Theo is correct. One thing we must be very vigilant about in this article is not to give the impression that archeologists only study the past.  The only thing of substance effected by Wetman's change is to add the word "ancient" which is wrong &mdash; inaccurate and misleading. Using metal detectors to find artefacts is not necessarily "treasure-hunting," nor is it necessarily archeology.  What matters is the purpose.  If the purpose is to accumulate items that have a market value today, that is treasure hunting; if the purpose is to gain insight into other ways of life, that is archeology.  Metal detectors are tools, nothing more.  It all depends on how they are used.  Wetman is right that it would be good to provide some actual examples of archeologists using metal detectors, or have a citation to an archeology textbook.Slrubenstein   |  Talk  18:39, 28 Apr 2005 (UTC)


 * Spot on. Deb 19:37, 28 Apr 2005 (UTC)

announcing policy proposal
This is just to inform people that I want Wikipedia to accept a general policy that BC and AD represent a Christian Point of View and should be used only when they are appropriate, that is, in the context of expressing or providing an account of a Christian point of view. In other contexts, I argue that they violate our NPOV policy and we should use BCE and CE instead. See Neutral point of view/BCE-CE Debate for the detailed proposal. Slrubenstein  |  Talk  22:55, 15 May 2005 (UTC)

The Stone Age
The Stone Age article is the current Collaboration of the Week. The contributors need help with their additions and frankly I don't really know where to begin without discouraging them. Anyone interested in providing some gentle guidance should drop in if they have a moment. Or is it better to wait till they've finished and then blitz it? adamsan 19:15, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Crazy new culture in Central Europe
Has anyone any more information on these cats? The article doesn't go into much detail, like provide a name and much of the text seems to be copied from Neolithic 101 but if the dating is correct we are going to need an article on 'em. adamsan 19:49, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)


 * Somebody penned Monumental temples in prehistoric Central Europe with a link to an Independent article, and I've added some info to Neolithic. It is exciting, but I think it would be prudent to wait until there was more info, including plans and how the dating was established, before much more is said about a new 'civilisation'. Rattus 21:50, 14 Jun 2005 UTC
 * see Talk:circular ditches. dab (&#5839;) 4 July 2005 19:11 (UTC)

NPOV and Other Changes
I changed the first sentence of the last paragraph in the CRM section. "Cultural resources management has doubtless mitigated the destruction of the archaeological record by the ever-sprawling works of the Western world, but it leaves something to be desired" is not NPOV. (Admittedly, what I replaced it with was somewhat weaselly.) I also changed the last sentence of the first paragraph in the looting section, because "rob" is not an especially NPOV word. (Also, if the local peoples in question don't care about the artifacts, it's arguably not robbing in the first place.)

I flagged the descendent peoples section as NPOV because. . . well, I think it is. Statments such as "American archaeologists have paid them little heed," "this mistrust is well-founded," "carting away any artefacts and human remains," and "adding insult to injury" display a POV in favor of the local peoples making the complaints.

The first line in the "importance and applicability" section also bothers me a bit -- that's a pretty hefty claim, and strikes me as slightly POV; some more detail and/or an attribution would be a good idea. Also, the line about archaeology being described as "a craft that uses the sciences to illuminate the humanities" should probably be attributed to someone.

Finally, I think the article could possibly use some general NPOV cleaning up; there are a lot of authoritative "this has been beneficial" statements, for instance, which could easily be tweaked into something like "the vast majority of archaeologists have found this to be benefical."
 * Inkburrow 6 July 2005 01:46 (UTC)


 * I've had a bash at NPOVing this one though someone more familiar with NAGPRA should take a look. adamsan 22:26, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

Some of the controversies are deeper than those indicated. Kennewick Man, in particular, has an added complexity that is significant: The Native people claim him as an ancestor because the body was recovered from whey they lived, but the current standard opinion in Archaeology is that the body long predates the arrival of the current occupants, and so Kennewick Man is from a different population, possibly one supplanted by these current residents. This makes it particularly difficult to resolve, as the terms of the debate are debatable -- should the local Native peoples be asked for their opinion about what to do with an ancestor when the body is not (to the best of current scientific evidence) actually of an ancestor? Kcrca 12:48, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

First Paragraph
Can we remove this sentence? "Archaeologists study artifacts, which are anything showing signs of human use or modification." Some archaeologists do not study 'artifacts' (e.g. archaeobotanists), and calling 'anything' with signs of modification an artifact is pushing it, but mostly I don't like it because its redundant given the sentence that precedes it.

In the initial Wikipedia definition of “Archaeology” the use of the term “landscapes” should either be removed or embellished on (i.e. waterscapes). The term “landscapes” suggests an exclusive affiliation to terrestrial environments and neglects other possible environmental settings, such as underwater. I realize that there is a listing for “Underwater Archaeology”, but the current definition being attempted is for “Archaeology” not “Terrestrial Archaeology”. Archaeology may someday, and to some extend already does, work within such realms as sound, air, interplanetary and molecular environments. This definition should be a more generic all-encompassing form of the meaning of the word and not limited to the terrestrial environment. El LPJ 05:23, 25 April 2007 (UTC)

Goals
This section isn't particularly helpful because the first paragraph doesn't discuss goals and the second refers to 'three theories' of research, but doesn't expand on it. I suggest a rewrite to something along the lines of:


 * The goals of archaeology are extremely varied, although all are generally concerned with the description and interpretation of human behaviour and culture history through the interpretation of material remains (i.e., artifacts, ecofacts and other material traces of past human activities). There are three broad schools of archaeological theory, explained in more detail below, each of which advocates a different set of goals for archaeological practice:
 * Culture historical archaeology's primary concern is the collection and description of evidence for the reconstruction of historical sequences of archaeological cultures;
 * Processual archaeology sees archaeology as more akin to a behavioural science (with roots in functionalism, cultural ecology and evolutionism) and thus its practitioners advocate the explanation of past human behaviour and culture change over its description;
 * Post-processual archaeology is pluralistic and postmodernist, and thus has almost as many goals as practitioners. In general, what is prioritised is the understanding of culture through its symbolic and ideological structures with an emphasis on power, human agency and phenomenology.


 * Despite having differences of opinion in what the goals of archaeology are or should be, all archaeologists are concerned with: the preservation of the archaeological record, its protection from looting or other destruction and, in cases where preservation is not possible or desirable (e.g., because of development or specific research questions requiring excavation to answer), then recovery of remains through controlled recovery (e.g., excavation or survey).

Can we thrash this out further here? Rattus 02:35, 01 Sept 2005 (UTC)

This is pompous, jargon-filled, and thoroughly incomprehensible to non-archaeologists. If your goal is seem mysterious and keep our secret code-words to ourselves, then you've succeeded. On the other hand, if you want to explain archaeology in terms that anyone can understand, you need to try again.Tpstigers 03:10, 18 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The project is supposed to be detailed. some degree of pressure must be placed on the reader to familarize themselves with terminology and meanings. A quote from the wiki template "This article is part of WikiProject Archaeology, an attempt to build a comprehensive and detailed guide to archaeology on Wikipedia." other technical and science articles are far more hardcore Boris 00:10, 24 October 2006 (UTC)

Field methods
I know field methods are dealt in detail elsewhere but can we add a few words on excavation as opposed to survey representing the entirity of field work? Boris 00:05, 24 October 2006 (UTC)

publication
would you like to publish this article? -- Zondor 22:29, 27 November 2005 (UTC)

Alternate spelling
Just out of curiosity, is "archeology" used somewhere outside the US? I've never seen it used except on sites such as Wikipedia for an "alternate spelling" note, and a Google search for "archeology" has 8 out of the first 10 search results using "archaeology" instead. Jibbajabba 16:32, 29 December 2005 (UTC)


 * The "e" for is the US form - but even that seems to be not that widespread. "ae" is the British and starngle more international form. Normally the US form seems to be prominent. :: Kevinalewis  :  (Talk Page)  18:35, 10 March 2006 (UTC)


 * The U.S. government generally uses the a-less form. The Wisconsin Archeologist does  too.  03:56, 26 March 2006 (UTC)

Merge?
Perhaps GIS in archaeology could be merged into Archaeology under Field methods? If that makes that section too long; a subarticle on field methods would appropriate. I'm not knowledgeable enough on the topic to do it myself. I'll hold off on the merge tags for now. Peyna 20:10, 15 February 2006 (UTC)

Archaeology & Archology meanings
These are (everywhere I have looked) either mis-spellings for each other - OR two different words with different meanings, in their derivations and current proper usage. Try looking at this listing of sciences and their descriptions. Sciences and description. :: Kevinalewis  :  (Talk Page)  18:35, 10 March 2006 (UTC)

Alternative Spelling of Archæology
I keep adding an alternative spelling (though to be honest it is the ORIGINAL English spelling) of the word archæology with the ligature "æ". The user Kevinalewis keeps removing my addition to the Wikipedia page insisting that the spelling means something other than archaeology. It means the same thing, except a ligature is being used because the word originates from Old English. Refer to Wiktionary: Archaeology to view the spelling listed as a variant. Also the spelling is accepted and regarded as correct by the Oxford English Dictonary, which is known as the most comprehensive and scholarly dictionary of the English language. The spelling is not archaic, it is simply not commonly used, however if the Greek spelling is going to be shown, then the original English spelling should as well. To return to the original arguement, a ligature simply denotes a sound intermediate between those of a and e (it does not change the meaning of a word as Kevinalewis is claiming). Refer to Æ to teach yourself more about ligatures and spelling, and as you will notice the image in the page proudly uses the word "archæology" as its main example. placed by --Speakslowly 18:56, 11 March 2006 (UTC)User:Speakslowly


 * Hi, Please sign your postings and place them in the chronological position in the talk pages. Thanks. :: Kevinalewis  :  (Talk Page)  09:56, 11 March 2006 (UTC)


 * Also I do know what ligatures are, so we can drop that. On wider reading it does appear that the word is being used (by exception) as a synonym for "Archaeology". That of itself does not make Wikictionary the arbiter it is as flawed a source as this is. OED is another matter, unfortunately I don't have direct access to that (or space for it for that matter). What does appear to be the case in the dictionaries and sources I "have" consulted that it does have an alternative meaning which is not brought out in your entry here. I will leave the entry as is at present but I believe we need to adjust it to reflect it's rarity or at very least draw attention to it's variant meaning, see my web reference above. Sorry to be a pain but if we are to be seen as reliable we "must" be scrupulous in what we allow to stand in wikipedia. It is not meant to be aggresive or in anyway finally deny that you know something I don't. We are all here to make this as authoritative as we can. :: Kevinalewis  :  (Talk Page)  09:56, 11 March 2006 (UTC)


 * Excuse me for not understanding the structure of a talk page. However you keep insisting that Archology means something else, but I have never mentioned Archology. I am insisting that Archæology with the ligature means the same thing. I understand that in Wikipedia we strive for factual information, and I am not pursuing a different spelling for a joke. I will continue to say that Archæology with the ligature means the same thing as Archaeology, and it has no other meaning. Archology with an o is something completely different which is something I have never brought up since that is what YOUR argument is about. --Speakslowly 18:56, 11 March 2006 (UTC)

Ah ha, It appears we are getting somewhere (and I am not going mad!) When you write "æ" in the main article to achieve "Archæology" what I see on my browser on two different machines is "Archology". That must be where the confusion is comming from. Perhaps you could have a bit of a look at this as not everyone will be using the same browsers or even fonts. Interestly the "æ" appears correct here - did you generate it differently. :: Kevinalewis  :  (Talk Page)  08:45, 12 March 2006 (UTC)


 * I figured something weird was going on like that. And no I've been generating the æ the same manner each time. You hold down the ALT key and using the numbers on the right side of the keyboard you type in 0230. So I'm assuming the hatchet is being buried and we can continue with other things involving archæology, as opposed to fights about spelling. --Speakslowly 20:22, 12 March 2006 (UTC)


 * Hatchet was never out - I was thinking that one of us had lost it, but sanity is restored. Interesting that some people are actually using the work I thought was the issue, "Archology" to mean "Archaeology" even though that "does" mean something different. Sorry to have been a pain. :: Kevinalewis  :  (Talk Page)  10:34, 13 March 2006 (UTC)


 * The section "Usage" reads like a diatribe. Yes, the more common spelling in the U. S. of the word "archaeology" is the the ae, but the alternative spelling is also definitely widely used, e.g., by the U. S. government agencies working in archaeology.

Artefact/artifact
The spelling of artifact with an i is the standard spelling in U. S. archaeology. As I understand Wik procedures, if a subject is international, the spelling is set by the first user of the term in an article. If this is correct, then let us abide by that - some-body with a faster computer than mine could check out the history of the use of the word in this article. Kdammers 08:26, 27 April 2006 (UTC)
 * The spelling of artefact with an E is standard in non-American archaeology. I do not particularly wish to start an 'America v. The rest of the world' debate, but I have never read a book about archaeology which spelt it with an i. Thought this comment would be relevant in this case. fluoronaut 09:07, 30 April 2006 (UTC)
 * I am an archaeologist first trained in the U. S. and have never seen a book of archaeology or a professional article in the U. S. where it is NOT spelled with an 'i.' But my point was simply that the spelling in this article should abide by Wik norms.  If that menas first come first rules and the first person to whrite the word in this article wrote it the British way, then it should be spelled with a 'e'; whereas if it got changed along the way, it should be reverted.  Kdammers 09:17, 30 April 2006 (UTC)  I have finally been able to view the earliest text.  While it is horrible, it does contain 'artifact' with an 'i.'  Thus, if I am correct in understanding Wik norms, let's change it.  (I'm not interested in a battle either.)  BTW, this Hong Kong site uses the 'i' version: http://www.cuhk.edu.hk/ics/ccaa/en/relic_c.htm.
 * Hi - I have just had a look at the history, and the first mention of an artifact/artefact is this one:

18:29, 19 January 2003 Deb (just a start on the history of the discipline) It's spelt with an E. However, if anyone wants to double check, I am happy to be wrong. fluoronaut 09:47, 30 April 2006 (UTC)
 * I agree (When I looked earlier, one of the first two entries seemed to have it with an 'i,' but I guess I som-how was not on the archaeology page proper.). Kdammers 11:06, 30 April 2006 (UTC)

Aartifacts - material remains
The current edit (about artifacts in the opening paragraph) is not good. As it now reads, it seems to say that artifacts=human bones etc. Kdammers 00:34, 28 August 2006 (UTC)

Shovelbums
Everytime I read this, the more I dislike it. Although it might be a widespread colloquial term for what in the UK is often termed 'digger', I just don't see its relevance here. Plus, its full of non-verifiable pers. opinions, like the claim that its seen as bad form to use it if you haven't been one yourself. Says who? Unless anyone strongly objects, I suggest creating a new page called Shovelbum, and replacing this paragraph with a brief sentence (and link) that notes that this term exists among some archaeologists in the US. Rattus 15:25, 30 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Can not say I am a big fan of this term myself and find myself agreeing with you. However I am willing to let it go on the grounds the wiki is likely to be more US centric in its readership Boris 00:16, 24 October 2006 (UTC)

I think references to 'shovelbums' should be removed. It is a colloquial expression that affects the encyclopedic tone of the article. I would also be opposed to any use of the british term 'digger'.Man from the Ministry (talk) 16:39, 17 November 2007 (UTC)

GA Re-Review and In-line citations
Members of the WikiProject Good articles are in the process of doing a re-review of current Good Article listings to ensure compliance with the standards of the Good Article Criteria. (Discussion of the changes and re-review can be found here). A significant change to the GA criteria is the mandatory use of some sort of in-line citation (In accordance to WP:CITE) to be used in order for an article to pass the verification and reference criteria. Currently this article does not include many in-line citations. It is recommended that the article's editors take a look at the inclusion of in-line citations as well as how the article stacks up against the rest of the Good Article criteria. GA reviewers will give you at least a week's time from the date of this notice to work on the in-line citations before doing a full re-review and deciding if the article still merits being considered a Good Article or would need to be de-listed. If you have any questions, please don't hesitate to contact us on the Good Article project talk page or you may contact me personally. On behalf of the Good Articles Project, I want to thank you for all the time and effort that you have put into working on this article and improving the overall quality of the Wikipedia project. --- The Bethling (Talk) 22:43, 25 September 2006 (UTC)

K Man
" Kennewick Man is an example of archaeology interacting with modern culture. " As Kcrca (above) notes, the K man issue is quite complex. The text's bald statement in the paragraph it's in makes it sound more like the remains are recent. Let's take out this sentence. Kdammers 23:13, 25 September 2006 (UTC)

Archaeology & Anthropology
I know in the U.S. that archaeology and anthropology are related. However, in the UK at least, archaeology is also considered separate from anthropology as they have different subject matter (i.e. material remains of past peoples in the present vs. current human populations). This difference has given rise to what is called ethnoarchaeology - "the ethnographic study of peoples for archaeological reasons, usually focusing on the material remains of a society, rather than its culture". Nonetheless, ethnology and anthropology are still used to supplement archaeological interpretation, although there are reservations over their applicability to the past. Any thoughts about including this? Also, there is also overlap in the studies of forensics and archaeological science (explaining material pattening and wear, osteology etc.) that may be worth mentioning? --hAl 16:30, 27 September 2006 (UTC)
 * Ethnoarcheology is also an important field in US anthropology. And while it is true that in most UK universities (and some US) archeology is distinct from anthropology, there are UK universities that combine them.  Cambridge has a faculty of archeology and anthropology, bringing them together.  Bristol has a department of anthropology and archeology.  University of Wales, Lampeter.  So some UK departments are moving toward the American model. Slrubenstein   |  Talk 16:38, 27 September 2006 (UTC)

Artefact vs. artifact
While I don't personally care which we use, according to the rules we should be using artefact instead of artifact as the former predates the latter in the history of this article. However, there may be good reason for changing to 'artifact': British English speakers may be more used to the 'e' version, but will certainly be aware of the 'i' version; but American English speakers probably automatically think 'artefact' (sic) is spelt wrongly (bless)—hence the frequent changes by do-gooders. To save the frequent rv that will inevitably happen with this, what do people think about a global change to 'artifact'? Rattus 21:45, 4 October 2006 (UTC)
 * Hi. Please see the discussion above for the resolution to this issue last April. Thanks fluoronaut 09:20, 7 October 2006 (UTC)

Delisted GA
This article was delisted from the Good Articles list due to lack of references for the size of the article. The lead also nees to be expanded to comply with WP:LEAD. Tarret 21:09, 28 October 2006 (UTC)

Restoration of some earlier material
I did some wiki-excavation of this article, because we are reviewing all articles in Version 0.5 that have seen their assessment go down (in this case GA to B). I notice that between the June 10 version and the current one the entire section on excavation was lost, and a subheading was changed. I see a fair bit of blanking occurred, so I'm guessing this was a result of vandalism. I'm adding this lost material back in, and recommending that we then use the most recent version of the article. I'm only passing through, but I wanted to ask those who maintain the article:
 * Please check that my reverts are appropriate. If the material was subsumed into other parts of the article, please revert me.
 * Please check the above "diff" to see if there any other things that jump out as being lost. It's a shame to see something that a person spent hours writing should get lost in this way.  Thanks! Walkerma 05:21, 20 November 2006 (UTC)

Cryptoarchaeology
This needed a rethink. I would have preferred to delete it outright, but resisted for now. There are three reasons why it needed editing and moving into Pseudoarchaeology. First, it self validates itself (hence my insertion of "claims to be" to emphasize this). Second, the study of 'unusual archaeological objects' does not define a sub-discipline --- it is just archaeology; whereas the use of wacko theories is pseudoarchaeology. So 'cryptoarchaeology' is either normal archaeology (e.g., the study of Stonehenge, or the Black Pyramids or whatever, using agreed upon standards of archaeological epistemology; or it is fringe non-academic pseudo-science that panders to popular fantasy). Three, from what I can tell, there are no cryptoarchaeologists apart from those with avocational interests. I'm happy to be corrected on this, but unless someone can provide the name and credentials of a 'cryptoarchaeologist' and a reference to this 'sub-discipline' in a mainstream academic journal, this has no place anywhere than under Pseudoarchaeology. Rattus 18:20, 23 April 2007 (UTC)

French translation
Can anybody translate the article "archéologie préventive" from the French Wikipedia? The question is very important for the future of archeology, but seems to have been mainly reflected in France till now. --Hubertgui 15:12, 21 August 2007 (UTC)

Significant overhaul underway
I have made some big changes to the structure of the article, and will continue to work on text. This is a good start, but many things need to be elaborated and clarified. This entry needs serious help! I am an archaeologist with training in North America, so the emphasis may have shifted somewhat. I'm hoping others will fill in information on the discipline in other world areas. I'm also unsure how to go about making significant changes without erasing previous text. I hope no one is offended - I'm just interested in getting this entry right. --Mybvega 23:29, 20 October 2007 (UTC)

Thanks for starting this overhaul, this page really needed it. The changes are an improvement, but more work is needed.--NathanCraig 00:43, 21 October 2007 (UTC)

Importance and Applicability
This section should be cut. Some arguments are blatantly incorrect while others are poorly articulated. 1) Writing begins about 3000 BC, not 3000 years ago. 2) All cultures produce histories (Salomon 1999; Wolfe 1982) even if some do not generate materialized forms of those histories. 3) The fallibility of the written record is not well presented. 4) Finally, the last section attempts a dual argument about nationalism and cultural reconstruction. These are both important issues, but they are not well linked in the text. I propose abandoning this section, creating new sections on history and prehistory which deals specifically with this complex and politically charged topic. I also propose creating a section that addresses archaeology and nationalism which is also a subject that merits discussion in a general treatment of archaeology. The issues of cultural reconstruction and the aims of research can be addressed under the existing section on theory. If I do not hear objection I will make these changes.--NathanCraig 06:00, 21 October 2007 (UTC)



'Science'
I notice in the opening paragraph it states that archaeology is a 'science'. Now, some archaeologists believe that it is (e.g. the processualist school) and some don't (the post-processualists), I think this should be reflected in the opening. I am going to be bold and change it to 'academic discipline' to be more neutral. If anyone has any problems with this I'm open to discussion. :)

This is a debate that has been very important in modern archaeology and should probably be given its own section after clean-up.Man from the Ministry 02:40, 15 November 2007 (UTC)

I also added 'interpretation' to the brief list of methods in the intro, for the same reason stated above.Man from the Ministry 02:48, 15 November 2007 (UTC)

Vsmith reverted my edit, because the term 'academic discipline' was disliked. If a better term can be decided, I'll go for it, but I still think 'Science' is the wrong term to have (at least in the opening paragraph).

In my opinion, 'academic discipline' is the most accurate description, for whilst excavation, lab-based research etc are all part of Archaeology, the subject itself is grounded in the traditions of publication and peer review.

I won't make the edit again without further discussion here.Man from the Ministry 11:35, 15 November 2007 (UTC)


 * How about field of study which may be science-based or ____?___ based. What goes in the blank? Vsmith 14:13, 15 November 2007 (UTC)

'Field of study' is good. I personally think that the positivist vs anti-positivist debate should have its own section, but if it is also to be included into the intro then I suggest:

'...Is a field of study which uses both scientific and interpretive methods to...'. For further clarification it would probably be good to follow that sentence with one noting that Archaeology falls into both the categories of Humanities and Sciences (For example, I am doing an Archaeology degree which is classed as a Humanities subject, but Science based degrees are just as common). Man from the Ministry 14:27, 15 November 2007 (UTC)


 * OK, personally not into the positivist/antipositivist debate. Hmm... interpretive methods based on what, if not scientific evidence and data. Vsmith 16:45, 15 November 2007 (UTC)


 * I don't dispute that most archaeological interpretation is taken from the results of scientific investigation, site diagrams etc, but the major point I'm trying to make is that certain archaeologists (e.g. Chris Tilley) hold that the interpretation itself doesn't have to follow the scientific method.


 * As an example off the top of my head, some of the interpretation work done on the Maeshowe neolithic tombs compares the layout of the tombs and that of the nearby neolithic Barnhouse Settlement. The argument goes that as they are remarkably the same, the tomb may in some way represent a 'house of the dead'. This is obviously totally unscientific, with no possibility of verification, but the post-processualist school argues that it is still valid as archaeology. Man from the Ministry 12:27, 16 November 2007 (UTC)


 * Sounds to me like a theory that could be verified at some future date. Deb 12:41, 16 November 2007 (UTC)


 * Well it is a theory, but the problem is that it is pretty much impossible to verify, because it is attempting to read the intentions and spiritual beliefs of humans that have been dead for thousands of years. This is where the debate comes in:


 * Processualists would argue that as it cannot be meaningfully verified it should be ignored, or at most be an interpretational footnote in a more scientific work.


 * The Post-Processualists would argue that even though it cannot be verified, such theories are important in the study of human history, through such methods as phenomenology.


 * For the record, I don't really hold to one view or the other, but hover somewhere in the middle.Man from the Ministry 13:27, 16 November 2007 (UTC)

Obviously, this needs to be decided by looking for notable views in reliable sources. But may I suggest that there are two issues that complicate this, one has to do with natonal traditions of archeology, the other with national traditions of science. National traditions of archeology: in the UK I think archeology was traditionally associated with humanities like History and Classics; in the United States, with anthropology. National traditions of science: the American anthropological notion of science had its origins in the German notion ot science (brought over by Franz Boas and others) as "Wissenschaft" which encompassed both the nomothetic and idiographic "sciences." This diverges from the Anglo-French understanding of science, rooted in positivism and quantifiable models. Lewis Binford was certainly appealing to the Anglo-French notion of science in reaction to the earlier work of people like William Duncan Strong - but my sense is Strong considered himself a scientist, he just had a different view of science than Binford (one that did not depend on there being hypotheses). Similarly, post-processualism was certainly reacting against Binford, and a specific notion of what scientific archeology would be. But were all post-processualists invested in the claim tht archeology therefore is not a science? Isn't it possible that they too have a broader or looser understanding of "science?" Certainly, post-processualists are empiricists and rely on material evidence to support their arguments. Slrubenstein  |  Talk 23:33, 27 September 2008 (UTC)

Heritage Management
I added a link to the CRM/Heritage Management section to show that the latter is an academically accepted name in Britain (displayed as the title of a module of study). The link comes from SoGAER (School of Geography, Archaeology and Earth Resources) at the University of Exeter.

Note there is also a basic reading list at the bottom that may be further use in the article, if they can be got hold of.

As I am doing a module on this subject I may be able to help in cleaning up the section, but only from the British perspective. I have no knowledge of the American system.Man from the Ministry (talk) 16:35, 17 November 2007 (UTC)


 * Edit: Added a link to a source for the PPG16 document and some internal links.Man from the Ministry (talk) 16:36, 17 November 2007 (UTC)

Added some more references and internal links to the section. The United Kingdom and American sections could probably do with being divided into seperate subheadings, to prevent the section as a whole becoming too unwieldly.Man from the Ministry (talk) 17:04, 17 November 2007 (UTC)

Hatnote
The original hatnote was  . The current one (with incorrect markup) leads to WP:CITE. I propose to restore he original. Please point out if I've missed the reason in the page history. --Old Moonraker (talk) 10:15, 6 February 2008 (UTC)
 * Done. --Old Moonraker (talk) 07:57, 7 February 2008 (UTC)

Refimprove|date=July 2007 deleted
Needs to clearly state on discussion page where references are lacking. Otherwise this is usless information for the reader.--Rcollman (talk) 03:52, 8 February 2008 (UTC)


 * Why are there so many references for the fact that archaeology draws upon geology? You'd think that this would be fairly obvious for a discipline that is popularly viewed as all about "digging things up". References in mid-sentence are also an eyesore. Unless there is a good reason to keep them where they are, I'd suggest moving them. Fuzzform (talk) 01:53, 16 April 2008 (UTC)

Current/Recent digs
I am hoping there is a possibility for us to display recent important digs. This could be aided by embedding archaelogical news feeds from the main Wikipedia page. This is something that would certainly interest me but I would like some feedback as I am pretty new... Any thoughts? Tallbert222 11:35, 29 July 2008 (UTC)
 * The stuff on Wikipedia is supposed to be assessed in the light of the "long-term historical perspective", just like on a "real" (I hope I don't get into trouble for that) encyclopedia: details here. Reports of current events are not automatically disqualified, but it might prove "difficult to judge whether notability actually exists". I hope this doesn't read as too negative. Good luck! --Old Moonraker (talk) 15:00, 29 July 2008 (UTC)

In America, especially in urban locations, when a current dig (excavation) is in progress and a large test pit is opened up such as 4 x 8 meters, work may take a few days. In the late afternoon students and volunteers will cover the pit with a plastic tarp in an effort to keep water out in case it rains that night. This method may go on day after day until the dirt from both the plow zone (top layer), and the subsoil (bottom layer) has been excavated and screened through 1/4 inch mesh hardware cloth in an attempt to trap artifacts, if any, which are then put into specimen bags. How deep the pit gets excavated is determined by the archaeologist on the site.

As long as a test pit is opened up, it is not prudent to invite the media, local residents, gawkers, etc. to see the work being done. Some digs have been potholed during the night by looters hoping to dig up anything of value they could later sell. This is one reason why confidentiality is imperative, particularly on the location of prehistoric burial/mortuary sites.

Another issue is liability. If looters were injured or fell into a stream and drowned, the landowner is liable. However, before starting the dig, the students, volunteers, and archaeologists will sign a waiver which leaves the landowner free and clear.

Musicwriter (talk) 04:28, 10 September 2009 (UTC)

dating Methods
A list of dating methods would be helpful. Understanding how archeologist do their work helps tell the good from the bad. I have provided a rough amature list but would prefer one that has been scrutinized and is more comprehensive.

 Archeology dating methods   1. Carbon dating  2. Historical records and carbon dating on the records.  3. The lower you dig the older it is so if you find something close by to an item dated to one time frame then it will probably be dated to the same time frame.  4. Water erosion in combination with study of ancient climate.  5. tree rings which don't apply often but it may come in handy in some cases.  6. cross checking. Whenever possible it is good to cross check to make sure that different dating methods don't contridict each other. 

Input from archeologist or related experts welcome thanks Zacherystaylor (talk) 09:13, 12 September 2008 (UTC)


 * There are scores of dating methods. There are numerous books on the subject.  For starters, though, here's a web link: http://www.staff.ncl.ac.uk/kevin.greene/wintro/chap4.htm#4.   Wik already has an article on geochronology but apparently lacks one for archaeology.  This is so extensive that a separate article is necessary.  Just a few of the most salient ones should be on the main archaeology page.Kdammers (talk) 04:07, 14 September 2008 (UTC)


 * We already have Dating methodology (archaeology) which I think needs work. We also have Absolute dating where someone has added Amino Acid Racemization -- but I can find sources that say it can't be used for absolute dating, others that say it can. And we have Relative dating, all articles which need a lot of work. (We have Amino acid dating also, with no references). Doug Weller (talk) 18:45, 15 September 2008 (UTC)

I'm no expert but what I have is a whole lot of ancient artifacts all by an act of God in my home. I would please liked them looked at. If anyone can help. Please let me know. Very interesting looking. William R Hall jr (talk) 10:44, 23 June 2021 (UTC)

aerial arch. photo
The picture of Solte is not a very good example for aerial arch. As far as I could see, there is no reference to the photograph in the text, and the photograph itself has no obvious specifically archaeological aspects to it (such as something reflecting buried features). The picture should be replaced or explained.Kdammers (talk) 04:10, 14 September 2008 (UTC)

question for people who watch this site
What is currently the best introduction to archeology textbook - the most current? Slrubenstein  |  Talk 22:03, 6 October 2008 (UTC) Probably the most used and frequently updated book is Archaeology: Theories, Methods and Practice by Colin Renfrew and Paul Bahn (Paperback - 19 May 2008) Doug Weller (talk) 06:12, 7 October 2008 (UTC)
 * Thanks, I know this is one of the best selling! Do most people agree it is the best? Slrubenstein   |  Talk 13:18, 7 October 2008 (UTC)


 * I am specifically interested in the emergence of the first states. When I read Fagan's textbook almost thirty years ago he provided dates for the first states along the Nile, Tigris and Euphrates, Indus and Yellow Rivers.  Are these still considered the first states?  Has the dating changed?  Renfrew and Bahn is a great textbook but it focuses more on methods and theory than on the actual findings.  Where would I find the current state of knowledge in this regard? Slrubenstein   |  Talk 22:14, 8 October 2008 (UTC)

You might want to look at Mehrgarh and Harappa in India or Nevali_Cori, Çatalhöyük and Göbekli Tepe in Turkey. Archeologist keep digging up more information whether these are the first states or not I don't know but they may be before Egypt and Mesopotamia as I was taught in school.

Zacherystaylor (talk) 06:00, 11 October 2008 (UTC)
 * 'Current state' is mainly reflected in the journals, or a few books costing 3 figures each! Doug Weller (talk) 07:35, 11 October 2008 (UTC)


 * Thanks! Can anyone recommend and provide the citation for the most current review article?  As for three-figure books, I go to a library! Slrubenstein   |  Talk 22:12, 11 October 2008 (UTC)

I'm no expert but I have a lot of ancient artifacts by and act of God in my home. I would like them looked at. If anyone can help please do. Very interesting looking. William R Hall jr (talk) 10:48, 23 June 2021 (UTC)

Archaeological inventory
Is there anything about how they record and organize archaeological inventory? since this would surly be very large there would have a way to sumerize it. I have seen many hints of this in archaeology books but rarely a sumation of the inventory usualy just a few select items. An example of how this would be used would be the clovis point first found in New Mexico but later inventory showed it originated in the Chesapeake bay area. Petrie was also suposed to be the first to make a list of potery to show how culture evolved. I know this seems tedious but it must be an important part of how achaeologist do their work.

Thanks Zacherystaylor (talk) 06:18, 11 October 2008 (UTC)
 * Databases. This might interest you . Lots of use of statistics. . Doug Weller (talk) 07:34, 11 October 2008 (UTC)

Sources and Links
I note that Archaeology magazine and other excellent sources are listed here. When Biblical Archaeology Review, the other prominent archaeology magazine in the US, was linked that link was removed.

I'm hoping to understand why.

Thanks. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.55.186.179 (talk) 01:41, 6 February 2009 (UTC)
 * I believe Biblical Archaeology Review is linked from the more specialized article on Biblical archaeology. External links related to specialized topics in archaeology are better spun off to more specific articles. This avoids clutter and is more in keeping with Wikipedia policies, which discourage excessive external linking. Tapatio (talk) 15:22, 12 February 2009 (UTC)

I see that Biblical archaeology has been moved to Biblical archaeology (excavations and artifacts), which is where the link to Biblical Archaeology Review is found. Tapatio (talk) 14:58, 16 February 2009 (UTC)

Methods:Survey
The information in this section is dated as regards aerial photography. Remote sensing - which includes a wide array of data collection and imaging techniques, including satellite-based systems - would be a better scope. If such changes are made, they should also be reflected in the article on archaeological survey. Tapatio (talk) 15:37, 12 February 2009 (UTC)

I have added 'Ultraviolet' as a technique and added a ref link to aerial photography by 'kite'. It deals with archaeological KAP from the near-UV to the thermal infra-red. Dr John Wells (talk) 08:48, 2 December 2012 (UTC)

Added kite aerial photo - may not be suitable with no Wiki link but a better representation of how a site can be photographed (http://www.armadale.org.uk/archeoscan.htm). I can provide something else if appropraite. Dr John Wells (talk) 09:41, 2 December 2012 (UTC)

Dholavira
The accompanying text for an image of Indus glyphs recovered at Dholavira suggests they are "perhaps 5000 years old". This needs some consideration; the sequence of Harappan influence at Dholavira is divided into stages falling between I and IIIB. The earliest of these - I - dates to the early Harappan (in Mark Kenoyer's chronology), indicating a date of no earlier than ca. 3200. While this establishes a possible date of '5000', the evidence is more in favour of a later dating.

Archaeometry?
(Section under "subfields"): I've heard the term "Archaeological Science" more; among real archaeologists, is Archaeometry more common? In any case, I don't think the sentence that "it is about measurement" does it justice, besides being true to the word root. However, I don't want to change it myself, because I'm not an archaeologist and maybe there is some historical application of the word. Anyone have a better idea on what this is and how to define it than I do? Awickert (talk) 01:54, 20 March 2009 (UTC)

Relationship with anthropology
Anthropology being the science of humanity — Preceding unsigned comment added by 173.18.160.189 (talk) 21:14, 10 June 2013 (UTC) Proposed text: "In the United States, where archaeology is part of anthropology, there have been conflicts between those favoring more positivist and biological approaches, including many archaeologists, and those favoring more postmodern and sociological approaches, including many cultural anthropologists. "

This has been a significant conflict so it should be mentioned. Please state any objections. Miradre (talk) 21:14, 22 August 2011 (UTC)


 * I agree with Dougweller's recent edit. This has not be a significant conflict, unless we are writing an article about one department at one university. Slrubenstein   |  Talk 21:35, 22 August 2011 (UTC)
 * I think it has - the uproar about the removal of the word science in the AAA's recent definition statement reeived a lot of publicity in the general public and in AAA News and other places.·ʍaunus·snunɐw· 02:09, 25 August 2011 (UTC)
 * The sources shows that it is not just one department but is an important conflict in US anthropology in general. Miradre (talk) 21:37, 22 August 2011 (UTC)


 * Here is another article regarding this in the New York Times: . Miradre (talk) 21:42, 22 August 2011 (UTC)


 * Here is an online source for my second cited source: Miradre (talk) 21:44, 22 August 2011 (UTC)


 * What is the "Kroeber Anthropological Society" and how important is its publication? Slrubenstein  |  Talk 22:01, 22 August 2011 (UTC)
 * If you disagree with that source I gave two others. Miradre (talk) 22:14, 22 August 2011 (UTC)
 * Here is an article in Nature: Miradre (talk) 22:19, 22 August 2011 (UTC)
 * I did not disagree. I asked you two questions.  Why not answer them?


 * The other article says that there is no crisis. So let's say there is no crisis. Slrubenstein  |  Talk 22:27, 22 August 2011 (UTC)
 * Not sure how important the Kroeber publication is but it is only one source. I have now given three other sources also. The Nature article certainly states that there are serious problems although is argues that the problems are not of the magnitude sometimes claimed in the media. Certainly shows that this is a notable topic.Miradre (talk) 22:32, 22 August 2011 (UTC)
 * Mathsci states "undue synthesis by Miradre, which has not been justified properly on talk page". Please explain. As noted this conflict has been documented in many reliable sources. I hope it is not just a case of WP:JUSTDONTLIKEIT. Miradre (talk) 17:42, 24 August 2011 (UTC)

I agree with Dougweller and Slrubenstein that the content synthesized by Miradre was and still is undue and not suitable for this high-level article on wikipedia. Miradre has strung together a disparate set of sources, some dating from 13 years ago, some newpapers reports about anthropology and science, and attached them to an unreadable sentence. I would defer to those more familiar with archaeology, like Dougweller, who I understand is quite busy at the moment. Wait until he replies. Thanks, Mathsci (talk) 18:00, 24 August 2011 (UTC)
 * Dougweller said we should discuss it on talk and maybe add more sources. More sources added. The sources now include very recent articles from The New York Times and an article in Nature. You have still not explained exactly what is supposed by wrong with statement. Please do. Thanks. Miradre (talk) 18:08, 24 August 2011 (UTC)
 * Please wait until Dougweller, Slrubenstein or other editors show up to discuss the sentence and sources you produced. They might actually favour including some kind of statement in a footnote. There is no rush and I don't have anything more to say on the matter at present. Thanks, Mathsci (talk) 18:23, 24 August 2011 (UTC)
 * Obviously a significant conflict and controversy, among other things causing actual splits of anthropology departments into two separate ones, should not be hidden away in "a footnote". I am still hoping you will explain exactly what you think is wrong and violating WP:SYNTH.Miradre (talk) 18:39, 24 August 2011 (UTC)


 * I think there is a clear trend in the US to split archaeology out of anthrpology departments, just like linguistics departments were split during the Chomskyan revolution. Several universities have adopted a more European model for archaeology departments. My own school is split with archaeological presence both in the anthro department and in a new separate department. I thionk it is fair to characterize the situation as unstable and conflictive (but this is OR of course). The question is whether the anthro/archaeology relation in the US deserves a section of its own in the general article about the discipline. I think it probab doesnt. ·ʍaunus·snunɐw· 02:18, 25 August 2011 (UTC)
 * Yet there are several other sections in the "Current issues and controversy" that only describe US or other regional issues. Miradre (talk) 07:20, 25 August 2011 (UTC)

When Boas put together the four field approach, he commented that he thought it was on the way out. I think the article needs to distinguish between two things. First, anthropology has neve3r been a "discipline" in the sense of being disciplined; anthropologists routinely publish in non anthropology journals - there are strong centrifugal forces. If Mirardre wishes to write on this, the best source is the series of volumes Stocking and now Handler edit for U. Minnessota Press; I am all for building the historical dimension of the article drawing on the contributions to those volumes. The second issue has to do with forces outside of the profession - CP Snow wrote about the "two cultures" problem that emerged with the proliferation of specialization combined with divided funding that pushes scholars to identify more with the sciences or the humanities - this necessarily stretches anthropology in two directions. It also provides no space for the "social" sciences, and it is being reconfigured now with the invention of the behavioral sciences to encompass psychologists political scientists and economists disaffected with the social sciences and realize they will get more funding from the state if they identify as being more scientific and this new category of behavioral science provides a way to do this. But I think the reasons shy there are so few biological anthropologists at AAA meetings is obvious: most departments will only fund one conference, and biological anthropologists get more out of attending the specialized meeting. The question is, why is this not the case for cultural anthropologists? I say this because the annual SCA and AES meetings are woefully under-attended and if one were using these as data, one would conclude (mistakenly) that cultural anthropology is in decline. Slrubenstein  |  Talk 22:27, 25 August 2011 (UTC)

Nations without "Archeology of ..." articles
Articles about Archeology of Algeria and -China, we have.

Would it be an idea that someone (not me) create a sandbox article, that lists nations that do not have an "Archeology of" article?

Norway
Archeology of Norway does not have an article.

This link might belong there (and it is not yet in any other articles here).

These subject are notable mentioned on wikipedia:
 * Borg in Lofoten, Viking Age longhouse site
 * Borre mound cemetery, cemetery from the Merovingian period to the Viking age
 * Gokstad ship burial
 * Oseberg ship burial
 * Tune ship burial--Riambrid (talk) 14:08, 24 December 2011 (UTC)

Popular Views section - NPOV
The following excerpt from this section doesn't seem to fit the NPOV requirement.


 * The modern depiction is sensationalized so much that it has incorrectly formed the public’s perception of what archaeology is. The public is often under the impression that all archaeology takes place in a distant and foreign land, only to collect monetarily or spiritually priceless artifacts. Many times these artifacts are pursued for power and/or wealth. Alfred Hitchcock referred to such items in his films as the “MacGuffin: and object of pursuit, protected, and rescue by both hero and villain. We are led to believe that Indiana Jones is a hero for yelling, “It belongs in a Museum!” all while he yields [sic] a gun and destroys historical sites without the blink of an eye.

I am adding a neutrality tag to this section. I will also change "yields" to "wields." — Preceding unsigned comment added by Beetfarm Louie (talk • contribs) 20:35, 2 February 2013 (UTC)
 * I don't see what violates NPOV about that? Film portrayals of archaeology are often sensationalized and often do not reflect actual field archaeology. And changing a direct quote is a no no, didn't you notice the quote marks or the [sic] in the statement letting you know the typo was in the original quote and was not a Wikipedia typo?  He  iro 05:23, 3 February 2013 (UTC)

No, the "wields" is out of the quote I think. I hope I'm wrong cause The line on Indiana Jones is disgraceful bias! 75* 18:03, 17 February 2014 (UTC)

What's the quote's source? The Indiana Jones statement is out of quote marks right now. I will remove it until it can be found in the quotes source. 75* 18:05, 17 February 2014 (UTC)

I'm going to add an actual NPOV tag to. 75* 18:35, 17 February 2014 (UTC)

I'm finished, I think. take a look! 75* 16:36, 5 May 2014 (UTC)

Current Section "Popular views of archaeology".
Irrelevant. Unverified speculation, even if it was relevant. I propose deletion of the section, AnnaComnemna (talk) 09:38, 6 February 2015 (UTC)


 * Why do you say it is irrelevant? Popular views affect funding and legislation.  Also, for naive readers a section like this could help clarify why the rest of our article does not conform to this view.  On the other hand, the question of accuracy and verification of the content of the section is a separate, subsidiary issue (that I'm not responding to here). Kdammers (talk) 12:16, 8 July 2015 (UTC)

Paleogenomics
Regardless of whether genetic studies are considered a part of archaeology or a separate field that works with archaeology, their importance is too great not to at least be mentioned. This is especially true for paleoarchaeological studies but also, increasingly for other archaeology (see for example Iñigo Olalde and Carles Lalueza-Fox (2015) "Modern humans' paleogenomics and the new evidences on the European prehistory," STAR Volume 1, Issue 1, Article ID: STAR2015112054892315Y.0000000002. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/2054892315Y.0000000002.) Kdammers (talk) 12:29, 8 July 2015 (UTC)
 * I added Archaeogenetics into "See also" because it is a quickly growing source of knowledge about prehistoric people and their migration. This tool was not mentioned by one single word in this article. A book I am reading hint that archaeogenetics is controversial within archaeology, partly because its findings seem to contradict some established theories. --BIL (talk) 13:43, 17 February 2018 (UTC)

Contradiction.
From the current lead, second paragraph. "(Archaeology does not include the discipline of paleontology)"

From the current lead, third paragraph "It draws upon anthropology, history, art history, classics, ethnology, geography,[6] geology,[7][8][9] linguistics, semiology, physics, information sciences, chemistry, statistics, paleoecology, paleontology, paleozoology, paleoethnobotany, and paleobotany" AnnaComnemna (talk) 12:11, 30 October 2015 (UTC)
 * I don't see the contradiction. Archaeology draws upon insights and techniques from these disciplines, it doesn't encompass them. So it doesn't 'include' palaeontology (ie, palaeontology is not a sub-set of archaeology, palaeontologists are not a sub-set of archaeological specialists) but it has a relationship with palaeontology if ancient humans/human ancestors interacted with extinct animals (for example, 'were mammoths hunted by Neanderthals?' is a question that connects palaeontology with archaeology).Markaeologist (talk) 15:39, 19 December 2017 (UTC)

Orphaned references in Archaeology
I check pages listed in Category:Pages with incorrect ref formatting to try to fix reference errors. One of the things I do is look for content for orphaned references in wikilinked articles. I have found content for some of Archaeology's orphans, the problem is that I found more than one version. I can't determine which (if any) is correct for this article, so I am asking for a sentient editor to look it over and copy the correct ref content into this article.

Reference named "auto": From Social work: Birkenmaier, J. & Curley, J. (2009). Financial credit: Social work's role in empowering low-income families. Journal of Community Practice, 17(3), 251-268. From Airplane: "Cayley, Sir George: Encyclopædia Britannica 2007." Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 25 August 2007. <li>From Underwater archaeology: </li> <li>From Gender studies: The World Bank. "Gender in East Asia and Pacific." Social Development. The World Bank, 2013. Web. Mar. 2015. <http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/EASTASIAPACIFICEXT/EXTEAPREGTOPSOCDEV/0,,contentMDK:20327365~menuPK:502969~pagePK:34004173~piPK:34003707~theSitePK:502940,00.html</li> <li>From Medical research: </li> <li>From Ethnomusicology: Cooley, Timothy J. and Gregory Barz. 2008 [1997]. “Casting Shadows in the Field: An Introduction.” In Shadows in the Field: New Perspectives for Fieldwork in Ethnomusicology, 2nd ed., 5-10. New York: Oxford UP.</li> <li>From Emic and etic: Friedman, Howard S., and Miriam W. Schustack. Personality: Classic Theories and Modern Research. Boston: Pearson Allyn & Bacon, 2012. Print.</li> </ul>

I apologize if any of the above are effectively identical; I am just a simple computer program, so I can't determine whether minor differences are significant or not. AnomieBOT ⚡ 08:05, 8 March 2016 (UTC)

Repetitions in Purpose section
There are two paragraphs in the purpose section that are essentially repetitions of one another. This is obviously an editing issue/error. I would fix this myself but it would be better if someone with archaeological background does it instead. Tition1 (talk) 19:11, 10 October 2016 (UTC)

Potential future discoveries
I would welcome a section (or a whole large article) on what else can be found in the future on all continents. For example: It is certain that if we dug in all Belgium or Austria, we would find 10 Roman camps, 20 Celtic settlements and so on, this can probably be estimated statistically. Can you estimate statistically how many really significant finds can be made in the future (statues, palaces, tombs)?Marcin862 (talk) 19:06, 15 January 2017 (UTC)
 * See Wikipedia is a not a crystal ball  He  iro 19:11, 15 January 2017 (UTC)
 * There has been some very limited work on statistically estimating the "exhaustion" of areas that have been surveyed for archaeological remains (i.e. the likelihood there is still stuff there we missed, see ), but I don't think it's been applied on nearly large enough a scale to merit a mention in our main article on archaeology. –&#8239;Joe (talk) 08:54, 16 January 2017 (UTC)
 * Also, a list of great discoveries which could be made, objects which we know once existed, e.g., the tomb of Gengis Khan.Marcin862 (talk) 09:12, 16 January 2017 (UTC)
 * You'd need to source it all using mainstream archaeological sources. Doug Weller  talk 11:40, 16 January 2017 (UTC)

Descendant peoples
"In some cases human remains were not even thoroughly studied but instead archived rather than reburied. Furthermore, Western archaeologists' views of the past often differ from those of tribal peoples. The West views time as linear; for many natives, it is cyclic. From a Western perspective, the past is long-gone; from a native perspective, disturbing the past can have dire consequences in the present."

I have a couple of issues with this part of the Descendant Peoples section (2nd half 1st paragraph). First of all there seems to be a slight bias in the use of Western perspective (which I would object to more that "Western" Archaeology can be further divided in a German, French, Greek archaeologist view, with the Greek view being probably close to what Native Americans would prefer. It is more an Anglosaxon point of view (the terminology used in Continental Europe for English and American anthropological archaeology which seems to dominate).

Secondly and more importantly I have a problem with this sentence:

"In some cases human remains were not even thoroughly studied but instead archived rather than reburied."

This takes the assumption that it is unusual to archive archaeological finds (including human remains) and that the accepted methodology is to rebury human remains. This is blatantly untrue and skewers the perception that Archaeologists do something against the common order. While I wouldn't mind criticism of this point (which is discussed in the following section) this seems to be biased. Dondville (talk) 15:12, 4 November 2017 (UTC)

Metal detectors
From the Methods: Field Survey section - "Although some archaeologists consider the use of metal detectors to be tantamount to treasure hunting, others deem them an effective tool in archaeological surveying..." Any archaeologist who thinks 'the use of metal detectors to be tantamount to treasure hunting' is, in my archaeological opinion, an idiot. But as there's no reference it's difficult to know if any archaeologist actually holds this opinion. What is a problem is the negligent (or even criminal) use of metal detectors. So, can this claim be referenced, or should it instead be somewhat nuanced, and a reference to some archaeologists talking about the undisciplined use of metal detectors be added instead? Markaeologist (talk) 15:49, 19 December 2017 (UTC)

Inaccuracies in Big Mound City, Florida page.
The site has never been excavated. Therefore the statement that it is the "largest site" and the dating, have no evidence or support. The first dating performed by Matthew H Colvin and Nathan R. Lawres-published in the Florida Anthropologist 2017, shows the site dates as 1000 A.D., therefore the dates are incorrect.

Most grievous!!! the cited reference at the bottom Hopewell Burial Mounds and Mississippi sites dispute the claim and inclusion.

Finally The Cw Corbett site and World Civilizations Site have no author and were obviously not written by anthropologists or archaeologist. No excavations= no support for anything stated. — Preceding unsigned comment added by EHMANNV (talk • contribs) 12:36, 24 July 2018 (UTC)


 * I can't find any mention of "Big Mound City" in this article, . If you're referring to errors in Big Mound City, it would make more sense to bring them up in the talk page of that article, or Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Archaeology. –&#8239;Joe (talk) 13:11, 24 July 2018 (UTC)