Talk:Naumburg Cathedral and the High Medieval Cultural Landscape of the Rivers Saale and Unstrut/Naumburg (old city and cathedral)
| Naumburg | |
|---|---|
  Location within Germany | |
| General information | |
| Type | Cathedral and old town |
| Location | Saxony-Anhalt |
| Country | Germany |
| Coordinates | 51°12′56″N 11°45′18″E / 51.21556°N 11.75500°E |
The old town of Naumburg with the cathedral of Naumburg is located in Saxony-Anhalt in the middle of Germany. It has been proposed by Germany for inscription in the List of World Heritage. The World Heritage nomination Naumburg Cathedral and the High Medieval Cultural Landscape of the Rivers Saale and Unstrut is representative for the processes that shaped the continent during the High Middle Ages between 1000 and 1300: Christianization, the so-called Landesausbau and the dynamics of cultural exchange and transfer characteristic for this very period.[1]
Naumburg Cathedral[edit]
The cathedral is composed of a Romanesque core structure flanked by two Gothic choirs in the east and in the west. Naumburg Cathedral was one of the large double-choir cathedrals built in the transitional style between Late Romanesque and Early Gothic. The four towers form part of the Romanesque structure of the cathedral, even though parts of the upper floors and domes date from more recent style periods. The cathedral is a vaulted, cruciform basilica in a bound system with a segregated crossing.[2]
The Late Romanesque structure of the Naumburg Cathedral replaced a first, Early Romanesque cathedral, which had been consecrated around 1042. The new construction was initiated in 1242 under the patronage of the Princes of the Apostles – Peter and Paul.
Naumburg Masters[edit]
The workshop organization of sculptors and stonemasons, the Naumburg Master innovated architecture and sculpture of the Hohenstaufen period of the 13th century that were particularly developed at the cathedral in Reims.[3]
No written sources about the chief sculptor-architect of this workshop who was named after his main work in Naumburg. However, there is a general consensus with regard to the itinerary of the building workshop from Mainz via Naumburg to Meissen. An assumption relying on the analysis of historic sources is based on the idea that the milestones of his creative work are marked by the completion of the choir screen in Mainz in 1239, the west choir in Naumburg in 1249/50 and the work of the building workshop in Meissen from 1250 up until prior to 1268.[4]
Next to the plant ornaments, based on the thorough observation of nature and found in all three places, and next to the many matching architectural details, identical stonemason’s marks recently found in Iben, Naumburg and Meissen support the evidence. The migration of the building workshop of the Naumburg Master, from Northern France over the Middle Rhine area up to the eastern boundaries of the German Empire and further on to southwestern Europe, reflects the extensive European cultural exchange during the High Middle Ages.[5]
The west choir screen[edit]
This mural choir screen type combines high artistic architecture, ornamentation and figural sculptures. The plant décor of the west choir, due to its exceptional accuracy and the great variety of shapes to be seen on the capitals, friezes and corbels (corydalis, mugwort, hazel and vine), softens the sharpness and blocky features of the partition architecture and emphasises the organic character of the architecture.[6]
The relief frieze is one of the most sophisticated and formally most perfected arrangement of the Passion of Christ among the preserved sculptural ensembles from the 13th century throughout Europe. It shows the last supper, the payment of the pieces of silver, the capture, Peter’s denial, two guards, the reading of Christ’s sentence, the flagellation and the carrying of the cross.[7]
The Naumburg Master achieved a high degree of dramatic expressiveness and natural vibrancy. The Jews, for example, wear the typical hats, while Pilatus appears in a splendorous courtly garment, washing his hands off responsibility. The artist mastered a remarkable challenge concerning the usage of the limited space. In the representation of the last supper, he limited the number of disciples beside Christ in the middle and the clearly isolated betrayer Judas to four. The monumental multi-coloured crucifixion group in the central portal of the choir screen shows in an impressive manner the immeasurable suffering of Christ and the deep and obvious grief of Mary and John.[8]
Early Gothic west choir[edit]
The Early Gothic west choir is a hall choir and was built with an elevated gallery. On the level of the gallery, the ten pillars supporting the vault merge with the life-sized sculptures of the founders. The twelve statues of the founders of Naumburg Cathedral rank among the most outstanding creations of European medieval sculpting.[9]
The nearly portrait-like representation of aristocratic men and women of the Thuringian-Saxon nobility is an unparalleled appreciation of the first founders of the church. Even though the people honoured with the sculptures had already been dead for 150 to 200 years at the time of creation, they are shown wearing contemporary courtly garments from the middle of the 13th century.[6]The faces are individual and express inner emotions. The figures interact with the beholder and apparently with each other through looks and gestures. [10]
The attempt to relate the sculptures of the founders to the first founders of the church that were mentioned in the call for donations from 1249 has proven to be an unsolvable undertaking, even after the meticulous examinations of the colouration of the statues during the restoration work. The prevalent opinion in art science is that the statues on the south side are Countess Gerburg and Count Conrad and those on the north side are Countess Berchta and Count Theodoric.
Two founder couples are standing vis-à-vis each other in clearly prominent positions: Ekkehard II, Margrave of Meissen, with his wife Uta in the north and his older brother, Margrave Hermann, with his wife Reglindis in the south. Only the sculpture of Uta has experienced an unparalleled cult, fostered considerably by the photographs of Walter Hege in the early 20th century.[11] [12]
Old Town of Naumburg[edit]
The layout of both the bishop’s district and the old town, still intact to this day, were both created between the 11th and 13th century. They feature a number of high medieval monuments like the Cathedral itself, the romanic residential tower next to the Cathedral, the early gothic residential tower at the market square as well as the city wall.[13]
Origin[edit]
Naumburg, a bishop’s seat and an important market place, was founded at the beginning of the 11th century. It was first mentioned in the records in the year 1012.[14]
Some settlements already existed in the immediate neighbourhood of the newly founded town, as evidenced by pottery found at Domberg Hill, in the Othmarsviertel and in the western part of today’s town. There are no traces of the former Slav fortress of Wethau, which only survives in the name of the municipality of Wethau, where it is assumed to have been located.[15]
Market place[edit]
The early development of the town of Naumburg is closely connected with the Ekkehardine dynasty, Emperor Conrad II and Bishop Hildeward of Zeitz, who transferred the family seat from Kleinjena to their own estate at the new castle in Naumburg (Nuenburch) around 1028.[16][17]
In 1030, Naumburg appears in the sources with the addition ″civitas″. Encouraged by a privilege granted by Emperor Conrad II in 1033 the merchants of Kleinjena also moved to Naumburg, being guaranteed free trade and the heritable, interest-free ownership of their enclosed domicile. Ekkehard II and Hermann also established two monasteries: The Benedictine Monastery of St George and the St Moritz Monastery of the Augustinian Canons.[18]
When the Ekkehardine dynasty died out by 1046, the bishops became the rulers of the town. By that time, Naumburg had already developed into a political, economic and religious centre. The foundation of Naumburg with its merchant settlement had also caused the trade routes in the region to relocate, concentrating on Naumburg located at the crossing of the Via Regia and the Regensburg Road.[19]
Features of the town[edit]
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The cathedral district (cathedral precincts, cathedral town) and the civil district as well as the immunities of the two monasteries coexisted for centuries and were visibly separated from each other by means of fortifications, forming districts subject to special rights. The relevant areas, subject to special rights held by the bishop and his cathedral chapter, included castles, towns, church institutions, villages, forums, but also fields, meadows and forests, and were enclosed by trenches, ramparts, walls, or fences.[20]
The oldest residential tower of Naumburg was built probably in the mid-12th century at the cathedral precincts, at the curia episcopalis, Domplatz 1. It exhibits the same dimensions as the residential tower of the Haus zur Hohen Lilie and has two Romanesque floors. Another residential tower used to be located on the south side of the west choir of Naumburg Cathedral. It had to give way to the new west choir built in the second quarter of the 13th century.The Haus zur Hohen Lilie (Markt 19) is the a Romanesque secular building including a tower visible from the market square, the kitchen building to the west of the tower, the northern building bordering the tower and the Baroque building north of the northern building.[21]
See also[edit]
- World Heritage Convention
- World Heritage site
- World Heritage Committee
- High Middle Ages
- Cultural Landscape
References[edit]
- ^ Bartlett, Robert (1994). The Making of Europe: Conquest, Colonization and Cultural Change 950-1350. Penguin.
- ^ Glaeseker, Michael (2001). Der hoch- und spätromanische Bauschmuck des Naumburger Domes im Zusammenhang der Baugeschichte. Studien zu Stützensystem und Bauornamentik im späten 12. und frühen 13. Jahrhundert [The romanic decoration of the cathedral of Naumburg in its historical context. Studies on fortifications and decoration from the 12th and 13th century] (in German). University of Göttingen.
- ^ Williamson, Paul (1995). Gothic Sculpture, 1140—1300. Yale University Press. p. 185.
- ^ Straehle, Gerhard (2009). Der Naumburger Meister in der deutschen Kunstgeschichte. Einhundert Jahre deutsche Kunstgeschichtsschreibung 1886 – 1989 [The Naumburg Masters in the German history of arts. One hundred years German history of arts 1886-1989] (in German). University of Munich.
- ^ Brush, Kathryn (1993). The Naumburg Master. A chapter in the development of medieval art history. Gazette des Beaux-Arts.
- ^ a b Jung, Jacqueline Elaine (2002). TThe west choir screen of Naumburg Cathedral and the formation of social and sacred space. University of New York.
- ^ Köllermann, Antje-Fee (1996). Die Darstellung der Passion Christi am Naumburger WestlettnerIn: Meisterwerke mittelalterlicher Skulptur [The passion of Christ at the choir screen of Naumburg In: Masterwork of high-medieval sculpture] (in German). Bode Museum. p. 349-363.
- ^ Wixom, William D. (1988). Medieval Sculpture at the Cloisters. The Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 44.
- ^ Schubert, Ernst (2003). Individualität und Individualisierung in der Mitte des 13. Jahrhunderts: die Naumburger Stifterstandbilder In: Dies diem docet: Ausgewählte Aufsätze zur mittelalterlichen Kunst und Geschichte in Mitteldeutschland [Individuality in the middle of the 13th century: the founder statues of NaumburgIn: Dies diem docet: Essays on medieval arts and history in Germany.] (in German). City of Köln. p. 491-504.
- ^ Gabelt, Stefan (1996). Die Stifterfiguren des Naumburger WestchoresIn: Meisterwerke mittelalterlicher Skulptur [The founder statues of the west choir of Naumburg In: Masterworks of medieval sculpture] (in German). Saxony-Anhalt. p. 271-295.
- ^ Sauerländer, Willibald (2005). Stiftergedenken und Stifterfiguren in Naumburg In: Memoria. Der geschichtliche Zeugniswert des liturgischen Gedenkens im Mittelalter [Founder statues in Naumburg In: Memoria. The historical value of the memoria in the Middle-Ages] (in German). Berlin. p. 354-383.
- ^ Ullrich, Wolfgang (1998). Uta von Naumburg. Eine deutsche Ikone [Uta from Naumburg. A German icon] (in German). Kleine Kulturwissenschaftliche Bibliothek. p. 15-79.
- ^ UNESCO (2017): WHC/17/41.COM/INF.8B1.Nominations to the World Heritage List (Krakow, 2017). UNESCO press. p. 54. Retrieved 5 May 2017.
- ^ Wiessner, Heinz (1991). Die Anfänge der Stadt Naumburg an der Saale und ihre Entwicklung im Mittelalter In: Blätter für deutsche Landesgeschichte 127 [The origins of the city of Naumburg at the Saale and its development in the Middle-AgesIn: Research on regional history 127] (in German). Saxony-Anhalt. p. 115-143.
- ^ Naumann, Louis (1917). Zur Entwicklungsgeschichte Naumburgs [The history of Naumburg] (in German). p. 1-50.
- ^ Patze, Hans (1962). Die Entstehung der Landesherrschaft in Thüringen [The development of the landgroves of Thuringia] (in German). Böhlau. p. 15-79.
- ^ Patze, Hans (1996). Die Ekkehardiner. Markgrafen von Meißen und ihre Beziehungen zum Reich und zu den Piasten [The Ekkehardine dynasty. Margraves of Meißen and the relations in the empire] (in German). Böhlau.
- ^ Ludwig, Matthias (2013). Das Naumburger „Stadtgründungsprivleg von 1033 – Ein mittelalterliches Konjunkturpaket“In: Macht.Glanz.Glaube. 12 [The priviliedge of NaumburgIn: Power. Spendour.Faith.] (in German). Janos Stekovics. p. 125.
- ^ Jeep, John M. (2001). Medieval Germany: An Encyclopedia. Garland.
- ^ Biller, Thomas/Häffner, Hans-Heinrich (2001). Die Stadtbefestigung von Naumburg. Geschichte und Erhaltung In: Naumburg an der Saale. Beiträge zur Baugeschichte und Stadtsanierung [On the history of Naumburg. History and conservation. In: Naumburg at the Saale. Essays on history and conservation] (in German). Saxony-Anhalt. p. 15-79.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Bergner, Heinrich (1903). Beschreibende Darstellung der älteren Bau- und Kunstdenkmäler der Stadt Naumburg [Description of the oldest monuments of the city of Naumburg] (in German). City of Naumburg. p. 15-79.