Talk:Paraceratherium

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Isn't the preferred modern name for this giant mammal Indricotherium? The American Museum of Natural History uses Indricotherium. --and so did the recent Discovery Channel's "Walking with Big Scarey Mammals that Roared a Lot," or whatever they called it... --Wetman 20:27, 1 Jan 2005 (UTC)


 * As I understand it, the general consensus is that Indricotherium transouralicum Pavlova, 1922 and Baluchitherium grangeri Osborn, 1923 are the same species. So yes, of those two, Indrocotherium clearly has priority. However, the correct genus name may actually be Paraceratherium Forster Cooper, 1911, making the species name Paraceratherium transouralicum (Pavlova, 1922); I don't know enough to clarify that. 68.81.231.127 19:09, 30 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * I am not sure, but I saw a reference: (http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/mammals/Iceagemammals.shtml) - perhaps, Baluchitherium is now called Indricotherium.--Bhadani 18:05, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)


 * The correct name is Paraceratherium; this is the earliest name, and except in very few cases, the oldest name has priority. See Lucas, S. G. & Sobus, J. C., 1989: The systematics of indricotheres. 358-378 in Prothero, D. R. & Schoch, R. M., (eds.) 1989: The Evolution of Perissodactyls (Oxford University Press, New York, New York & Oxford, 1989) - here is the list of synonyms M Alan Kazlev 5 July 2005 13:43 (UTC)

Indricotherium and Paraceratherium?
Scince writing the above I came across this comment by Dr Mikael Fortelius in reply to a query on the Discovery Channel Walking with Beasts website


 * "There is a lot of confusion about which name should be applied to these gigantic rhinoceros-relatives...my own opinion is that these two names (Baluchitherium and Indricotherium) refer to the same animals. In particular I agree with the Russian palaeontologist Vera Gromova that Baluchitherium grangeri, named by her American colleague Henry Fairfield Osborn in 1923, is identical to Indricotherium transouralicum, named by Maria Pavlova in 1922.


 * Ironically, the fossils from Baluchistan do not seem to belong to the same group, but to the genus Paraceratherium, named by the British palaeontologist Clive Forster Cooper in 1911."

This indicates that both Indricotherium and Paraceratherium (but not Baluchitherium) are valid taxa. I wrote to Dr Fortelius and he replied and said that although he is not an expert on indricotheres, he did think (on the basis of skull proportions) that the genus Indricotherium was valid, contra Lucas and Sobus, but couldn't give any further details.

I then did a google and found the following:


 * Close relatives to Caenopenes and Aceratheres, the Paraceratheres, produced some of the biggest rhinoceroses which were also the largest terrestrial mammals ever to have lived. The largest, Indricotherium asiaticum 's fossilised remains were discovered in Kazakhstan in central Russia and were dated at 35 million years old. A similar find was made in the Gobi Desert in the early 1920's. Paraceratherium had no horns but formidable tusks and low crowned molars indicated it would have been a browser with a reach not much less than a modern day giraffe.
 * - The Evolution of the Rhino or Rhinoceros species of the world


 * Very large rhinoceroses evolved in Central Asia; they were the Paraceratheres. One was Indricotherium (also known as Baluchitherium)...It stood 18 feet tall at the shoulders. Paraceratherium was another and it was also enormous. These rhinoceroses did not have horns; they did have tusks and crowned incisors.
 * - Neal Robbins - Teleoceras and the Paleontology of Rhinoceroses


 * Prehistoric ancestors of the rhinoceros include Indricotherium and Paraceratherium, hornless giants that may have weighed up to 20 tons, making them among the largest mammals that ever lived.
 * - MSN Encarta - Rhinoceros


 * Indricotherium is an extinct, hornless rhinoceros with relatively long legs. (It used to be known as Baluchitherium). Adults were about 26 feet (8 m) long, 18 feet (5.5 m) tall, and weighed about 17 - 18 tons (16 tonnes). The skull was 4.25 feet (1.3 m) long. It was one of the biggest land animal ever to live on Earth (Paraceratherium was even bigger).
 * - Enchanted Learning - Paleontology and Geology Glossary: I

(note that the author of "The Evolution of the Rhino or Rhinoceros species of the world" says that Indricotherium was bigger.)

The following also list these two genera as separate:
 * long PDF
 * (in german, gives list of names of living and estinct rhinos)

At the same time, there are many other sites that give the two as the same (i guess on the basis of Luca and Sobas). So, it looks like there is still no certainty regarding this.

Anyway, I'm inclined now to consider Indricotherium and Paraceratherium as two genera, although i still don't know what the precise differences between them are.

By the way, here's the etymology of Indricotherium:


 * "as it turns out, Mr. Fortson, the etymologist who asked originally, got back to me with the whole story, which I quote here:


 * Dear Dr. Waggoner,
 * Well, it appears that indricotherium gets its name from a fabulous Russian beast called the "indrik," considered the most powerful creature and the father of the animals. Makes sense considering how big the thing was."
 * sci.bio.paleontology - Jul 20 1999

regarding further details, This site gives two species (and also some nice pictures :-)
 * Indricotherium asiaticum
 * Indricotherium parvum

According to Luca and Sobas, I. parvum is a synonym of Urtinotherium incisivum Indricotheres ; Urtinotherium is i think a little smaller than Indricotherium and Paraceratherium. I need to find my copy of the Luca and Sobas paper, then I'll be able to do a decent write-up.

M Alan Kazlev 8 July 2005 13:13 (UTC)

Here is another article that mentions these two genera as distinct:

Prothero, DR, E. Manning, and CB Hanson, 1986 The phylogeny of the Rhinocerotoidea (Mammalia, Perissodactyla). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 87: 341-366.

So I'll make a new stub for Paraceratherium, and revert the one on this page to Indricotherium M Alan Kazlev 9 July 2005 07:59 (UTC)


 * I'm still puzzled. If Indricotherium is a distinct genus from Paraceratherium, then in which genus should the species transouralicum Pavlova 1922 be placed? If grangeri Osborn 1923 is a synonym of that species, that doesn't, of itself, make Baluchitherium a junior synonym of either genus name.  Regardless of taxonomic validity, to which animal does the term "Baluchitherium" apply? Presumably first and foremost to whatever Forster Cooper was looking at when he coined the Latin name, and secondly (because of the long-established Latin use) to grangeri Osborn (= transouralicum Pavlova), which ever genus that species ends up in. It could be that the "Baluchitherium" is actually an Indricotherium, even if the genus name Baluchitherium is a synonym of Paraceratherium...? (Or vice versa.) 193.63.239.165 12:05, 27 July 2006 (UTC)


 * If the animal about which most of the facts are true is actually Indricotherium, and not "Baluchitherium" = Paraceratherium, then wouldn't it be better to have most of the information at either Indricotherium or a general article on Indricotheres, and leave only a short article on Baluchitherium explaining that it is an older name? Myopic Bookworm 13:35, 27 July 2006 (UTC)


 * PS McKenna and Bell (1997) say that I. asiaticum Borissiak 1923 is a junior synonym of I. transouralicum Pavlova 1922, so if I. parvum is actually in Urtinotherium, that leaves us back with only one species in Indricotherium. Since "B. grangeri" is in Indricotherium and "B. osborni" is in Paraceratherium, the article on "Baluchitherium" cannot treat it as though it were the name of a single animal. Myopic Bookworm 13:43, 27 July 2006 (UTC)

I propose, on the basis of Lucas & Sobus (The Systematics of Indricotheres, 1989), which still seems to be the only authority on the systematics of this subfamily, to merge this page with Paraceratherium. In other words: to move essential information from this page to Paraceratherium, link Indricotherium directly to there, and remove this page. Ronald12 29 October 2007 (UTC)

Contradiction
This article said that Indricotherium weighed about 20 tons. Rhinoceros says that Indricotherium weighed 30 tons. Perhaps somebody who knows which weight is correct can change the wrong number to the right one.Alex Klotz 16:29, 9 April 2006 (UTC)

Earlier reconstructions showed the Indricotherium still very rhino-like and compact, and therefore the weight was highly overestimated. Modern reconstructions have shown that it was much more slender and lesser bulky and weighed only about 15.000kg.

Balook
Should mention of Piers Anthony's book "Balook" be included in the Pop culture section for the wee beastie? Sochwa 01:00, 21 May 2007 (UTC)


 * I don't know the book, but if it's relevant, sure! :-)  M Alan Kazlev 08:59, 22 May 2007 (UTC)

Heaviest Mammal?
i dont understand how this animal is substantially heavier than the largest mammoth, when the largest mammoth approaches this animal in height and has a more robust skeleton. in walking with beasts, they show this animal as something between a giraffe and a rhino, the skeletons i see give that same impression.70.50.133.110 (talk) 06:12, 11 October 2009 (UTC)

Because the reexamination in 2010 suggested that mammoth being synonymous to the Steppe Mammoth which was smaller regularly. And might I add height doesn't matter when its talking about "heaviest", neither does robustness, it all implicates to the mass of the animal. Sure the Steppe Mammoth was similarly proportioned but not quite as prodigiously sized as Indricotheres. This mammoth technically didn't approach the height of paraceratherium and weighed 6,000 pounds less. I mean, that's enough to promote from being considered the heaviest {land} mammal don't you agree? That is a significant size difference. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.89.144.176 (talk) 00:40, 2 March 2015 (UTC)

Why do we have to put the "as low as" 11 tonnes on average quote in the description? Its pointless, because 11 tonnes is not low mass equivalence so that quote is unnecessary and especially irrelevant. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.89.144.176 (talk) 00:25, 2 March 2015 (UTC)
 * I'm not sure what you're saying. Could you condense your questions? FunkMonk (talk) 04:23, 2 March 2015 (UTC)

Shouldn't we put {12} tonnes on average and not 11. After all, this is what walking with beasts (Which is a reliable source) indicates. And I don't understand why we are putting "15" to 20 tonnes at most. On walking with beasts, they say males are 15 tonnes heavy and the females are 12 tonnes. I know this can conspire against some estimates but to me it seems fairly right. Why don't we revert it to 20 tonnes at maximum, and 12 tonnes regularly? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.89.144.176 (talk) 18:32, 2 March 2015 (UTC)

Auto writes 'Walking with beasts' - a TV program on the BBC, which is sometimes perceived as biased, or simply ill-informed, on some aspects (not just science). Auto wrote - 1957 Z 07 March 2015. 86.173.162.7 (talk) 19:57, 7 March 2015 (UTC)
 * Walking With Beasts is not a reliable source. Much of it is just made up mumbo jumbo. There are no complete specimens known, and no one knows which of them are males or females. FunkMonk (talk) 21:33, 7 March 2015 (UTC)

Paraceratherium tienshanensis?
Just got back from the Beijing Museum of Natural History. They have a skull on display from a "Paraceratherium tienshanensis". The article presently doesn't mention that species. Don't know if it's just missing or an alternate name. Jason Quinn (talk) 14:36, 5 September 2010 (UTC)


 * According to this report, P. tienshanensis is one of the three/four original species in Paraceratherium before Indricotherium was subsumed by it.--Mr Fink (talk) 17:31, 5 September 2010 (UTC)


 * I read the paragraphs in the link you provided and I am still confused. Paraceratherium is a genus. Indricotherium is now a synonym for that genus. It is still ambiguous to me what the species P. tienshanensis should now be called and if it is now merged with some other species. I guess the exact question I have is what scientific name would P. tienshanensis have today? Is it the same or different. I have a reasonably nice photo of a skull I'm going to eventually upload to Commons. I just want my facts perfect before I do because things like renaming photos at Commons can be a pain. Thanks. Jason Quinn (talk) 06:40, 6 September 2010 (UTC)

Better image?
There is a nice reconstruction at the California Academy of Sciences. However, there is already a good number of images in the article and I wasn't sure which one to replace. Junuxx (talk) 21:44, 19 January 2012 (UTC)

Latest consensus on valid genera?
Fossilworks (the old paleo database) lists Dzungariotherium and Indricotherium as valid. I'm waiting for the Donald Prothero book, and hopefully it can be used as source to get this article featured. FunkMonk (talk) 09:08, 28 April 2014 (UTC)

"Best living analogues" uncited
This section needs more citations to avoid giving the impression of being original research:

The best living analogues for Paraceratherium'' may be elephants, rhinos and hippos, due to their large size. To aid in thermoregulation, these animals cool down during the day by resting in the shade, or by wallowing in water and mud. They also forage and move mainly at night. Due to its large size, Paraceratherium would not have been able to run and move fast, but they would have been able to move across large distance, which they would need in an environment with scarce food. They may therefore have had large home ranges, and performed migrations.''

Prothero is cited at the end, but it's unclear that the other claims come from that same source. This should be addressed. Samsara (FA • FP) 14:59, 11 September 2014 (UTC)
 * All of it is from Prothero. That is why the citation is at the end. Text in a single paragraph does not need multiple citations if the source is the same. If you think it does, please provide evidence. FunkMonk (talk) 17:17, 11 September 2014 (UTC)
 * When supporting a longer passage with a source, the convention I'm familiar with is to use the source once when beginning the passage, and then again at the end. I also would generally recommend citing more diligently when statements are likely to appear controversial, or when statements are likely to appear to be coming from different sources, as may often be the case when citing from summary literature. Samsara (FA • FP) 17:30, 11 September 2014 (UTC)
 * No one has ever made that point in 15 passed FACs I've nominated (I've had longer passages with a single source at the end), so I doubt it will be a problem in this one. I'm not sure what's controversial either. See for example Woolly mammoth, which also has "unsourced" restorations. FunkMonk (talk) 17:33, 11 September 2014 (UTC)
 * Which ones? I find historic ones, those originating from a notable artist, and one that was published by a museum. (1) Which of these compare to the situation here? (2) There are processes to re-review articles if, after promotion, they are found to suffer from problems. Samsara (FA • FP) 17:43, 11 September 2014 (UTC)
 * For example this. And as here, the image does not diverge from how the sources describe the animal, so it is a non-issue. FunkMonk (talk) 17:45, 11 September 2014 (UTC)
 * I don't see how your example is comparable. It's a simple case of pasting two photos of museum exhibits together, where the only consideration would be keeping them to scale. The contested illustration meanwhile reconstructs two individuals without explicit recourse to reliable sources. I find your lack of rigour disturbing. Samsara (FA • FP) 02:00, 12 September 2014 (UTC)
 * Yet again, you are simply dead wrong, and don't comprehend the subject. The images are not "museum exhibits". They are photo collages. Yes, just like the contested image in this article. FunkMonk (talk) 02:03, 12 September 2014 (UTC)
 * On the contrary - you're the one who's dead wrong because you don't understand that that IS the problem: These illustrations have no description that even identifies what they are, i.e. how they were created. And on top of that, there are no sources supplied. Samsara (FA • FP) 02:37, 12 September 2014 (UTC)
 * Then Wikipedia is wrong as well, because it's policies do not agree with your claims. All you need to do is look at the answers to the thread you started yourself. FunkMonk (talk) 09:33, 12 September 2014 (UTC)
 * I'm looking, and I find people agreeing that some statement should be made identifying the authority on which the restorations are based. Samsara (FA • FP) 13:53, 12 September 2014 (UTC)
 * They're not agreeing that images should be removed if no such statement is added, and they're not agreeing to your claim that it constitutes original research. And yet again, I don't know which exact reference the illustrator used, so I cannot arbitrarily add just any reference. Not much else to this, I'm afraid. FunkMonk (talk) 13:56, 12 September 2014 (UTC)
 * I've suggested to you that you could leave a note that the illustration is consistent with such and such a reference, e.g. "has been reviewed by ... and found to be consistent with ..." You haven't given a good reason for refusing that suggestion. Samsara (FA • FP) 15:42, 12 September 2014 (UTC)
 * My reason is that you've been consistently rude. If you hadn't been, I'd do it, even though Wiki policy doesn't require me to. FunkMonk (talk) 17:04, 12 September 2014 (UTC)
 * It is unnecessary to provide sources or citations or statements for pictures in Wikipedia, unless absolutely, positively necessary, i.e., to ensure against theft/plagiarism/copyright infringement, or presentation of gross original research (i.e., claiming that Paraceratherium had horns, that Megatherium is a carnivorous primate, or that Diplocaulus used its lateral horns for flight). Otherwise, requiring sources, citations and or statements on how the pictures are created as prerequisites for uploading and donating pictures will create rules-creep that would greatly discourage Wikipedians from illustrating Wikipedia.--Mr Fink (talk) 21:29, 12 September 2014 (UTC)

P. transouralicum with calf - source?
This needs to say sth. like "reconstruction at ... Museum" Samsara (FA • FP) 15:04, 11 September 2014 (UTC)
 * It is a digital photomanipulation made by a Wiki editor. Not sure how much detail it should go into? FunkMonk (talk) 15:08, 11 September 2014 (UTC)
 * The way it was created should be briefly stated. It also needs to cite its sources - doing so on the image description is sufficient imo; however, there is currently nothing there. Failing that, labelling it as an "artist's impression" may be permissible. Samsara (FA • FP) 15:13, 11 September 2014 (UTC)
 * Well, what do you mean by source? There's a drawing in there too, made by another Wiki editor. This is generally not a problem on Wiki, user created images are permitted. Of course, it is somewhat subjective whether a user created image is correct or not, but we do have a review process for that, if accuracy is in doubt. In this case, the image matches published skeletal restorations, and the various theories about its external appearance, as described in the article text. FunkMonk (talk) 15:20, 11 September 2014 (UTC)
 * No, they have to be based on sources, otherwise they constitute original research, which I'm sure you're aware Wikipedia is not the right venue for. Cf. File:Tuatara skull.png Samsara (FA • FP) 15:30, 11 September 2014 (UTC)
 * Life restorations are based on published skeletal restorations or photos of skeletons. In any case, an external source is this, the artist's website: http://prehistoric-fauna.com/gallery/indricotherium FunkMonk (talk) 15:44, 11 September 2014 (UTC)
 * Yes, what are those published skeletal restorations? NAME THEM. PUT THE INFO ON THE COMMONS PAGE. Samsara (FA • FP) 15:47, 11 September 2014 (UTC)
 * This one also lacks sourcing, the others are fine. Samsara (FA • FP) 15:45, 11 September 2014 (UTC)
 * As per above, there is a link to the artist's page, where he explains it is based on a skeletal restoration. Both artist's have had restorations they made published by actual scientists, by the way. FunkMonk (talk) 15:46, 11 September 2014 (UTC)
 * This is not acceptable. The burden of proof is on you to show that these are not pieces of original research if you want them included in the article. Someone making a drawing is not an authoritative source. Find out what published reliable sources, if any, this is based on, or remove the material from the article. Samsara (FA • FP) 15:50, 11 September 2014 (UTC)
 * We've had tonnes of discussions like this in the past, and this is not the place to bring it up again. The images will not be removed unless you gather consensus to do so, user created images are accepted on Wikipedia, and are not subject to the same sourcing requirements as the article text, as long as they are not copyright violations. Such images are used in dozens of FAs, and their use has been accepted by the community. And I repeat yet again, the authors have stated that they are based on skeletal restorations. FunkMonk (talk) 15:58, 11 September 2014 (UTC)
 * Show me examples of unsourced figures in FAs, and I will contest them. Samsara (FA • FP) 16:03, 11 September 2014 (UTC)
 * Try every single dinosaur and palaeontology FA. If you want to change community consensus, I suggest you bring it up on one of the relevant pages for general guidelines, not here. Do not remove any images before consensus is reached, it is disruptive. See also past discussions: FunkMonk (talk) 16:03, 11 September 2014 (UTC)
 * Of the four illustrations listed at the original debate, three are now deleted. Samsara (FA • FP) 16:13, 11 September 2014 (UTC)
 * If you look at their deletion logs, it is because the author requested they be deleted. I guess he felt slighted by parts of the discussion. And note that since those discussions, there has been a review process for such restorations, and inaccurate images are removed or improved when discovered. We remove images after inaccuracies are pointed out, not before. FunkMonk (talk) 16:15, 11 September 2014 (UTC)


 * Please do not add citation needed tags to text that is clearly cited. FunkMonk (talk) 16:43, 11 September 2014 (UTC)
 * You told me it wasn't and didn't need to be. Which is it? Samsara (FA • FP) 16:45, 11 September 2014 (UTC)
 * I'm talking about the article text, not image captions. Anyhow, it seems we got a pretty clear verdict from your query: "Images are primarily meant to inform readers by providing visual information. Consequently, images should look like what they are meant to illustrate, even if they are not provably authentic images. For example, a photograph of a trompe-l'œil painting of a cupcake may be an acceptable image for Cupcake, but a real cupcake that has been decorated to look like something else entirely is less appropriate." https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Images#Pertinence_and_encyclopedic_nature FunkMonk (talk) 16:50, 11 September 2014 (UTC)


 * Yet again, please do not continuously add citation needed tags to already cited text, it is extremely annoying. FunkMonk (talk) 17:15, 11 September 2014 (UTC)
 * So are those text places supported by the source, yes or no? I note that you weren't willing to insert them in the requested places, which makes me wonder why you wouldn't do that. Samsara (FA • FP) 17:17, 11 September 2014 (UTC)
 * See reply in the relevant section. Prothero's book is online at Google Books, check if you want. FunkMonk (talk) 17:19, 11 September 2014 (UTC)

"Taxonomic history" is ambiguous
See e.g. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1095-8339.2012.01248.x/abstract

Samsara (FA • FP) 01:13, 12 September 2014 (UTC)
 * The same terms can be used in different ways in different fields. When palaeontologists talk about taxonomic history, they talk about the history of taxonomic classification. This is a palaeontology article, not a plant article. Some examples. FunkMonk (talk) 01:16, 12 September 2014 (UTC)
 * The term you prefer has two different meanings, both of them in zoology. The suggested replacement is unambiguous. Samsara (FA • FP) 01:26, 12 September 2014 (UTC)
 * The "suggested term " is overly convoluted and bad writing. This is getting silly. Do a Google scholar search. The results show that the term is used differently in zoology and botany. FunkMonk (talk) 01:30, 12 September 2014 (UTC)
 * "Taxonomic history" does not sound ambiguous: "History of (its) taxonomy" on the other hand, seems too wordy to read smoothly.--Mr Fink (talk) 01:35, 12 September 2014 (UTC)
 * As shown above, however, it IS ambiguous. :) Samsara (FA • FP) 02:02, 12 September 2014 (UTC)
 * Worse yet, it has a double of: "history of the taxonomy of" simply sounds bad, and good writing is required to pass FAC. Samsara, show me an example of this term being used the way you imply in a zoology article, not a botany article. And even then, it doesn't matter, because it is widely used the way I do in palaeontology literature, which is what matters in this article. FunkMonk (talk) 01:38, 12 September 2014 (UTC)
 * Still waiting. FunkMonk (talk) 13:57, 12 September 2014 (UTC)
 * That's just silly. Botanists read Wikipedia, too. Just make it unambiguous and be done with it. Why have these endless debates? Samsara (FA • FP) 12:34, 14 September 2014 (UTC)
 * What's silly is that you expect that you can just boss people around without meeting any kind of dissent. You can't. If you can't provide backup for your demands in any policy or precedents, nothing will happen. If you can't be polite about it either, I'll just ignore your requests entirely. More importantly, your alternate wording for the sentence is simply horrible writing. FunkMonk (talk) 14:34, 14 September 2014 (UTC)
 * Samsara, we are having this "endless debate" specifically because a) you refuse to explain how the term "taxonomic history" is ambiguous beyond repeating that you and botanists say so, which leads to this situation of b) if you can't be bothered to be diplomatic, don't be surprised if other editors respond to your commands with WP:SHUN.--Mr Fink (talk) 16:25, 14 September 2014 (UTC)
 * "Taxonomic history" is fine, not ambiguous. Burmeister (talk) 14:02, 12 September 2014 (UTC)

Suggestion -- second paragraph
I think that the second paragraph, currently starting with "The classification of the genus and the species within has a long and complicated history," should be moved down into the taxonomy section. This close to the top of the article, it "buries the lead" and immediately distracts away from the key important thing that a casual reader would want from reading the article. Fine details, like the controversies and struggles over appropriately assigning taxonomy are of less interest to somebody just coming to the article for the first time. -- &mdash; Gaff ταλκ 20:58, 18 September 2014 (UTC)
 * The problem is that this is one of the most often repeated issues involving the animal (presented in pretty much all sources), after its size, so it is imperative that it be explained somewhat in the intro. Furthermore, per the Wikipedia manual of style, the intro is supposed to be a summary of the entire article, so we don't arbitrarily leave out significant parts under any circumstances. I can move it so it comes under the description/behaviour part of the intro, though. FunkMonk (talk) 12:21, 19 September 2014 (UTC)

6m at the shoulder
During the process to improve this article, on September 2, the whole citation to Greg Paul 1992 conference abstract was removed from the article without explanation and replaced by a reference to Prothero's book, why was it removed, he produced an skeletal reconstruction of the thing and 4.8m is as tall as he got the largest individual represented by a metacarpal and some cervicals, he explained this further in Paul (1997) and his estimate for the most complete specimen (3.8m) agrees with Granger and Gregory (1936) improved reconstruction of the same individual. While not mentioning Greg Paul even once Prothero does mention Fortelius and Kappelman (1992) and how weights of 15-20t are more likely for the largest individuals, this agrees with Paul estimate for the largest specimen too (16.4t), a 6m tall individual will be as heavy as the weights he claims are exaggerated, 30t. My point being that Prothero didn't put much thought into that estimate and is not sufficient to "refute" Paul's estimate so as to completely remove the later without explanation. BTW the 8m nose to rump is still here despite being unsourced since... forever, it was added without citation. Mike.BRZ (talk) 19:04, 2 January 2015 (UTC)
 * Paul's estimate is just a throwaway line in an abstract ("4.8 m tall indricotheres were rather gracile at 16 tonnes"), he doesn't even state what genus he refers to (or even species), and he isn't cited in the rest of the literature. It is certainly not reliable enough to trump any other estimate. Also, I'm not sure what you mean by "refuting Paul", 15-20t is well in line with Paul's estimate. The body length is from Fortelius and Kappelman (which the statement is cited to), but is also mentioned by Prothero. 19:14, 2 January 2015 (UTC)FunkMonk (talk)
 * As I wrote the estimate is explained further in Paul (1997) which was not referenced here though so I give you that. The specimen in question is mentioned in his online appendix, AMNH 26175, the "Indricotherium" transouralicum metacarpal assigned to grade 1 by Granger and Gregory. I said "refuting" Paul when talking only about the shoulder height estimate as Prothero's is also a throwaway line but one that has no further explanation anywhere. About the head body length of 8m, can you tell me the page number? I can only find those referenced to Gromova (1959) and Fortelius and Kappelman (1992), if you read the later you find that they argue that grade 1 of Granger and Gregory to be a size category not supported by fossil evidence, that "grade 2" at 7.25m in head-body length is the largest instead and that this agrees with Gromova's 7.4m head-body length, none of them round to 8m. Mike.BRZ (talk) 23:39, 2 January 2015 (UTC)
 * Weirdly, his skeletal is not featured in the paper you linked, but I've seen it and one of a steppe mammoth in his Dinosaurs of the Air. Fortelius and Kappelman 1993 mention the 740-870 cm estimates and show a chart where the animal is a little less than 8 metres long. Hence my "about 8 metres long", it is in between, and it fits their chart. But I agree that we could probably be more specific by attributing the two estimates to the original authors, and then we can add Greg Paul's height estimate for good measure. I must admit that I probably muddled up your two complaints, I'm still a bit groggy after New Year's... Can you write up the citation for Paul's paper here so I can add it? FunkMonk (talk) 00:05, 3 January 2015 (UTC)
 * It's all good haha, the skeletal is also in that paper but in the appendix which he uploaded separately for some reason. Here's the citation: Gregory S. Paul 1997 Dinosaur models: The good, the bad, and using them to estimate the mass of dinosaurs. Dinofest International Proceedings. Mike.BRZ (talk) 00:45, 3 January 2015 (UTC)
 * I tweaked length and height and gave more direct attribution, what do you think? FunkMonk (talk) 04:21, 3 January 2015 (UTC)
 * Perfect!Mike.BRZ (talk) 18:49, 3 January 2015 (UTC)

The 'East' and the 'West'
There are some problematic phrases in this articles which imply a binary division between 'Eastern' and 'Western' scientists and scientific practice - for example in the taxonomic debates where the articles reads "Outdated species concepts were being used in the East long after they had been abandoned by Western scientists". This is unfortunately similar to older and erroneous depictions of 'Western' science as inherently progressive and cutting edge, with 'Eastern' science implied to be regressive or derivative. This should be rephrased to avoid this implication, particularly when it is clear from contradictory phrases later in the article that 'Eastern' and 'Western' science are hardly monolithic and essentially divided in their approach - eg "Some western writers have similarly used names otherwise considered invalid since the 1989 revision, but without providing detailed analysis and justification". There were 'Eastern' and 'Western' scientists on both sides of this debate - and there are few definitions of 'Eastern' and 'Western' human endeavours which do not rest on some kind of historic prejudice. This is a good article, but it's let down by the appearance of East-West bias (perhaps also in the overall adjudication of the taxonomic debate). I haven't made these edits myself, as I'm not a regular editor on the page, but I suggest that someone should. 92.25.148.172 (talk) 16:28, 20 January 2015 (UTC)
 * Well, it's not an invention of this article, it cites two major sources that go much more into detail about this problem, and give more context. Have a look at this recent paper: http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10739-014-9395-y FunkMonk (talk) 16:38, 20 January 2015 (UTC)

Thanks for the link and swift response. But surely the article advances the same critique that I've made: that it's wrong to imply a stark divide between 'Eastern' and 'Western' scientists in this debate, or more generally - that the 'building' of this taxonomy was collaborative rather than undertaken in two camps (one of which includes scientists from European Russia as much as East Asia), and it's wrong to use these terms (which the article avoids in their unproblematised senbse) without defining what's meant by 'Eastern' and 'Western'. This Wiki article should be similarly cautious about using them without definition, since it risks being associated with the long-standing East-West prejudice which I've mentioned. 92.25.148.172 (talk) 17:07, 20 January 2015 (UTC)
 * Alright, I'll have a look at the wording before long. FunkMonk (talk) 17:18, 20 January 2015 (UTC)
 * I snipped the following sentence, as it may be a bit too subjective, enough? "Outdated species concepts were being used in the East long after they had been abandoned by Western scientists." FunkMonk (talk) 17:08, 22 January 2015 (UTC)

Sorry about the late reply, and many thanks for the revision - that was the main sentence which prompted me to raise the concern. Sorry also if I came across as one of the language police. This kind of thing can seem trivial, but I'd say it's worth refining in an article of this high quality, and with such an interesting historical dimension. My own research area is the history of science, and I've really enjoyed reading up more on Paracatherium since finding this page (also via the article you recommended). All the best, David 92.25.144.36 (talk) 20:09, 2 February 2015 (UTC)
 * No problem, I think the article appears less biased now. FunkMonk (talk) 22:19, 2 February 2015 (UTC)

Split Dzungariotherium?
It seems that the most recent sources agree that Dzungariotherium is "probably" distinct from Paraceratherium, but while most Chinese papers use the name, the name isn't used in the west, probably because little is ever written about the included species. Prothero states it is probably distinct, but that more research has to be done. Any thoughts? Splitting it off won't mean much for this article, only a couple of sentences will be snipped. FunkMonk (talk) 11:06, 12 April 2015 (UTC)
 * If it's a distinct genus, we'll probably need to split it off into a stub, even if it's just a few sentences.--Mr Fink (talk) 14:42, 12 April 2015 (UTC)
 * I've now split off Dzungariotherium. FunkMonk (talk) 13:31, 11 March 2018 (UTC)

wut?
The infobox on here is broken. I'll try to fix it, pretty embarrassing.--Everyonegoes2018 (talk) 01:39, 17 August 2019 (UTC)
 * Seems to have been fixed. Remember, automatic taxoboxes are not edited in the article, but at separate template pages. FunkMonk (talk) 19:01, 17 August 2019 (UTC)

New data 2021
This article says the beast might have been the biggest land mammal, but the flurry of recent general media articles (e.g., https://edition.cnn.com/2021/06/18/asia/giant-rhino-fossil-study-scli-intl-hnk-scn/index.html ) does not mince words, outright calling it the largest in almost (but not quite) all cases. Can someone check the scientific literature? Kdammers (talk) 02:47, 19 June 2021 (UTC)
 * The literature is already cited, sensationalist news articles shouldn't be taken at face value. There are prehistoric elephants that rivalled it in size, but the problem with these animals is that they're all incompletely known, so we don't know for certain. But I will try to summarise the new scientific paper soon. FunkMonk (talk) 04:08, 19 June 2021 (UTC)

7 metres high at the shoulder
Some idiots say that Paraceratherium was only 4 metres high at the shoulder this is ridiculous as that is the same height as an elephant 2A02:C7F:D2A:D800:9CD1:FB96:8235:5922 (talk) 11:07, 26 July 2022 (UTC)

Body length reference
Qiu and Wang 2007 is the most authoritative reference on body length. Being they measured the most complete vertebral series known for the genus. It makes no sense to not include this reference, yet include outdated and less certain sources. 2601:2C3:C800:7D14:5621:9DFF:FEB5:E91A (talk) 00:39, 17 August 2022 (UTC)
 * I will try to incorporate it in a less tacked-on way, but their estimates are already within the ranges given. FunkMonk (talk) 00:48, 17 August 2022 (UTC)
 * More importantly, the species in question is apparently now in Dzungariotherium, so should not be covered in this article. FunkMonk (talk) 20:03, 25 August 2022 (UTC)
 * What's your source for this? The latest paper by Tao Deng still has Lepidum within Paraceratherium. The paper is even cited in the Dzungariotherium article. Shadi Shin (talk) 01:15, 22 October 2022 (UTC)
 * , Lucas & Sobus 1989 found P. lipidus (an alternative spelling of P. lepidum) and Dzungariotherium turfanensis to be a synonyms of Paraceratherium orgosensis, which is Dzungariotherium, and this was followed by at least Prothero in 2013. Whether this is correct or not seems to be contentious and subjective, as western researchers lean towards lumping while Chinese researchers lean towards splitting. FunkMonk (talk) 15:54, 29 May 2023 (UTC)

Popular culture
I know that the "Popular culture" section isn't very popular in WikiProject:Paleontology (except for certain gener), but is it possible to make an exception here? I said this becose some major elements of the popular culture are directly inspired by this animal. For example, Star Wars AT-AT ships are directly inspired by Paraceratherium. Amirani1746 (talk) 15:40, 13 March 2023 (UTC)
 * But in what way is that significant to this animal? A machine in a film is vaguely inspired by an animal's shape, an animal which isn't even mentioned in the film. This should be covered in an article about said film, and is not enough for a section. FunkMonk (talk) 16:09, 13 March 2023 (UTC)
 * Maybe because it is not mentionned in movie in-self, but in interviews made with the guys who made the movie, like this one source who confirms my statements : https://www.wired.com/2012/05/phil-tippett-feature/. Amirani1746 (talk) 17:21, 13 March 2023 (UTC)
 * That's my point; why is this significant enough to mention here if it's not even in the film? I know it makes no sense for it to be mentioned in the film, but that's also why it is insignificant here. Some animals, like Tyrannosaurus, warrant such a section because perception of them is hugely influenced by popular culture. Paraceratherium, not so much, if at all. FunkMonk (talk) 18:08, 13 March 2023 (UTC)

Extinction issue
Hi,, you added a disputed tag in the extinction section with some comments in the edit summary referring to a study I have used in other sections. I wonder if some additional or alternate text could be worked out here on the talk page so we can fix the issue? FunkMonk (talk) 03:53, 9 April 2023 (UTC)


 * I'd say first of all, cut mentions of the Proboscidean datum event as an extinction cause of Paraceratherium, there's really no evidence that proboscideans like Prodeinotherium and Gomphotherium were able to engineer habitats to their will to the point of driving Paraceratherium to extinction. Causes of the event, warmer climates and newly formed (but temporary) landbridges that allowed African faunas like proboscideans and tragulids to cross over from Africa to Eurasia, would be their enabler, not an effect from them. Granted, there could be evidence of an early Prodeinotherium in Pakistan as early as 23 Ma before the main "Gomphotherium landbridge" event 19-18 Ma according to "Dispersal of African mammals in Eurasia during the Cenozoic: Ways and whys," but arguing that such evidence points towards the extinction of paraceratheres is stretching it too far. Also cut out the mention of Amphicyon, A. astrei barely even took form in Europe let alone even spreading to Asia yet by the time the paraceratheres were going extinct, and the earlier large amphicyonid Cynelos seemingly didn't reach Asia until ~18 Ma. I don't remember the specifics of Hyainailouros, but I'm pretty sure it's associated with the proboscidean datum events as well.
 * Now, according to "Body mass of the giant rhinos (Paraceratheriinae, Mammalia) and its tendency in evolution," while I can't find an estimated date range of Paraceratherium itself, they did go extinct within the late Oligocene-early Miocene transition. The text states in the "Diversification" section that paraceratheres would've lived in dry and/or temperate environments, consistent with the icehouse cooling climates that occurred since the Eocene-Oligocene transition or the "Terminal Eocene Event." The family apparently also barely touched the edge of Eastern Europe and didn't reach Western Europe due to the warmer and wetter conditions. The article "Paracerathere fossils of China" (2007) states, "Paraceratheres quickly won the battle in competition to gather food from high trees and became the unique group living purely on the high trees." You can technically argue that perhaps the early Miocene warming could've impacted their climates, but we don't have evidence directly stating such, so I wouldn't recommend that. The extinction of the paracerathere appears to occur before the diversification of the Rhinocerotidae with multiple subfamilies of the Miocene appearing, so you can mention the effects of their extinction on the true rhino family. Other than that, there's no source I'm aware of that directly discusses the extinction of the paraceratheres let alone specifically Paraceratherium. I don't have specific recommendations for how to tackle this article, but I would say lean less towards extinction causes since we don't have articles discussing such but more what environments it tolerated and when the family went extinct. Let me know if you have further questions. PrimalMustelid (talk) 04:36, 9 April 2023 (UTC)
 * Interesting, however, we need to mention older theories even if inaccurate and explain the history of why they have been disproven, what the alternatives are, etc. We can't just remove older theories entirely, as they need to be covered for comprehensiveness, and it's also important if we want to dispel myths. If someone doesn't see a theory they heard of directly refuted here, they may think it's still valid and that it's just an oversight it isn't mentioned here. FunkMonk (talk) 14:21, 9 April 2023 (UTC)
 * Yeah, I can definitely see disproven theories in the extinction section being a viable option for sure for as long as they end up at the end. Do you think you can handle the section-revamping yourself, or would you like some assistance from me later? PrimalMustelid (talk) 18:43, 10 April 2023 (UTC)
 * I think it could be nice if we worked out a new text together here and then added it, based on the sources you allude to. Note that the text now in the article isn't my invention, but based on the reliable sources cited. So one problem is that while you may be right in pointing out possible issues with what these sources say, if we don't have other sources that directly state those theories are wrong, us stating it based on less specific sources could verge on WP:original synthesis or WP:original research. FunkMonk (talk) 21:11, 10 April 2023 (UTC)
 * Here's my WIP text so far for if you wish to evaluate it:
 * "The reasons Paraceratherium became extinct after surviving for about 11 million years are unknown, but it is unlikely that there was a single cause. Theories include climate change, low reproduction rate, and invasion by gomphothere proboscideans from Africa in the late Oligocene (between 28 and 23 million years ago). The paleontologist Prothero suggests that gomphotheres may have been able to considerably change the habitats they entered, in the same way that African elephants do today, by destroying trees and turning woodland into grassland. He wrote that once their food source became scarce and their numbers dwindled, Paraceratherium populations would have become more vulnerable to other threats. Large predators like Hyainailouros and Amphicyon also entered Asia from Africa during the early Miocene (between 23 and 16 million years ago); these may have preyed on Paraceratherium calves. Other herbivores also invaded Asia during this time.
 * The belief that invading gomphotheres invaded and were able to alter the habitats of Paraceratherium by the late Oligocene has several contradictions to other sources, however. For instance, there is little evidence that would suggest uninterrupted mammalian exchanges between the two continental areas during the entirety of the Oligocene. The sole exception is of an elephantoid incisor fragment dated to ~22.5 Ma that is identified as the deinothere Prodeinotherium sp., which is identified as the oldest evidence of a proboscidean that dispersed out of Africa. However, Gomphotherium and other associated African migrants are not known in Eurasia from this time dispersal and are instead only known from ~20.5 Ma, both of which date to after the Oligo-Miocene transition. The earliest proboscidean found in China, Choerolophodon guangheensis, dates to about 20 Ma. "
 * I'm avoiding incorporating original research for obvious reasons, but if you feel that the text contains any bit of original synthesis, let me know and I can correct it. I will return to edit this periodically to add more information or edit them potentially.
 * Also, "Body mass of the giant rhinos (Paraceratheriinae, Mammalia) and its tendency in evolution" would seem to suggest that the evolution and height growths of the Paraceratheriidae was highly correlated with temperature drops, seeing as that they likely would've been more adapted to savanna-like environments as opposed to tropical environments, and Eocene-Oligocene cooling trends towards Paraceratheriidae growth, plus they were unable to migrate to the warmer, wetter Europe during the Oligocene. Perhaps such information should be incorporated within other sections such as paleobiology? PrimalMustelid (talk) 00:54, 11 April 2023 (UTC)
 * ...Wait, even in the original paragraph, it was suggested that it was the early Miocene when Amphicyon and Hyainailouros would enter Asia, and A. cf. cooperi appeared in association with the Gomphotherium fauna ~20 Ma long after the extinction of the Paraceratheriidae according to the 2008 source. The line suggesting that they ate Paraceratherium calves doesn't make any sense in context of the rhinocerotoids' extinction. PrimalMustelid (talk) 01:19, 11 April 2023 (UTC)
 * It's pretty tricky, because simply by stating something is contradicted by a fact/source, with no source specifically stating "X theory of extinction is contradicted by Y", that's where the original synthesis creeps in. I suspect that maybe we shouldn't take the specific genera mentioned by Prothero at face value, as classifications could have changed since, and maybe say something more general like invading proboscideans and large predators, if this is still true in general? I'll ping  and  (worked on proboscideans recently) for views on this. FunkMonk (talk) 12:34, 12 April 2023 (UTC)


 * I looked at the sources again,, and I recommend you take a look at what Donald Prothero writes in Rhinoceros Giants pages 119-121 about proboscideans and predators, which is what much if this text is based on. I can provide the pages if you need it. We could write it more cautiously here, but I'm not sure it's warranted to completely leave these ideas out, or even say they're known to be inaccurate. FunkMonk (talk) 22:20, 3 May 2023 (UTC)
 * I'll try to rewrite the text in a more cautious way when I get the time. FunkMonk (talk) 22:59, 3 May 2023 (UTC)
 * Hmm, I found the source in the Wikipedia library, so I can read it then explain my opinion on it later then. I think it's important to contextualize the entire chapter since that's what he bases them on, seeing that he mentions the Grande Coupure event in Europe which dates to within the Eocene-Oligocene transition and has experienced a large extinction rate of ~60% followed by faunal turnovers from Asia. I spot several glaring problems with his arguments, so I'll write them here eventually.
 * Either way, regardless of my arguments that I'll type up soon, it does seen that unfortunately, there's not much way around it, so yeah, it does appear that the text will have to be rewritten carefully. I think it makes sense to mention his arguments though, although I would be cautious with his arguments considering Paraceratherium definitely did not live past the Oligocene-Miocene transition unlike what Prothero seems to imply (he says, "Now that the ages and correlations of the Asian localities have been cleared up (Chapter 3), so that we no longer think indricotheres and amynodonts survived past the early Miocene in places like Dera Bugti, we can look at the indricotheres in the Oligocene of Asia and ask: what happened to them?").  His arguments seem to be assuming that the non-rhinoceros rhinocerotoids lived during the early Miocene when the formation of the Bugti hills in Balochistan, Pakistan suggest that the last occurrences of Paraceratherium and associated faunas like the entelodont Paraentelodon, the early anthracotheres (Anthracotherium Bugtitherium, Elomeryx) the chalicothere Schizotherium, the amynodont Cadurcotherium, and some early rhinocerotids (Aprotodon, Epiaceratherium, etc) seem to be from the late Oligocene (and yes, Prodeinotherium in the next formation has coexisted with other rhinocerotids and anthracotheres that appeared with it). And honestly, none of the researchers of the paraceratheres I've seen suggest that the extinction of the paracerathere faunas were because of the Prodeinotherium faunas (technically we have Putshkov and Prothero but that's about it). I'll keep watch of the changes and may let you know what I think of them. PrimalMustelid (talk) 01:40, 4 May 2023 (UTC)
 * Okay, Prothero's book states, "Indricotheres are last known from the latest Oligocene Tabenbulukian stage in Asia, and so far as I know, there is only one place where mastodonts and indricotheres co-occur: the Bugti beds (Antoine et al., 2004); they do not co-occur in Mongolia or China or Kazakhstan. And even in the Bugti beds, there is no co-occurrence between indricotheres and giant deinotheres (Fig. 6.10), with their downturned tusks, which would have been their most likely competition (Métais et al., 2009)," but in that very same 2004 source I cited earlier and the other source, they existed in different members, with the Paraceratherium faunas existing last in the upper Bugti Member of the formation. He even says they didn't co-occur in most localities yet argues that the Prodeinotherium faunas competed with Paraceratherium faunas let alone to the extent that the former outclassed the latter. Additionally, neither source that he cites would suggest that Prodeinotherium appeared in the late Oligocene member compared to the early Miocene one since they only reference the Paraceratherium faunas. PrimalMustelid (talk) 02:00, 4 May 2023 (UTC)
 * So we could maybe say something like "Prothero suggested that the extinction was caused by such and such, while conceding that there was little evidence for indricotheres coexisting with proboscideans". As for the predators, I guess it's the same problem, though he doesn't seem to admit they didn't co-exist. FunkMonk (talk) 00:49, 5 May 2023 (UTC)
 * Ok,, I've now rewritten the extinction section to make it more cautious with this edit, what do you think? FunkMonk (talk) 20:53, 23 May 2023 (UTC)
 * I think it's mostly an improvement over the previous version, although I still have a few concerns:
 * "Theories include that their large size was related to the now outdated concept of inadaptive evolution, climate change, vegetational change, and low reproduction rate."
 * This seems to be more of Prothero's speculation on potential causes of the Paraceratheriidae. He cites sources about environmental factors of the late Oligocene, but those were from 1959 and 1969, a long way from our advanced and extremely well-researched knowledge of the Paleogene and Neogene, and I don't either either mentions them as extinction causes of the paraceratheriidae, amynodonts, eggysodonts, Old World entelodonts, or several anthracotheres that also went extinct with it (almost no source I've seen even speculates on their extinction causes because there's too little information and context to build). I would rephrase it to something along the lines of Prothero investigating potential environmental or radiative factors and determining that they may have not driven the paraceratheres to extinction, since most academic researchers had not dwelled on Oligocene-Miocene extinctions.
 * "Prothero has pointed out that gomphotheres are only known to have coexisted with paraceratheres in the Bugti beds..."
 * Again, he seems to think that faunas of the two different formation members have coexisted with each other, but, as I said earlier, other authors argue that they indicate different time zones.
 * I think that's all else I have issues with though. In the paleobiology and paleoecology sections, it'd be nice if you incorporated information that I mentioned earlier, such as why the paraceratheres barely touched eastern Europe and never entered western Europe and that the body size of the paraceratheres were highly correlated with cooler temperatures which makes sense since they thrived in cool and dry habitats (which also explains why they were unable to move to western Europe since it was warmer). PrimalMustelid (talk) 04:01, 25 May 2023 (UTC)
 * On older extinction causes, Prothero actually seems to repeat much of Putshkov's summary rather than making his own claims (source here:). Putshkov says (I'll bold quotes to make them easier to see in this long comment): "The sudden final Early Miocene extinction of impressive indricotheres (baluchitheres) (Indricotheriidae) has been ascribed to the fact that they were simply too big. Hence, they could not exist for a long time due to their slow generation turnover (Janis & Carrano 1991)." and while I haven't been able to check that source myself, it indicates this argument has been specifically made for this group. Likewise with "Other version blames the increase in aridity caused by rain shadow effect of the uplift of mountain ranges from Himalayas to Dinarids (e.g. Gromova 1959; Gabunia 1969)." So I'm hesitant to just dismiss these claims of earlier theories, as the sources seem to be out there, but need to be checked. On the other hand, I've been unable to find what Prothero claims here: "Osborn (1929) also blamed the extinction of brontotheres on this idea of “inadaptive evolution” and “racial senescence,” and Osborn (1923a) suggested that the same might have been true of indricotheres." The closest is this statement from what he cites: "It is obvious that tree-browsing animals of increasing height, of length of neck, of height of shoulder, and of stretch of prehensile lips would be constantly selected, as in the giraffes." Maybe I'm overlooking something. As for different Bugti members, I'll see if I can just snip the part in a future edit. As for adding more information about biology/ecology, sure, but now this section is a bit long and confusing, so I wonder if we could discuss how to do that in a new section, ? Feel free to add text and sources that you think are missing directly to the article or here for discussion, as long as we of course avoid WP:synth issues. On another note, and I'm not sure if you know anything about this issue, but it seems that while Indricotheriinae technically still seems to be the valid subfamily name, newer Chinese papers use the name Paraceratheriinae. I'd like to clear this issue up in the text, but I'm not sure if it's dealt with in any sources. FunkMonk (talk) 12:49, 26 May 2023 (UTC)
 * Hmm, I looked into Janis & Carrano's source from 1991 named "Scaling of reproductive turnover in archosaurs and mammals: why are large terrestrial mammals so rare?," and while they do mention "Indricotherium" (or Paraceratherium) a few times, their case seems to focus on comparisons of reproductivity of large terrestrial mammals in general vs. large terrestrial archosaurs. Either way, they do seem to argue that large mammalian taxons seem to be less able to survive for longer periods of time while arguing that dinosaurs were less vulnerable to environmental perturbations because "the interbirth interval was possibly shorter and because of the capacity to produce large numbers of offspring." I suppose this could in a way argue that larger mammals like indricotheres were vulnerable to environmental perturbations because of their slower reproductive systems even though they don't focus on the extinctions of Paraceratherium (I personally think it simplifies mammalian evolutionary dynamics too much because it groups them into one simple category and doesn't focus on the dynamics of individual mammal taxons, but that's besides the point). I can't find the two other sources by Gromova and Gabunia unfortunately, so I can't say anything about what they have to say about Paraceratherium. Regarding the 1923 source "BALUCHITHERIUM GRANGERI, A GIANT HORNLESS RHINOCEROS FROM MONGOLIA," yeah, it's a bit strange that Prothero seems to argue that he argues that he gave extinction speculations of indricotheres when the source makes no mention of any at all.
 * On a similar note for distribution and habitat, from what I researched, both the paraceratheres and entelodontids are normally associated with dry woodland/forest habitats (not grassy habitats, those weren't a thing until the later Miocene in Eurasia) but might have coexisted with closed habitats as well, although not to any extent that the latter was dominant. We know this because the authors of "New artiodactyl ruminant mammal from the late Oligocene of Pakistan" suggest, "Yet, several large mammals are common to both regions during the Oligocene. For instance, the giant rhinocerotoid Paraceratherium as well as entelodontids occurs in both regions, and thus suggest close or similar ecological conditions. The combined occurrence of such taxa suggests open but non−grassy habitats, since grasslands are unknown from the Oligocene in the Old World (e.g., Janis et al. 2002), including some elements of fairly abrasive vegetation. Increasing the tooth crown height in order to enhance the durability of the dentition is a frequent process among mammals (Janis and Fortelius 1988). The pronounced hypsodont trend expressed by the dental morphology of P. zinensis clearly indicates a fibrous diet based on abrasive food, at least in part. The evidences for inferring the paleoenvironment in which P. zinensis lived are still weak for now, but the associated fauna would rather plead for a lush vegetation with substantial food supply for the diversified large mammal fauna which are all brachydont." Also, according to the 2013 source "Pakistan mammal tooth stable isotopes show paleoclimatic and paleoenvironmental changes since the early Oligocene," "First, from ~ 30 to 22 Myr, the environment is characterized by a relatively dry but dense forest existing under a temperate to subtropical climate, with a more closed tropical environment at 23 Myr. Oligocene δ18O of the terrestrial herbivore teeth agrees with the marine foraminifera δ18O and Mg/Ca trends, suggesting that the Pakistan region was affected by global climate rather than regional conditions. After 22 Myr, the δ18OC mammal enamel results show a long term decreasing trend until 15 Myr toward a wetter environment with the appearance of tropical forests, in response to the probable onset of the Asian monsoon."  These sources appear to suggest that both paraceratheres and entelodonts were closely linked with dry forested/woodlands habitats overall and that after the Oligocene-Miocene transition, in which the non-rhinocertid rhinocerotoids and old world entelodonts both went extinct, the environments became more tropical in Pakistan.
 * According to the 2008 paper "A major reorganization of Asian climate regime by the early Miocene ," "These five maps [of China], therefore, show that the climate in Asia during most of the Paleogene was characterized by roughly W-E zonal patterns with dry conditions in southern China where humid conditions prevail today (Fig. 1a). A dry belt existed from the western-most part to the eastern coasts, with a central latitudinal location similar to the present-day drylands in North African and North America (Fig. 1b). The aridity was obviously caused by the subtropical high pressure zone of the northern hemisphere as non evidence of mountain ranges exists for the Paleogene southern China. Thus, the zonal climate pattern is largely attributable to a planetary circulation system, as was already stated in earlier studies (Liu and Guo, 1997; Sun and Wang, 2005), rather than a monsoon-dominant regime. Consequently, the southern boundary of the dry belt would reflect the position of the paleo-ITCZ (inter-tropical convergence zone) in summer." Indeed, if we compare figure 3 (Paleogene China maps) vs. figure 4 (Neogene China maps), in the middle Oligocene map (~38-28 Ma), arid/semi-arid environments dominated the majority of China while humid belts of China were restricted to the northeast tip of China and southern China. In comparison, in the early Miocene map (~24-16 Ma), the arid belt retreats to the northwest end of China while a smaller semi-arid and sub-humid belt forms next to it and a humid belt takes over the majority of the northeast regions and still holds onto the southern region. This is quite consistent with what "Body mass of the giant rhinos (Paraceratheriinae, Mammalia) and its tendency in evolution" suggests about the evolution of the Paraceratheriidae, in which "The third stage is the differentiation of derived paraceratheres in the Oligocene, and most of the paraceratheres found so far are the products of this stage. After another drastic cooling at the turn of the Eocene and Oligocene, Urtinotherium became extinct, replaced by larger paraceratheres such as Paraceratherium and Dzungariotherium. At this stage, the body mass of paraceratheres generally grows at a speed between that of the first two stages, but within the genus Dzungariotherium, the speed is even faster than that of the first stage. The extent of climate change in the Oligocene has decreased and has always remained in a relatively dry and cold state (Tardif et al. 2021). The giant rhino fossils in Lingwu were produced in a set of light grey-green sandy mudstone, which contains a gypsum layer with a thickness of more than 5 cm. Some bones are also filled with gypsum, which also reflects the relatively dry environment at that time. According to palaeoecological reconstruction, the average annual temperature of Central Asia in the Oligocene can reach 10–20°C. The ecological types are temperate broad-leaved forests, shrubs, and savanna mainly (Tardif et al. 2021). The paraceratheres that have expanded their distribution range have gradually differentiated in their niches, and several paracerathere species have coexisted (Qiu et al. 2004; Qiu and Wang 2007). The distribution range of paraceratheres has expanded again, crossing the Qinghai-Tibet region that has not yet uplifted to a sufficient height, reaching Kazakhstan and other parts of Central Asia, and reaching the edge of Eastern Europe (Deng et al. 2020). The giant rhinos probably can not adapt to the forest environment due to their huge size, and they did not reach Western Europe, which was warmer and wetter than East Asia (Qiu and Wang 2007)." I think closely reading this article and incorporating its information would be of great interest to you. They mentioned that both the increasing aridity of Asia during the Eocene and the extinction of the mesonychids and oxyaenids during the same time period both would boosted the evolution of the Paraceratheriidae to large sizes gradually by genus.
 * I think what needs to be emphasized more in the distribution and habitat section is how closely linked the paraceratheres were to consistently cool and dry non-grassy forested/woodland environments by the Oligocene based on their evolutionary trends from the Eocene to the Oligocene as well as the fact that Oligocene dry and cool climates remained so until the late Oligocene to early Miocene, which also explains why were unable to move to western Europe. The article does mention that they lived in dry and cool forested/open woodland environments, but it doesn't mention how important they are to paraceratheres and associated faunas such as the entelodonts, which also depended on cool and dry woodland environments. What do you think about incorporating such information, including ones previously mentioned in other comments, into the "Habitat and Distribution" section? Additionally, I would add in the article that the paraceratheres coexisted with both entelodonts and anthracotheres since they were pretty closely linked in Asian habitats (yes, I know they both are "artiodactyls" but that's pretty vague and implies a lot of groups like ruminants).
 * Also, it does seem that the genera names Paraceratherium, Indricotherium, and Baluchitherium are all used interchangeably to the modern which does add so much confusion to the genus name, which explains the subfamily name inconsistency. I think I would use the newer subfamily name "Paraceratheriinae," but it should be noted that even one 2018 paper from Chinese academic researchers used the subfamily name "Indricotheriinae," although they also considered it to be a subfamily of the Hyracodontidae. Unfortunately, this seems to be an unresolved issue to the modern day, so I'm not 100% sure what to make of it. PrimalMustelid (talk) 18:11, 26 May 2023 (UTC)
 * Where did you find the Janis & Carrano source, ? I would like to look it up too. But yeah, I agree the points about habitat and distribution should be added to the article. I tried to make Prothero's statement more ambiguous without removing it entirely, by the way, like this: "Prothero has pointed out that gomphotheres are not known to have generally coexisted with paraceratheres, and there are no known co-occurrences between paraceratheres and the large deinotheres, which would have been their most likely competitors." FunkMonk (talk) 17:43, 29 May 2023 (UTC)
 * I found the source "Scaling of reproductive turnover in archosaurs and mammals: why are large terrestrial mammals so rare?" by Janis & Carrano in JSTOR: https://www.jstor.org/stable/23735445. PrimalMustelid (talk) 16:39, 5 June 2023 (UTC)

Paraceratherium asiaticum/transouralicum
I agree that my edits for the species assignment probably should have been discussed first, so I'll apologize about them. Since researchers still remain contentious about the correct classification of P. asiaticum/transouralicum, what would it be the best way to present this? As far as I know, Indricotherium asiaticum was already named by Borissiak (1918) in page 69, but P. transouralicum is also widely used, and most authors attribute I. asiaticum to Borissiak (1923). Qiu and Wang (2007) followed that Borissiak (1918) named I. asiaticum, and considered P. transouralicum a synonym (in page 312), which is why I presume some studies recently considered to use P. asiaticum. They also considered P. grangeri and P. lepidum to be valid, though I think this still remains contentious as well. Junsik1223 (talk) 11:35, 30 June 2024 (UTC)
 * The name I. transouralicum precedes I. asiaticum. As stated in the edit summary, there are different schemes being used by different researchers. There is no need for doing wholesale replacements before there is some sort of consensus in the literature. FunkMonk (talk) 16:12, 30 June 2024 (UTC)