Toyota Dynamic Force engine

The Dynamic Force engines are a family of internal combustion engines developed by Toyota under the brand's Toyota New Global Architecture (TNGA) strategy. The engines can be fueled by petrol (gasoline) or ethanol and can be combined with electric motors in a hybrid drivetrain. The engines were developed alongside the TNGA family of vehicle platforms, as part of a company-wide effort to simplify the vehicles being produced by Toyota.

The engine is used in various Toyota and Lexus models starting with the four-cylinder A25A type installed in XV70 series Camry in June 2017.

Overview
The engine was developed as an engine that is claimed to achieve both driving performance and environmental performance while pursuing high efficiency and low fuel consumption as well as having a "direct feeling, smooth and pleasant acceleration performance".

Specifically, the cylinder head and intake port design improves the tumble flow (longitudinal vortex) to increase the air intake volume–the majority of intake flow is across that portion of the valve closest to cylinder centreline. Other methods include:
 * Expansion of the valve clamping angle. The angle between intake and exhaust valve centreline is 41 degrees–the previous design was 31 degrees.
 * Hydraulic variable valve timing on both intake and exhaust camshafts.
 * Very high compression-moderated Atkinson cycle engine.
 * Longer stroke to bore ratio (under-square design).
 * Change of port end shape and expansion of seat inner diameter.
 * Application of updated D-4S (multi-hole injector) system to achieve "high-speed combustion", resulting in thermal efficiency over 40%.
 * Cylinder centreline is offset from crankshaft centreline, meaning that piston top dead center is always equivalent to several degrees of crankshaft rotation.

In development and production of the engine, Toyota claims it would be a "completely new engine design based on the TNGA strategy".

Previously, Toyota offered about 800 engine variants, most of which would be replaced with a much simpler lineup of 17 versions of nine Dynamic Force engines. Toyota is also simplifying its lineup of transmissions, hybrid systems, and all-wheel drive systems.

Starting with the four-cylinder A25A type installed in XV70 series Camry in June 2017, the V6 V35A and four-cylinder M20A types had also appeared. On 16 October 2019, the three-cylinder M15A type, which would be installed in the XP210 series Yaris (specifically designed for Japan, Europe, Australia, and New Zealand), was officially announced. On 12 June 2021, the first turbocharged four-cylinder model, named T24A, was introduced for the AZ20 series Lexus NX.

The Dynamic Force engines introduced an updated nomenclature system for Toyota engines and no longer employ the traditional iteration or generation of the engine followed by the one letter or two letter designation for the engine family (such as 5M-GE or 4GR-FE being from the M and GR engine families respectively) and instead incorporate the engine's displacement in between a two letter code such as the M20A, with the "20" denoting a 2.0-litre engine.

Common key technologies

 * High speed combustion technologies:
 * Long stroke (stroke/bore ≈ 1.2)
 * Wider angle between the intake and exhaust valve
 * High efficiency intake port with laser cladded valve seat
 * High compression ratio up to 14.0:1
 * High energy ignition coil
 * Updated D-4S system
 * Multi-hole direct injector
 * Variable cooling system:
 * Motor driven water pump
 * Heated thermostat
 * Continuous variable-capacity oil pump
 * Low viscosity engine oil
 * Water jacket spacer
 * Piston with laser pit skirt
 * Drilled passage between cylinder bores
 * VVT-iE
 * Small-concave-profile camshaft
 * Compact HLA
 * High strength connecting rod
 * High response intake air control
 * Fuel injection control (multi-injection)
 * Cylinder heads with built-in EGR cooler function
 * Updated catalyst
 * Change of exhaust manifold layout
 * Piston oil jet control

M15 family
The M15 engine family is a straight-three engine series that was first introduced in 2019 for the XP210 series Yaris.

M15A-FKS
The standard version with 13.0:1 compression ratio achieves 40% thermal efficiency.

Applications (calendar years):
 * 2020–present Yaris (MXPA10/11/15)
 * 2020–present GR Yaris RS (MXPA12)
 * 2020–present Yaris Cross (MXPB10/15)
 * 2020–present Corolla (MZEA11/17)
 * 2022–present Sienta (MXPC10)

M15A-FXE
The hybrid version with 14.0:1 compression ratio achieves 41% thermal efficiency.

Applications (calendar years):
 * 2020–present Yaris Hybrid / 2022–present Mazda2 Hybrid (MXPH10/11/15)
 * 2020–present Yaris Cross Hybrid (MXPJ10/15)
 * 2021–present Aqua (MXPK10/11/15/16)
 * 2022–present Sienta Hybrid (MXPL10/15)
 * 2023–present Lexus LBX (MAYH10/15)

M15B-FKS
Localized M15 series engine for China, manufactured by FTCE (FAW Toyota Changchun Engine Co., Ltd.).

Applications (calendar years):
 * 2021–present Corolla (MZEA11; China only)

M15C-FKS
Localized M15 series engine for China, manufactured by GTE (Guangqi Toyota Engine Co., Ltd.).

Applications (calendar years):
 * 2021–present Levin (MZEA11)

M15D-FXE
The hybrid version produced in Jigani, Bangalore, India by Toyota Industries Engine India (TIEI).

Applications (calendar years):
 * 2022–present Urban Cruiser Hyryder Hybrid / Suzuki Grand Vitara Hybrid

M20 family
The M20 engine family is a straight-four engine series that was first introduced in 2018 for the E210 series Corolla.

M20A-FKS
The standard version with 13.0:1 compression ratio achieves 40% thermal efficiency.

Applications (calendar years):
 * 2018–present Corolla / 2018–2020 Auris (MZEA12)
 * 2018–present C-HR (MAXA10)
 * 2018–present RAV4 (MXAA52)
 * 2018–present Lexus UX 200 (MZAA10)
 * 2019–present Camry (MXVA71)
 * 2019–present Avalon (MXXA50)
 * 2020–present Lexus ES 200 (MXZA10)
 * 2020–present Harrier / 2022–present Venza (MXUA80/85)
 * 2021–present Corolla Cross (MXGA10/15)
 * 2022–present Noah/Voxy / Suzuki Landy (MZRA90/95)
 * 2022–present Innova / Innova HyCross / Kijang Innova Zenix (MAGA10)

M20A-FKB
The flex fuel E85 version with 13.0:1 compression ratio ethanol fuel capable.

Applications (calendar years):
 * 2020–present Corolla (MZEA12)
 * 2021–present Corolla Cross (MXGA10)

M20A-FXS
The hybrid version with 14.0:1 compression ratio achieves 41% thermal efficiency.

Applications (calendar years):
 * 2018–present Corolla Hybrid (MZEH12)
 * 2018–present Lexus UX 250h/260h (MZAH10/15)
 * 2020–present C-HR Hybrid (MAXH10)
 * 2022–present Corolla Cross Hybrid (MXGH10/15)
 * 2022–present Prius (MXWH60/65)
 * 2022–present Innova / Innova HyCross Hybrid / Kijang Innova Zenix Hybrid (MAGH10)

M20B-FXS
Version used only in China which is largely identical to the M20A-FXS engine, manufactured by FTCE (FAW Toyota Changchun Engine Co., Ltd.).

Applications (calendar years):
 * 2020–2022 IZOA Hybrid (MAXH10)

M20C-FKS
Localized M20 series engine for China, manufactured by GTE (Guangqi Toyota Engine Co., Ltd.).

Applications (calendar years):
 * 2018–present C-HR (MAXA10; China only)
 * 2019–present Camry
 * 2019–2023 MXVA71
 * 2024–present MXVA80
 * 2020–present Wildlander (MXAA54)
 * 2021–present Venza (MXUA85; China only)
 * 2021–present Levin GT (MZEA12)
 * 2022–present Frontlander (MXGA15)
 * 2023–present Camry (MXVA80L)

M20D-FKS
Localized M20 series engine for China, manufactured by FTCE (FAW Toyota Changchun Engine Co., Ltd.).

Applications (calendar years):
 * 2018–present RAV4 (MXAA52; China only)
 * 2019–present Avalon (MXXA50; China only)
 * 2021–present Harrier (MXUA80; China only)

M20E-FKS
Localized M20 series engine for China, manufactured by FTCE (FAW Toyota Changchun Engine Co., Ltd.).

Applications (calendar years):
 * 2018–present IZOA (MAXA10)
 * 2021–present Allion (MZEA12)
 * 2022–present Corolla Cross (MXGA10; China only)

M20F-FXS
Version used only in China which is largely identical to the M20A-FXS engine, manufactured by GTE (Guangqi Toyota Engine Co., Ltd.).

Applications (calendar years):
 * 2020–present C-HR Hybrid (MAXH10; China only)
 * 2023–present Levin GT Hybrid (MZEH16; China only)
 * 2023–present Frontlander Hybrid (MXGH10; China only)
 * 2023–present Camry Hybrid (MXVH80; China only)

M20G-FXS
Version used only in China which is largely identical to the M20A-FXS engine, manufactured by FTCE (FAW Toyota Changchun Engine Co., Ltd.).

Applications (calendar years):
 * 2022–present IZOA Hybrid (MAXH10; China only)
 * 2023–present Allion Hybrid (MZEH16; China only)
 * 2023–present Corolla Cross Hybrid (MXGH10; China only)

S20A
The S20A engine is a straight-four engine series that was first introduced in 2022 for the Chinese market Highlander / Crown Kluger.

S20A-FTS
"FTS" designates the turbocharged version of this engine.

Applications (calendar years):
 * 2022–present Highlander / Crown Kluger (SXUA75)

A25 family
The A25 engine family is a straight-four engine series that was first introduced in 2017 for the XV70 series Camry.

A25A-FKS
The standard version with 13.0:1 compression ratio achieves 40% thermal efficiency.

Applications (calendar years):
 * 2017–present Camry (AXVA70/75)
 * 2018–present RAV4 (AXAA52/54)
 * 2018–present Lexus ES 250/260 (AXZA10/15)
 * 2018–2022 Avalon (AXXA50/55)
 * 2021–present Lexus NX 250/260 (AAZA20/25)
 * 2024 Camry (AXVH80)
 * 2024 Crown Signia

A25A-FKB
Version used in Thailand with E85 ethanol fuel capable.

Applications (calendar years):
 * 2018–present Camry (AXVA70)

A25A-FXS
The hybrid version with 14.0:1 compression ratio achieves 41% thermal efficiency.

Applications (calendar years):
 * 2017–present Camry Hybrid/Daihatsu Altis (AXVH70/75)
 * 2018–present Avalon Hybrid (AXXH50)
 * 2018–present RAV4 Hybrid (AXAH52/54)
 * 2018–present Lexus ES 300h (AXZH10/11)
 * 2018–2022 Crown Hybrid (AZSH20/21)
 * 2022–present Crown Crossover Hybrid (AZSH35)
 * 2023–present Crown Sedan Hybrid (AZSH32)
 * 2023–present Crown Sport Hybrid (AZSH36)
 * 2019–present Highlander Hybrid / 2021–present Kluger Hybrid (AXUH70/78)
 * 2020–present RAV4 Plug-in Hybrid/Prime / Suzuki Across (AXAP52/54)
 * 2020–present Harrier Hybrid/Venza (AXUH80/85)
 * 2022–present Harrier Plug-in Hybrid (AXUP80)
 * 2020–present Sienna/Granvia (AXLH40/45)
 * 2021–present Lexus NX 350h (AAZH20/25)
 * 2021–present Lexus NX 400h+/450h+ (AAZH26)
 * 2022–present Lexus RX 350h (AALH10/15)
 * 2022–present Lexus RX 450h+ (AALH16)
 * 2023–present Grand Highlander Hybrid (AASH10/15)
 * 2023–present Lexus LM 350h (AAWH10)
 * 2023–present Alphard Hybrid/Vellfire Hybrid (AAHH40/45)

A25B-FXS
This engine is only used on hybrid models in China. Similar to the A25A-FXS engine used in other markets.

Applications (calendar years):
 * 2018–present Lexus ES 300h (China) (AXZH10)
 * 2022–present Lexus NX 350h (China) (AAZH20)
 * 2022–present Lexus NX 400h+ (AAZH21)
 * 2023–present Alphard Hybrid/Crown Vellfire Hybrid (China) (AAHH45)
 * 2023–present Crown SportCross (China) (AZSH30)

A25C-FKS
Version used only in China which is largely identical to the A25A-FKS engine, manufactured by GTE (Guangqi Toyota Engine Co., Ltd.).

Applications (calendar years):
 * 2018–present Camry (AXVA70; China only)
 * 2020–present Wildlander (AXAA54)
 * 2021–present Highlander (AXUA70; China only)

A25D-FXS
Localized A25 series engine for China, manufactured by GTE (Guangqi Toyota Engine Co., Ltd.).

Applications (calendar years):
 * 2018–present Camry Hybrid (AXVH70; China only)
 * 2021–present Wildlander Hybrid (AXAH54)
 * 2021–present Wildlander Plug-in Hybrid (AXAP54)
 * 2021–present Highlander Hybrid (AXUH78)
 * 2021–present Sienna Hybrid (AXLH40)
 * 2022–present Venza Hybrid (AXUH85)
 * 2023–present Camry (AXVH80L)
 * 2023–present Mazda CX-50 HEV

A25F-FXS
Localized A25 series engine for China, manufactured by FTCE (FAW Toyota Changchun Engine Co., Ltd.).

Applications (calendar years):
 * 2021–present RAV4 Hybrid (AXAH52; China only)
 * 2021–present RAV4 Plug-in Hybrid (AXAP52; China only)
 * 2022–present Harrier Hybrid (AXUH80; China only)

A25G-FKS
Version used only in China which is largely identical to the A25A-FKS engine, manufactured by FTCE (FAW Toyota Changchun Engine Co., Ltd.).

Applications (calendar years):
 * 2019–present Avalon (AXXA50; China only)
 * 2019–present RAV4 (AXAA52; China only)
 * 2021–present Crown Kluger (AXUA71)

A25H-FXS
Localized A25 series engine for China, manufactured by FTCE (FAW Toyota Changchun Engine Co., Ltd.).

Applications (calendar years):
 * 2019–present Avalon Hybrid (AXXH50; China only)
 * 2021–present Crown Kluger Hybrid (AXUH79)
 * 2021–present Granvia Hybrid (AXLH40; China only)

T24A
The T24A engine is a straight-four engine series that was first introduced in 2021 for the AZ20 series Lexus NX.

T24A-FTS
The "T" in the engine feature suffix "-FTS" designates the turbocharged version of this engine. Toyota have been using it to replace the naturally-aspirated 2GR-FKS V6, offering more peak torque at lower speeds and improved fuel consumption and emissions with the turbo engine.

There also are two distinct hybridised variants (marketed as "Dual Boost Hybrid System" in Japan and "Hybrid Max" in North America) which carry the same T24A-FTS engine designation as the regular (non-hybrid) variant. For transverse engine applications, the hybrid engine drives the front wheels and is equipped with two electric motors: one starter-generator and one traction assist; a third electric motor driving the rear axle is provided with all-wheel drive as a power-split hybrid variant. For longitudinal engine applications (marketed as "i-Force Max" in North America), a single traction assist/generator motor is sandwiched between the engine and transmission, taking the place of a conventional automatic transmission torque converter.

Applications (calendar years):
 * 2021–present Lexus NX 350 (TAZA25)
 * 2022–present Highlander/Kluger (TXUA70/75)
 * 2022–present Lexus RX 350 (TALA10/15)
 * 2022–present Lexus RX 500h (TALH17)
 * 2022–present Crown Crossover Turbo Hybrid (TZSH35)
 * 2023–present Grand Highlander (TASA10/15)
 * 2023–present Grand Highlander Turbo Hybrid (TASH15)
 * 2023–present Lexus LM 500h (TAWH15)
 * 2023–present Tacoma
 * 2023–present Tacoma Hybrid
 * 2023–present Lexus TX 350
 * 2023–present Lexus TX 500h
 * 2023–present Alphard/Vellfire (TAHA40/45)
 * 2024-present Land Cruiser Prado (J250)
 * 2024–present 4Runner

V35A
The V35A engine is a V6 engine series that was first introduced in 2017 for the XF50 series Lexus LS. Despite its "35" nomenclature and being advertised as a 3.5-litre engine, its actual displacement is 3445 cc.

V35A-FTS
The twin-turbocharged version with 10.5:1 compression ratio. Pumping losses have been reduced by electrification of the waste gate of the twin turbo system. The engine achieves 37% thermal efficiency. A hybridised version (marketed as "i-Force Max" in North America) is also available with the same engine designation as the regular variant.

The hybridised version was named Ward's World's 10 Best Engines list in 2022.

Applications (calendar years):
 * 2017–present Lexus LS 500 (VXFA50/55)
 * 2021–present Land Cruiser (VJA300)
 * 2021–present Tundra (VXKA70/71/72/75/76/77)
 * 2021–present Tundra Hybrid (VXKH70/71/75/76)
 * 2021–present Lexus LX 600 (VJA310)
 * 2022–present Sequoia Hybrid (VXKH80/85)


 * 2023–present Lexus GX 550

Issues
A small number of customers have reported main bearing failures in 2022 and 2023 vehicles equipped with the V35A-FTS engine, with mileage as little as 25,000 miles. On May 30 2024, Toyota issued a recall of 102,092 Tundra and Lexus LX vehicles stating that debris during the manufacturing process was the cause of main bearing failure.