The Americanization of Emily

The Americanization of Emily is a 1964 American black-and-white black comedy anti-war film directed by Arthur Hiller, written by Paddy Chayefsky, and starring James Garner, Julie Andrews, Melvyn Douglas, James Coburn, Joyce Grenfell, and Keenan Wynn. Set during World War II, the film follows a United States Navy adjutant who is roped into a reckless interservice rivalry-fueled stunt by his superiors, becoming a war hero by being the first American sailor killed on D-Day.

Chayefsky's screenplay loosely was adapted from the 1959 novel of the same name by William Bradford Huie, who had been a Seabee officer during Operation Overlord. Controversial for its stance during the dawn of the Vietnam War, the film has since been praised as a "vanguard anti-war film". Both James Garner and Julie Andrews have considered the film to be the favorite of their films.

Plot
In 1944 during World War II, U.S. Navy Lt. Commander Charlie Madison is a cynical and highly efficient adjutant to Rear Admiral William Jessup in London. Charlie's job is to keep his boss and similar serving officers supplied with everything they need, including luxury goods and amiable women. He falls in love with Emily Barham, a British ATS driver from the motor pool who has lost her husband, brother and father in the war. Charlie's pleasure-seeking "American" lifestyle amid wartime rationing both fascinates and disgusts Emily who does not want to be “Americanized”, but she does not want to lose another loved one to war and finds the "practicing coward" Charlie irresistible.

Profoundly despondent since the death of his wife, Jessup obsesses over the U.S. Army and its Air Force overshadowing the Navy in the forthcoming D-Day invasion, and decides that "the first dead man on Omaha Beach must be a sailor". A combat film will document the death, and the casualty will be buried in a "Tomb of the Unknown Sailor". He orders Charlie to get the film made.

Despite his best efforts to avoid the assignment, Charlie and his now gung-ho friend, Commander "Bus" Cummings, find themselves and a makeshift two-man film crew aboard a ship with the combat engineers, who will be the first sailors ashore on D-Day. When they land, Charlie tries to retreat, but Cummings shoots him in the leg with his M1911 pistol; shortly after, a German artillery shell lands near the limping-running Charlie, making him the first American casualty on Omaha Beach. Hundreds of newspapers and magazine covers reprint a photograph of Charlie running on the beach alone, making him a war hero. Having recovered from his breakdown, Jessup is horrified by his part in Charlie's death, but plans to use his death politically in support of the Navy's upcoming appropriations while testifying before the Senate's joint military affairs committee. Emily is devastated to have lost another person she loves to the war.

Then comes unexpected news: Charlie is alive and now at the Allied 6th Relocation Center in Southampton, England. A relieved Jessup plans to show him off during his Senate testimony as the "first man on Omaha Beach", a sailor. Limping from his injury and angry about his senseless near-death, Charlie plans to act nobly by telling the world the truth about what really happened, even if it means being imprisoned for cowardice while facing the enemy. However, by recounting to him what he had said to her previously, Emily is able to persuade Charlie to choose happiness with her instead, and to keep quiet and accept his new, unwanted role as a hero.

Cast

 * James Garner as Lt. Cmdr. Charles "Charlie" E. Madison
 * Julie Andrews as Emily Barham
 * Melvyn Douglas as Admiral William Jessup
 * Paul Newlan as Gen. William Hallerton
 * James Coburn as Lt. Cmdr. Paul "Bus" Cummings
 * Joyce Grenfell as Mrs. Barham
 * Keenan Wynn as Old Sailor
 * Edward Binns as Admiral Thomas Healy
 * Liz Fraser as Sheila


 * William Windom as Captain Harry Spaulding
 * John Crawford as Chief Petty Officer Paul Adams
 * Douglas Henderson as Captain Marvin Ellender
 * Edmon Ryan as Admiral Hoyle
 * Steve Franken as Young Sailor
 * Alan Sues as Petty Officer Enright
 * Judy Carne as "2nd Nameless Broad"
 * Sharon Tate as "Beautiful Girl" (uncredited)
 * Red West as Soldier (uncredited)

Casting
According to James Garner, William Holden was meant to play the lead role of Charlie Madison, with Garner to play Bus Cummings. When Holden withdrew, Garner took the lead role, and James Coburn was brought in to play Bus. Lee Marvin is mentioned as starring in the movie instead of Coburn in Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer's promotional film MGM Is on the Move! (1964)

Soundtrack
The film introduced the song "Emily", composed by Johnny Mandel with lyrics by Johnny Mercer. It was recorded by Frank Sinatra with Nelson Riddle arranging and conducting on October 3, 1964 and included on the Reprise LP Softly, as I Leave You. It later was recorded by Andy Williams for Dear Heart (1965) and by Barbra Streisand for The Movie Album (2003).

Fashion
The women's hairstyles, dress fashions, makeup, and shoes seen in the film have been criticized for being appropriate for 1964, not 1944.

Filming
The hotel suite party scene was filmed on November 22, 1963, the same day as President John F. Kennedy's assassination.

Comparison with the novel
The Americanization of Emily is based on William Bradford Huie's 1959 novel of the same name. The New York Times ran a brief news item mentioning Huie's novel prior to its publication, but never reviewed it, although in 1963 Paddy Chayefsky's development of the novel into a screenplay was found worthy of note. A first draft of the film's screenplay was written by George Goodman, who previously had a success at MGM with The Wheeler Dealers (1963), also with James Garner as the male lead and with the same director and producer. In 1964, a Broadway musical with music written by John Barry was announced. Chayefsky's adaptation, while retaining the title, characters, situation, background and many specific plot incidents, told a very different story. He said, "I found the book, which is serious in tone, essentially a funny satire, and that's how I'm treating it."

The screenplay's theme of cowardice as a virtue has no parallel in the novel; in fact, the novel does not mention cowardice at all.

The screenplay implies, but never explicitly explains, what is meant by the term "Americanization". The novel uses "Americanized" to refer to a woman who accepts, as a normal condition of wartime, the exchange of her sexual favors for gifts of rare wartime commodities. Thus, in reply to the question "Has Pat been Americanized?", a character answers: "Thoroughly. She carries a diaphragm in her kitbag. She has seen the ceilings of half the rooms in the Dorchester [hotel]. She asks that it be after dinner: she doesn't like it on an empty stomach. She admits she's better after steak than after fish. She requires that it be in a bed, and that the bed be in Claridge's, the Savoy, or the Dorchester."

This theme runs throughout the novel. Another character says "We operate just like a whorehouse...except we don't sell it for cash. We swap it for Camels [cigarettes] and nylons [stockings] and steak and eggs and lipstick...this dress...came from Saks Fifth Avenue in the diplomatic pouch." Emily asks Jimmy, "Am I behaving like a whore?" Jimmy replies, "Whoring is a peacetime activity."

The screenplay uses Hershey bars to symbolize the luxuries enjoyed by Americans and their "Americanized" companions, but the novel uses strawberries.

The novel briefly mentions that Mrs. Barham, Emily's mother, has been mentally affected by wartime stress, but she is not a major character. There is no mention of her self-deception or pretense that her husband and son are still alive. The film contains a long scene between Charlie and Mrs. Barham, full of eloquent antiwar rhetoric, in which Charlie breaks down Mrs. Barham's denial and reduces her to tears while insisting that he has performed an act of kindness. The novel has no parallel to this scene.

In the film, Charlie is comically unprepared to make the documentary film demanded by Admiral Jessup, and he is assisted only by bumbling drunken servicemen played by Keenan Wynn and Steve Franken. In the novel, Charlie has been a public relations professional in civilian life, takes the assignment seriously, and leads a team of competent cinematographers.

1967 Re-Release and Re-Naming
The film’s 1967 rerelease hoped to benefit from the popularity of its stars; it was billed by MGM simply as “Emily.” An Metro spokesman explained that “in no way are we trying to delude the public. We felt all along that the original title—the title of the book by William Bradford Hule—was heavy and did not relate as much to the film and to Julie Andrews, who is the film’s main attraction now, as ‘Emily’ does. We simply think that we can do more business with the new title than with the old one.”

Critical reception
In a contemporary review for The New York Times, critic Bosley Crowther praised Chayefsky's screenplay as including "some remarkably good writing with some slashing irreverence".

The New York Daily News believed the film’s satire “denigrates the Navy to the point of making it ridiculous and venal”, that the Chayefsky dialogue was “more often a dissertation than the give and take of ordinary conversation”, and that many of the picture’s scenes were “in shockingly bad taste”. Writing for the New York Herald Tribune, Judith Crist found the film to be an “almost” movie: “it almost gets where it thinks it’s going before it changes its mind and gets nowhere….and that’s a pity, because it has a lot going for it.”

The Americanization of Emily has a 93% rating on Rotten Tomatoes, based on 14 reviews, with an average rating of 7.39/10. In Slant, Nick Schager wrote "Though a bit overstuffed with long-winded speeches, Chayefsky's scabrously funny script brims with snappy, crackling dialogue." In A Journey Through American Literature, academic Kevin J. Hayes praised Chayefsky's speeches for Garner as "stirring".

Awards and honors
The film was nominated for Academy Awards in 1965 for Best Art Direction and Best Cinematography, and in 1966 Julie Andrews' portrayal of Emily earned her a nomination for a BAFTA Award for Best British Actress.

The Americanization of Emily was among the films selected for The New York Times Guide to the Best 1,000 Movies Ever Made.

Home media
The Americanization of Emily was released on Blu-ray by Warner Home Video on March 11, 2014 via its on-demand Warner Archive Collection.