Talk:Logical equivalence

Model and interpretation
Semantically, p and q are equivalent if they have the same truth value in every model... Would it not be more appropriate to write if they have the same truth value in every interpretation? I thought that a model is just a set and relations for each n-ary symbol, we can not say whether a formula (containing free variables) is "true" in a model (?). 147.231.6.9 (talk) 13:30, 9 May 2012 (UTC)
 * It is common to use "model" and "interpretation" essentially as synonyms. In first-order logic, each model has a canonical truth function which tells whether a given formula is true or false in the model. Thus models are a particular way of getting interpretations. Conversely, the completeness theorem shows that every interpretation of a set of sentences is in fact the interpretation obtained from some model.


 * Many treatments of first-order logic do include a way to tell whether an arbitrary formula is true or false in a given model. One common way they do this is by including a variable assignment in the model, which is used to give values to free variables (this is the method used by Enderton's book, for example). &mdash; Carl (CBM · talk) 12:00, 9 April 2013 (UTC)

Some references are still missing
Since you wrote this section that explains the difference between logical and material equivalence, can you add a citation to verify it? Jarble (talk) 07:06, 31 January 2018 (UTC)


 * I added something. Really, I think this should just be cited in the main section where it's treated in the article. Most of the lede is just a summary of other parts of the article, and as such the lede doesn't need duplicative references (cf. WP:WHENNOTCITE). The Mendelson reference in the lede seems OK as a way of sending the reader to a good general reference. &mdash; Carl (CBM · talk) 14:37, 31 January 2018 (UTC)

Example - France in Europe
The statement given in the example is not necessarily correct, as French Guiana is in France but is not in Europe by most definitions (unless you count EU membership as in Europe) Fozzzyyy (talk) 21:09, 3 August 2018 (UTC)

Definition of logical equivalence
The article writes:

statements $$p$$ and $$q$$ are said to be logically equivalent if they are provable from each other under a set of axioms, or have the same truth value in every model. However, the book Introduction to Mathematical Logic actually defines "logically equivalence" semantically (same truth value in every interpretation). There's no mentioning of "provab[ility] from each other under a set of axioms" at all. And this totally makes sense, because for e.g., an unsound proof system, "semantically equivalent" does not coincide with "provably equivalent", so what it currently states is technically incorrect. --Nullzero (talk) 18:34, 11 January 2022 (UTC)


 * added the mentioned sentence in which actually cites mathvault.ca. However, this website was determined to be unacceptable (low quality / spam), so the reference was removed. (See Administrators'_noticeboard/IncidentArchive1048 and Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Spam/2021_Archive_Nov for details about this problematic website). However, the accompanying content was not removed.
 * Therefore, I think it makes sense to remove this sentence, as it's not backed up by any source (and is in fact inaccurate). --Nullzero (talk) 19:03, 11 January 2022 (UTC)


 * Citing GeeksforGeeks was also done by . The website has low quality, so I will remove it as well. --Nullzero (talk) 19:17, 11 January 2022 (UTC)