The Ascetical Homilies of Isaac the Syrian

The Ascetical Homilies of Isaac the Syrian is a collection of homilies on the topic of Christian asceticism and prayer, written c. 688 by Saint Isaac the Syrian.

Structure
Originally, Isaac's works were divided into seven volumes. This division, however, has since been lost. The English translation by the Holy Transfiguration Monastery has seventy-seven homilies and two appendices, while other translations differ slightly in their number of homilies. Additionally, some translations bear more or less passages, as is the case with the West versus East Syriac versions. The order of the homilies does not appear to follow any clear structure, but is preserved from the oldest extant manuscripts. Each homily discusses various aspects of the Christian life, such as virtue, vice, struggle, and faith.

Ordering of homilies
Individual homilies are ordered differently in various versions of the text. The first column lists the 77 numbered homilies in the second edition of the English translation by the Holy Transfiguration Monastery (2020).

Contents
The Ascetical Homilies seem to be written primarily for an audience of Eastern Christian monastics, although the book has proved beneficial to both laity and tonsured. As Kallistos Ware says, "[Isaac's writings] are addressed not just to the desert but to the city, not just to monastics but to all the baptized. With sharp vividness he speaks about themes relevant to every Christian: about repentance and humility, about prayer in its many forms, both outer and inner, about solitude and community, about silence, wonder, and ecstasy." In the book, Isaac teaches the process of noetic purification through ascetic labors, especially that of hesychasm and nepsis, using frequent references to both scripture and the Holy Fathers. He writes from practical experience as an anchorite in the desert, rather than in merely conceptual terms.

Isaac has been honored as a spiritual guide throughout history, as is evidenced by the numerous translations of his works. According to Sebastian Brock, Isaac is "indubitably one of the most profound writers on spirituality produced by the Syriac Churches." Donald Allchin goes even further, calling Isaac "one of the greatest spiritual writers of the Christian East." Furthermore, Joseph the Hesychast once said, "If all the writings of the desert fathers which teach us concerning watchfulness and prayer were lost and the writings of Abba Isaac the Syrian alone survived, they would suffice to teach one from beginning to end concerning the life of stillness and prayer."

Throughout his writings, Isaac the Syrian emphasized the necessity of stillness to purify the nous (see Homilies 1, 4, 19, and 48). Nonetheless, he also recognized the different roles within the body of the Church (i.e. that of hierarchs, clergy, monastics, and laymen) and their different abilities to adhere to strict stillness and ascetic practice. In Homily 4, he says, "Yet if there be someone who cannot practice stillnesssince it is the grace of God that brings a man within the doorlet him not forsake the other way, lest by doing so he have no share in either of the paths of life." And again, in Homily 72, "But lo, the majority of men to not attain such innocency... For in all the measures of every way upon which each man journeys to Him, God opens before him the gate of the Kingdom of the Heavens."

According to Isaac, God is the embodiment of love. As Almighty, His love cannot be overcome by sin or by the powers of evil. Like his contemporary, Maximus the Confessor, Isaac understands the divine love to function as both the joy of the holy and the torment of the evil. In his view, the Incarnation occurred because of both this love and because of the need created by mankind's sins.

Influences
In writing The Ascetical Homilies, Isaac the Syrian was influenced by the spiritual and theological work of Evagrius, Philoxenus, Theodore of Mopsuestia, Dionysius the Areopagite and John the Solitary, though chiefly by Evagrius. The Evagrian emphasis on the importance of scripture can be seen in The Ascetical Homilies, where Isaac often quotes and interprets verses. In the 7th-century Syriac Church in general, schools of exegesis were created not only for monastics and clergy, but for laity as well. It was at these schools that they could learn to read, write, and memorize scripture.

Reception
A renewed interest in The Ascetical Homilies of Isaac the Syrian has emerged in the twentieth century. Nevertheless, Isaac's writings have been held in high esteem within Eastern Christian literature for centuries. Yuhanna ibn Bukhtishu (c. 9th century) said that Isaac spoke "the language of the heavenly ones." Explaining the purpose of his writings, Isaac says, "I now compose this homily for the kindling and enlightenment of our souls, and of those who come across it, with the hope that, perchance, some might rouse themselves by reason of their desire for what I speak of, and endeavor to practice it." (Homily 23).

A beloved spiritual classic in the East, frequent mention is made of The Ascetical Homilies in The Way of a Pilgrim. The Russian author Fyodor Dostoevsky owned an 1858 translation of Isaac's writings, and consequently mentions them twice in The Brothers Karamazov. This demonstrates the cultural importance of the book in 19th-century Russia. Yet not only were the homilies famous in the East, but also in Western Europe. It is documented that Queen Mary of Aragon owned two copies of the Catalan translation. Notably, Christopher Columbus' son Hernando Columbus possessed a copy of the same translation, and it was likely taken by the translator (a companion of Columbus), Bernardo Buil, on Columbus' second voyage. If this is true, it could arguably make Isaac's The Ascetical Homilies one of the first books brought to the New World.

The Ascetical Homilies are directly quoted in the Evergetinos, in the Life of Saint Cyril of Philea, and in the Philokalia by Peter of Damascus. The book was also read and quoted by many of the hesychastic writers of the 14th century, such as Gregory Palamas. Contemporary spiritual teachers such as Orthodox Saints Ieronymos of Aegina, Nilus of Sora, Joseph the Hesychast, Paisios the Athonite, Evmenios Saridakis, and Seraphim of Sarov attest to the great spiritual wisdom of Isaac the Syrian in The Ascetical Homilies.

Criticism
Isaac's writings initially received some backlash, as the Church historian Isho'dnah recorded. According to him, Daniel Bar Tubanitha, the Bishop of Beth Garmai c. the 7th century, found fault with three propositions in Isaac's writings.

More recently, The Ascetical Homilies have been rejected by some due to incorrect accusations that Isaac was a Nestorianan idea which Paisios the Athonite strongly opposed. As Eric Jobe wrote, "...even if we acknowledge, as scholars unanimously do, that St. Isaac was the Eastern bishop of Nineveh, this does not necessitate that he had a thoroughly Nestorian Christology." The label of Nestorianism on the Church of the East has stifled the proliferation of The Ascetical Homilies. According to Kallistos Ware, "Cut off by language and politics from the Churches of the Roman Empire and branded Nestorian, the Church of the East produced in isolation a rich theological literature which is only now becoming known to outsiders. Yet over the centuries and in all parts of Christendom, Isaac's works have been read and recommended as unquestionably orthodox." Some scholars, such as Alexei Sidorov, argue that there was a pro-Chalcedonian (and anti-Nestorian) movement within the Churches of the East at that time, and that Isaac could very well have been a proponent of this Chalcedonian Christology.

Translations
Within a hundred years of Isaac's death, his The Ascetical Homilies were already famous, and were referred to and quoted from in Syriac literature. They were translated from a West Syriac manuscript into Greek at Mar Saba monastery by Abbas Patrick and Abramius, then from Greek into Arabic, Georgian (by Euthymius the Athonite) and Latin (and subsequently into French, Italian, Catalan, Castilian, and Portuguese), and finally into Amharic and Slavonic. The first Slavonic translator may have been a disciple of Gregory of Sinai. The oldest known manuscript of the Latin translation is in the Laurentian Library in Florence and dates from the 13th century. In the last two centuries, the The Ascetical Homilies were also translated into German, English, Japanese, Malayalam, and Persian. Some notable full translations (as opposed to fragmentary manuscripts) are:


 * Euthymius the Athonite's Georgian translation (9th century)
 * Latin edition printed in Barcelona (1497)
 * Castilian translation by Bernardo Buil (15th century)
 * Nikephoros Theotokis's Greek printed edition (1770)
 * Paisius Velichkovsky's Slavonic translation (1812)
 * Sergei Sobolevsky's Russian translation (19th century)
 * Paul Bedjan's Syriac text (1909)
 * A. J. Wensinck's English translation (1923)
 * Kallinikos of the Monastery of Pantokrator's modern Greek translation (1961)
 * Jacques Touraille Desclée de Brouwer's modern French translation (1981)
 * Italian translation by Gallo & Bettiolo (1984) (Discourses 1-38)
 * English translation by Hansbury (1989) (Discourses 1-6)
 * Placide Deseille Monastère Saint-Antione-Le-Grand & Monastère de Solan's modern French translation (2006)
 * Holy Transfiguration Monastery translation (1984; revised 2nd edition 2020)

Manuscripts
The following manuscripts were used by the Holy Transfiguration Monastery (2020) editors to establish the Greek and West Syriac texts used for their English translation.

Selected quotations from The Ascetical Homilies
The following quotations come from The Ascetical Homilies of Saint Isaac the Syrian by the Holy Transfiguration Monastery (1984).


 * Love sinners, but hate their works; and do not despise them for their faults, lest you be tempted by the same trespasses.
 * Just as the dolphin stirs and swims about when the visible sea is still and calm, so also, when the sea of the heart is tranquil and still from wrath and anger, mysteries and divine revelations are stirred in her at all times to delight her.
 * Stillness mortifies the outward senses and resurrects the inward movements, whereas agitation does the opposite, that is, it resurrects the outward senses and deadens the inward movements.
 * What is the sign that a man has attained to purity of heart, and when does a man know that his heart has entered into purity? When he sees all men as good and none appears to him to be unclean and defiled, then in truth, his heart is pure.
 * Until we find love, our labor is in the land of tares, and in the midst of tares we both sow and reap, even if our seed is the seed of righteousness.
 * A serpent guards its head when its body is being crushed, and a wise monk guards his faith at all times, for this is the origin of his life.

Modern English publications
The following is a list of books which either contain the works of Isaac the Syrian, in whole or part, or which discuss his writings.
 * Alfeyev, Hilarion. 2016. The Spiritual World of Isaac the Syrian. ISBN 9780879077754.
 * Allchin, A. M. 1989. The Heart of Compassion: Daily Readings with St. Isaac of Syria. ISBN 9780232518061.
 * Brock, Sebastian. 2009. Discerning the Evagrian in the Writings of Isaac of Nineveh: A Preliminary Investigation.
 * Brock, Sebastian. 1999. "From Qatar to Tokyo, by way of Mar Saba: The Translations of Isaac of Beth Qatraye (Isaac the Syrian)" in ARAM Periodical. Vol 1112.
 * Brock, Sebastian (translator). 2022. Headings on Spiritual Knowledge: The Second Part, Chapters 13. ISBN 9780881417029.
 * Brock, Sebastian (translator). 1995. Isaac of Nineveh (Isaac the Syrian): The Second Part, Chapters 441. ISBN 9789068317091.
 * Brock, Sebastian (translator). 2011. The Prayers of St. Isaac the Syrian. ISBN 9780971413979.
 * Brock, Sebastian (translator). 2006. The Wisdom of Saint Isaac the Syrian: A Bilingual Edition. ISBN 9781593333355.
 * Bedjan, Paul (translator). 2007. The Ascetical Homilies of Mar Isaac of Nineveh. In Syriac. ISBN 9781593333898.
 * Hagman, Patrick. 2010. The Asceticism of Isaac of Nineveh. ISBN 9780199593194.
 * Hansbury, Mary T. 1989. St. Isaac of Nineveh on Ascetical Life: English and Syriac Edition. ISBN 9780881410778.
 * Hansbury, Mary T. 2016. Isaac the Syrian's Spiritual Works. ISBN 9781463205935.
 * The Ascetical Homilies of Saint Isaac the Syrian. Holy Transfiguration Monastery. 1984. ISBN 9780913026557.
 * The Ascetical Homilies of Saint Isaac the Syrian, Revised Second Edition. Holy Transfiguration Monastery. 2011. ISBN 9780943405162.
 * Wensinck, A. J. (translator). 1923. Mystical Treatises by Isaac of Nineveh: Translated From Bedjan's Syriac Text With An Introduction And Registers. ISBN 9781479115815.