The Lexicon of Love

The Lexicon of Love is the debut studio album by the English pop band ABC. Released by Neutron Records on 21 June 1982, it entered the UK Albums Chart at number one, also topping the New Zealand and Finnish charts. Certified gold in the US, it went platinum in the UK where four singles reached the top 20; "Tears Are Not Enough", "Poison Arrow", "The Look of Love" and "All of My Heart", which Pitchfork ranked number one on their "Now That's What I Call New Pop!" list.

The album has frequently been ranked as one of the greatest albums of the 1980's, and was included in the 2018 edition of Robert Dimery's book 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die.

Background, recording and release
ABC was formed by Stephen Singleton and Mark White as electronic band Vice Versa. Joined by Martin Fry, the band eventually morphed into ABC. A debut single, "Tears Are Not Enough", followed in 1981; it was remixed by producer Trevor Horn for inclusion in The Lexicon of Love.

The album's title originated in the headline of an NME review of an ABC gig. Songs were written collectively by the band, with arranger Anne Dudley also given a credit on some tracks. Lead vocalist Martin Fry said that they had wanted to fuse the attitude of punk and the sophistication of disco. While he has denied that it is a concept album, The Lexicon of Love features recurrent themes, including heartache and the struggle to make meaningful connections. "Most of the other people were writing about electric pylons. We wanted to hark back to Cole Porter and his ilk, but in a very modern way," Fry said.

The majority of the album was recorded at Sarm East Studios in London, with additional work done at Abbey Road, Townhouse, RAK and Good Earth studios. Produced by Horn and engineered by Gary Langan, it features orchestrations by Dudley and programming of the recently-developed Fairlight CMI by J. J. Jeczalik. Horn says that he convinced the band to replace their bass player, Mark Lickley, with Brad Lang. "I talked them into getting a better bass player, which maybe wasn't a kind thing to do,” he said, "[but] Brad Lang was quite brilliant".

A year after its release, Horn, Langan, Dudley and Jeczalik formed the Art of Noise, and most of the production team and session musicians on the album formed the basis for the ZTT label. The cover photograph is by Gered Mankowitz. Distribution in the US and Japan was handled by Mercury Records; Vertigo Records released it in Canada and Europe.

Performance, tours and further releases
"Tears Are Not Enough" (in its initial release produced by Steve Brown), "All of My Heart", "Poison Arrow" and "The Look of Love" were all top-20 entries in the UK; the latter two also charted in the US, peaking at No. 25 and No. 18 respectively. The album reached No. 1 on the UK charts and peaked at No. 24 in the US charts.

The band was augmented by session musicians, and the 11-piece ensemble toured Europe, the US and Japan. The shows at Hammersmith Odeon in November 1982 were recorded for inclusion in the band's film Mantrap which was released the following year. In 2004, a two-disc deluxe reissue including previously unreleased outtakes and early demos and a live performance of the album from 1982 was released by Neutron Records.

In 2009, ABC (with Fry as its sole member) performed the entire album at the Royal Albert Hall in London, accompanied by the BBC Concert Orchestra and conducted by Dudley. They were joined onstage by Horn. The Lexicon of Love was again performed live in its entirety on 18 December 2012 at Theatre Royal, Drury Lane to mark its 30th anniversary. Dudley reprised her role as conductor, performing with the Southbank Sinfonia Orchestra, and they concluded a four-date mini-tour at the same venue on 30 March 2014. Between November 4 and 9, 2015, the band and orchestra also performed at Liverpool's Philharmonic Hall, Glasgow Royal Concert Hall, Sheffield City Hall, the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane in London and Symphony Hall, Birmingham.

A sequel studio album The Lexicon of Love II was released on 27 May 2016. A Blu-ray audio disc with new Dolby Atmos and 5.1 surround sound Blu-ray remixes by Steven Wilson, as well as a remastered vinyl edition of the original mix, was released in August 2023.

Critical reception
The album entered the UK Albums Chart at number 1 and remained on the charts for 50 weeks. It was the fourth biggest selling album in the UK in 1982. Mitchell Cohen of Creem contemporaneously declared it to be a "piece of sumptuous kitsch", adding that "the whole shebang is so florid, so exaggerated, so damned catchy – you want to hear "The Look of Love" a second time before it's even half over; it's a casserole of about forty different pop hits and advertising jingles – that you may feel guilty for falling for it." Robert Christgau gave the album an "A–" rating, writing that "Martin Fry's candid camp and ad-man phrasing don't fully justify his histrionic flights, but they do give him room to be clever, which is clearly his calling--some of these synthetic funk rhythms make me laugh out loud, and he's an ace jingle writer". Don Waller of the Los Angeles Times praised the album, stating that Horn "deserves a share of the applause, but the songs — credited to all four ABC members — are the real deal: apocalyptic, widescreen romances with more hooks than a meat-packing plant." Waller proclaimed that "Tears Are Not Enough", "Poison Arrow" and "The Look of Love (Part I)" call out for "any one of a dozen contemporary black vocalists". "ABC's biggest drawback is Martin Fry's singing, which borders on the effete," he wrote.

Ken Tucker of The Philadelphia Inquirer was less enthusiastic, dismissing the album as "prissy dance music, light on the beat and heavy on the sort of maundering crooning that the effete English rock musicians frequently mistake for passion."

Retrospectively, AllMusic found Horn's production to be "dense and noisy, but frequently beautiful", while "the group's emotional songs gave it a depth and coherence later Horn works (...) would lack." The site praised the band for "[using] the sound to create moving dance-floor epics like "Many Happy Returns" which, like most of the album's tracks, deserved to be a hit single." In a BBC review of the 2004 Deluxe Edition, Rob Webb stated that "The Lexicon of Love stands as a landmark album in British pop", and "underpins just what a sharp band ABC were: witty, lyrical and very, very funky". He found each song to be "a love affair in miniature: some are touching ("All of My Heart", "Show Me"), others a bitter invective at misplaced passion ("Many Happy Returns")", and concluded that "[dance] music had rarely been so literate."

In The Encyclopedia of Popular Music, Colin Larkin awarded the "superb" album 5 stars (outstanding). Lauding the "pristine pop songs", he declared that it "remains a benchmark of 80s pop, and a formidable collection of melodramatic love songs assembled in one neat package." In a review of a 2005 retrospective of Trevor Horn's work, Pitchfork concluded: "If you don't already own the original records, all can be found cheap and all (especially ABC's Lexicon of Love) are essential documents of their era".

Legacy
The Lexicon of Love was ranked as the 4th best album of the 1980's by Record Mirror in December 1989. NME ranked it at number 15 on their "Greatest Albums: The 1980's" in 1993, and at number 117 on their "The Greatest albums of all time" in 2013. Record Collector included it on their list "70 Landmark Albums" in 2019. Observer Music Monthly ranked it at number 42 on their "Greatest British Albums" in 2004. In 2024, Uncut placed it at number 26 on their list "The 500 Greatest Albums of the 1980's".

Personnel
ABC
 * Martin Fry – lead and backing vocals
 * Mark White – keyboards, guitars, backing vocals (6)
 * Stephen Singleton – alto saxophone, tenor saxophone
 * Mark Lickley – bass guitar (2, 4, 6)
 * David Palmer – drums, Linn LM-1 programming, percussion
 * David Robinson – drums on single/demo versions of "Tears Are Not Enough"

Additional personnel
 * Anne Dudley – keyboards, orchestrations
 * J. J. Jeczalik – Fairlight CMI programming
 * Brad Lang – bass guitar
 * Luís Jardim (misspelled as "Louis Jardin" on album notes) – additional percussion
 * Andy Gray – trombone (4)
 * Kim Wear – trumpet
 * John Thirkell – trumpet (2, 6), flugelhorn (2, 6)
 * Gaynor Sadler – harp
 * Karen Clayton – female speaking voice (2)
 * Tessa Webb – female lead vocal (7)

Production and artwork
 * Trevor Horn – producer
 * Gary Langan – engineer
 * Howard Gray – assistant engineer
 * Gered Mankowitz – film photography
 * Paul Cox – band photography
 * Pete Bill – cover photography
 * Visible Inc. – design
 * Neutron Records – design

2004 deluxe edition credits
 * Gary Moore – digital remastering
 * Daryl Easlea – album coordinator, compiler
 * Martin Fry – compiler
 * Deluxe Graphics@Green Ink – artwork restoration, adaption