Tulasnella

Tulasnella is a genus of effused (patch-forming) fungi in the order Cantharellales. Basidiocarps (fruit bodies), when visible, are typically smooth, ceraceous (waxy) to subgelatinous, frequently lilaceous to violet-grey, and formed on the underside of fallen branches and logs. They are microscopically distinct in having basidia with grossly swollen sterigmata (or epibasidia) on which basidiospores are formed. One atypical species, Tulasnella aurantiaca, produces orange to red, gelatinous, pustular anamorphs on wood. Some species form facultative mycorrhizas with orchids and liverworts. Around 80 species of Tulasnella are known worldwide.

History
Tulasnella was originally circumscribed by German mycologist Joseph Schröter in 1888, partly based on an earlier illustration by Charles Tulasne, after whom the new genus was named. Schröter believed the unusual basidia sufficiently distinct to warrant the creation of a new genus which he considered intermediate between Sebacina (then used for most effused "heterobasidiomycetes" with septate basidia) and Thelephora (then used for many effused "holobasidiomycetes" with conventional non-septate basidia). The genus was subsequently placed among the "heterobasidiomycetes" by most authors.

Between 1909 and 1928, French mycologists Hubert Bourdot and Amédée Galzin described more than a dozen new species of Tulasnella from collections made in France. In the USA, American mycologist D.P Rogers published a review of the Tulasnellaceae in 1933 in which he extended the definition of Gloeotulasnella, originally established to accommodate cystidiate species, to include "all mucous forms", though Gloeotulasnella was subsequently considered synonymous with Tulasnella by most authors. Later, in Australia, Jack Warcup and P.H.B. Talbot described several new Tulasnella species isolated from orchid mycorrhizas. In 1987 American mycologist Royall T. Moore proposed the new genus Epulorhiza for anamorphic (hyphal) states of Tulasnella previously referred to the form genus Rhizoctonia. In the UK in the 1990s, Peter Roberts described additional new species of Tulasnella and monographed the genus in a series of papers   with a worldwide key to species.

Current status
Molecular research, based on cladistic analysis of DNA sequences, has confirmed Tulasnella as a distinct genus, but has placed it within the Cantharellales rather than in its own order the Tulasnellales.

Following changes to the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants, the practice of giving different names to teleomorph and anamorph forms of the same fungus has been discontinued, meaning that Epulorhiza has become a synonym of the earlier name Tulasnella. As a result, existing anamorphic species have been transferred to Tulasnella and new anamorphic species have been described in this genus.

Molecular research has also shown that the anamorphic, pustular, wood-inhabiting genus Hormomyces is a synonym of Tulasnella, not Tremella as previously thought.

An updated morphological key to species was published in 2016.

Association with orchids
In 1899 French botanist Noël Bernard discovered that orchid seeds require a fungal associate to germinate and most if not all orchids maintain this mycorrhizal association with fungi throughout their lifecycle. In the 1960s, cultures derived from orchid mycorrhizas that were induced to form teleomorphs (fruit bodies) showed that Tulasnella species (together with Rhizoctonia species) were frequent associates of terrestrial orchids in Australia. Direct DNA sequencing of orchid mycorrhizas has confirmed this association on a global scale, for both terrestrial and epiphytic orchids. Most recently described anamorphic Tulasnella species have been isolated from orchid mycorrhizas, but many more await formal description.

Association with liverworts
Molecular research has shown that thalloid liverworts in the family Aneuraceae associate frequently and perhaps exclusively with species of Tulasnella, ether in a mycorrhizal or parasitic relationship.

Species currently accepted by Species Fungorum

 * Tulasnella aggregata
 * Tulasnella albertensis
 * Tulasnella albida
 * Tulasnella allantospora
 * Tulasnella amonilioides
 * Tulasnella anaticula
 * Tulasnella andina
 * Tulasnella anguifera
 * Tulasnella asymmetrica
 * Tulasnella aurantiaca
 * Tulasnella australiensis
 * Tulasnella balearica
 * Tulasnella bifrons
 * Tulasnella bourdotii
 * Tulasnella brinkmannii
 * Tulasnella bucina
 * Tulasnella calendulina
 * Tulasnella calospora
 * Tulasnella concentrica
 * Tulasnella conidiata
 * Tulasnella convivalis
 * Tulasnella cruciata
 * Tulasnella cumulopuntioides
 * Tulasnella curvispora
 * Tulasnella cystidiophora
 * Tulasnella danica
 * Tulasnella deliquescens
 * Tulasnella dendritica
 * Tulasnella densa
 * Tulasnella dissitispora
 * Tulasnella echinospora
 * Tulasnella eichleriana
 * Tulasnella ellipsoidea
 * Tulasnella epiphytica
 * Tulasnella eremophila
 * Tulasnella falcifera
 * Tulasnella fuscoviolacea
 * Tulasnella griseorubella
 * Tulasnella guttulata
 * Tulasnella helicospora
 * Tulasnella hyalina
 * Tulasnella inclusa
 * Tulasnella inquilinia
 * Tulasnella interrogans
 * Tulasnella irregularis
 * Tulasnella kiataensis
 * Tulasnella kirschneri
 * Tulasnella kongoensis
 * Tulasnella korungensis
 * Tulasnella lilacina
 * Tulasnella multinucleata
 * Tulasnella nerrigaensis
 * Tulasnella occidentalis
 * Tulasnella pacifica
 * Tulasnella pallida
 * Tulasnella pallidocremea
 * Tulasnella papillata
 * Tulasnella permacra
 * Tulasnella phuhinrongklaensis
 * Tulasnella pinicola
 * Tulasnella prima
 * Tulasnella pruinosa
 * Tulasnella punctata
 * Tulasnella quasiflorens
 * Tulasnella robusta
 * Tulasnella rogersii
 * Tulasnella rosea
 * Tulasnella saveloides
 * Tulasnella secunda
 * Tulasnella sphaerospora
 * Tulasnella sphagneti
 * Tulasnella subasymmetrica
 * Tulasnella subglobospora
 * Tulasnella thelephorea
 * Tulasnella tomaculum
 * Tulasnella traumatica
 * Tulasnella valentini
 * Tulasnella vernicosa
 * Tulasnella tubericola
 * Tulasnella violea
 * Tulasnella warcupii
 * Tulasnella zooctonia

Species currently regarded as synonyms by Species Fungorum

 * T. albolilacea = Tulasnella pallida
 * T. anceps = Rhizoctonia anceps, Ceratobasidiaceae
 * T. araneosa = Tulasnella pruinosa
 * T. caroliniana = Tulasnella allantospora
 * T. cinchonae - Rhizoctonia species, Ceratobasidiaceae
 * T. cremea = Tulasnella thelephorea
 * T. eichleriana var. lilaceocinerea = Tulasnella eichleriana
 * T. grisea = Rhizoctonia solani, Ceratobasidiaceae
 * T. incarnata sensu auct. = Tulasnella violea
 * T. inclusa sensu auct. = Tulasnella thelephorea
 * T. intrusa = Tulasnella albida
 * T. lactea = Tulasnella eichleriana
 * T. lividogrisea = Auriculariales species
 * T. metallica = Scotomyces subviolaceus, Ceratobasidiaceae
 * T. microspora = Tulasnella eichleriana
 * T. obscura = Tulasnella eichleriana
 * T. rosella = Tulasnella deliquescens
 * T. rubropallens = Tulasnella allantospora
 * T. sordida = Tulasnella pinicola
 * T. tremelloides = Tulasnella pinicola
 * T. violacea sensu auct. = Tulasnella pallida
 * T. vitrea = Basidiodendron species, Auriculariales