Turnpike trust



Turnpike trusts were bodies set up by individual acts of Parliament, with powers to collect road tolls for maintaining the principal roads in Britain from the 17th but especially during the 18th and 19th centuries. At the peak, in the 1830s, over 1,000 trusts administered around 30000 mi of turnpike road in England and Wales, taking tolls at almost 8,000 toll-gates and side-bars.

During the early 19th century the concept of the turnpike trust was adopted and adapted to manage roads within the British Empire (Ireland, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, India, and South Africa) and in the United States.

Turnpikes declined with the coming of the railways and then the Local Government Act 1888 gave responsibility for maintaining main roads to county councils and county borough councils.

Etymology
The term "turnpike" originates from the similarity of the gate used to control access to the road, to the barriers once used to defend against attack by cavalry (see cheval de frise). The turnpike consisted of a row of pikes or bars, each sharpened at one end, and attached to horizontal members which were secured at one end to an upright pole or axle, which could be rotated to open or close the gate.

Precursors to turnpike trusts
Pavage grants, originally made for paving the marketplace or streets of towns, began also to be used for maintaining some roads between towns in the 14th century. These grants were made by letters patent, almost invariably for a limited term, presumably the time likely to be required to pay for the required works.

Tudor statutes had placed responsibility on each parish vestry to maintain all its roads. This arrangement was adequate for roads that the parishioners used themselves but proved unsatisfactory for the principal highways that were used by long-distance travellers and waggoners. During the 17th century, the piecemeal approach to road maintenance caused acute problems on the main routes into London. As trade increased, the growing numbers of heavy carts and carriages led to serious deterioration in the state of these roads and this could not be remedied by the use of parish statute labour. A parliamentary bill was tabled in 1621/22 to relieve the parishes responsible for part of the Great North Road by imposing a scale of tolls on various sorts of traffic. The toll revenue was to be used in repairing the road, however, the bill was defeated. During the following forty years, the idea of making travellers contribute to the repair of roads was raised on several occasions.

Many parishes continued to struggle to find funds to repair major roads and in Hertfordshire, way wardens on behalf of the vestries stood frequent trial at quarter sessions for their failure to keep the Old North Road in a good state of repair. In 1656 the parish of Radwell, Hertfordshire petitioned their local sessions for help to maintain their section of the Great North Road. Probably as a result judges on the Hertfordshire, Cambridgeshire and Huntingdonshire circuit represented the matter to Parliament, it then passed an act that gave the local justices of the peace powers to erect toll-gates on a section of the road, between Wadesmill, Hertfordshire; Caxton, Cambridgeshire; and Stilton, Huntingdonshire for 11 years, the revenues so raised to be used for the maintenance of the road in their jurisdictions (15 Cha. 2. c. 1). The toll-gate erected at Wadesmill was the prototype in England. Parliament then gave similar powers to the justices in other counties in England and Wales. An example is the first Turnpike Act for Surrey in 1696 (8 & 9 Will. 3. c. 15), during the reign of William III for enhanced repairs between Reigate in Surrey and Crawley in Sussex. The act made provision to erect turnpikes, and appoint toll collectors; also to appoint surveyors, who were authorized by order of the justices to borrow money at five per cent interest, on security of the tolls.

The first turnpike trusts


The first scheme that had trustees who were not justices was established through a Turnpike Act in 1706 (6 Ann. c. 4) for a section of the London-Chester road between Fornhill (near Hockliffe) and Stony Stratford. The basic principle was that the trustees would manage resources from the several parishes through which the highway passed, augment this with tolls from users from outside the parishes and apply the whole to the maintenance of the main highway. This became the pattern for the turnpiking of a growing number of highways, sought by those who wished to improve flow of commerce through their part of a county.

The proposal to turnpike a particular section of road was normally a local initiative and a separate Act of Parliament was required to create each trust. The Act gave the trustees responsibility for maintaining a specified part of the existing highway. It provided them with powers to achieve this; the right to collect tolls from those using the road was particularly important. Local gentlemen, clergy and merchants were nominated as trustees and they appointed a clerk, a treasurer and a surveyor to actually administer and maintain the highway. These officers were paid by the trust. Trustees were not paid, though they derived indirect benefits from the better transport, which improved access to markets and led to increases in rental income and trade.

The first action of a new trust was to erect turnpike gates at which a fixed toll was charged. The Act gave a maximum toll allowable for each class of vehicle or animal – for instance one shilling and six pence for a coach pulled by four horses, a penny for an unladen horse and ten pence for a drove of 20 cows. The trustees could call on a portion of the statute duty from the parishes, either as labour or by a cash payment. The trust applied the income to pay for labour and materials to maintain the road. They were also able to mortgage future tolls to raise loans for new structures and for more substantial improvements to the existing highway.

The trusts applied some funds to erecting tollhouses that accommodated the pikeman or toll-collector beside the turnpike gate. Although trusts initially organised the collection of tolls directly, it became common for them to auction a lease to collect tolls. Specialist toll-farmers would make a fixed payment to the trust for the lease and then organise the day-to-day collection of the money, leaving themselves with a profit on their operations over a year.

The powers of a trust were limited, normally to 21 years, after which it was assumed that the responsibility for the now-improved road would be handed back to the parishes. However, trusts routinely sought new powers before this time limit, usually citing the need to pay off the debts incurred in repairing damage caused by a rising volume of traffic, or in building new sections of road.

The growth of the turnpike system
During the first three decades of the 18th century, sections of the main radial roads into London were put under the control of individual turnpike trusts. The pace at which new turnpikes were created picked up in the 1750s as trusts were formed to maintain the cross-routes between the Great Roads radiating from London. Roads leading into some provincial towns, particularly in Western England, were put under single trusts and key roads in Wales were turnpiked. In South Wales, the roads of complete counties were put under single turnpike trusts in the 1760s. A further surge of trust formation occurred in the 1770s, with the turnpiking of subsidiary connecting roads, routes over new bridges, new routes in the growing industrial areas and roads in Scotland. About 150 trusts were established by 1750; by 1772 a further 400 were established and, in 1800, there were over 700 trusts. In 1825 about 1,000 trusts controlled 18000 mi of road in England and Wales.

The Acts for these new trusts and the renewal Acts for the earlier trusts incorporated a growing list of powers and responsibilities. The Turnpike Acts of 1743 (17 Geo. 2. c. 4) and 1766 (7 Geo. 3. c. 40) and the General Turnpike Act of 1773 (13 Geo. 3. c. 84) made statutory provision for the erection of milestones along the turnpike roads indicating the distance between the main towns on the road. Users of the road were obliged to follow what were to become rules of the road, such as driving on the left and not damaging the road surface. Trusts could take additional tolls during the summer to pay for watering the road in order to lay the dust thrown up by fast-moving vehicles. Parliament also passed a few general Turnpike Acts dealing with the administration of the trusts and restrictions on the width of wheels – narrow wheels were said to cause a disproportionate amount of damage to the road.

The rate at which new trusts were created slowed in the early 19th century but the existing trusts were making major investments in highway improvement. The government had been directly involved in the building of military roads in Scotland following a rebellion in 1745, but the first national initiative was a scheme to aid communications with Ireland. Between 1815 and 1826 Thomas Telford undertook a major reorganization of the existing trusts along the London to Holyhead Road, and the construction of large sections of new road to avoid hindrances, particularly in North Wales.

By 1838 the turnpike trusts in England were collecting £1.5 million per year from leasing the collection of tolls but had a cumulative debt of £7 million, mainly as mortgages. Even at its greatest extent, the turnpike system only administered a fifth of the roads in Britain; the majority being maintained by the parishes. A trust would typically be responsible for about 20 mi of highway, although exceptions such as the Exeter Turnpike Trust controlled 147 mi of roads radiating from the city. On the Bath Road for instance, a traveller from London to the head of the Thames Valley in Wiltshire would pass through the jurisdiction of seven trusts, paying a toll at the gates of each. Although a few trusts built new bridges (e.g. at Shillingford over the Thames), most bridges remained a county responsibility. A few bridges were built with private funds and tolls taken at these (e.g., the present Swinford Toll Bridge over the Thames).

Quality
The quality of early turnpike roads was varied. Although turnpiking did result in some improvement to each highway, the technologies used to deal with geological features, drainage, and the effects of weather, were all in their infancy. Road construction improved slowly, initially through the efforts of individual surveyors such as John Metcalf in Yorkshire in the 1760s. 19th-century engineers made great advances, notably Thomas Telford and John Loudon McAdam.

The engineering work of Telford on the Holyhead Road (now the A5) in the 1820s reduced the journey time of the London mail coach from 45 hours to just 27 hours, and the best mail coach speeds rose from 5-6 mph (8–10 km/h) to 9-10 mph (14–16 km/h). McAdam and his sons were employed as general surveyors (consultant engineers) to many of the main turnpike trusts in southern England. They recommended the building of new sections of road to avoid obstructions, eased steep slopes and directed the relaying of existing road-beds with carefully graded stones to create a dry, fast-running surface (known as Macadamising). Coach design improved to take advantage of these better roads and in 1843 the London-to-Exeter mail coach could complete the 170-mile (270-km) journey in 17 hours.

Social impact
The introduction of toll gates had been resented by local communities which had freely used the routes for centuries. Early Acts had given magistrates powers to punish anyone damaging turnpike property, such as defacing milestones, breaking turnpike gates or avoiding tolls. Opposition was particularly intense in mountainous regions where good routes were scarce. In Mid Wales in 1839, new tolls on old roads sparked protests known as the Rebecca Riots. There were sporadic outbursts of vandalism and violent confrontation by gangs of 50 to 100 or more local men, and gatekeepers were told that if they resisted they would be killed. In 1844, the ringleaders were caught and transported to Australia as convicts. However, the result was that toll gates were dismantled and the trusts abolished in the six counties of South Wales, their powers being transferred to a roads board for each county.

Turnpike trusts
These are incomplete lists of trusts by county.

Bedfordshire
• Barford Turnpike Trust

• Bedford and Kimbolton Turnpike Trust

• Bedford and Luton Turnpike Trust

• Bedford and Newport Pagnell Turnpike Trust

• Bedford and Woburn Turnpike Trust

• Bedford to Sherrington Turnpike Trust

• Biggleswade to Alconbury Hill Turnpike Trust

• Cardington to Temsford Bridge Turnpike Trust

• Great Staughton to Lavendon Turnpike Trust

• Hitchin and Bedford Turnpike Trust

• Hockliffe and Woburn Turnpike Trust

• Luton District Turnpike Trust

• Potton Road Turnpike Trust

• Puddlehill Turnpike Trust

Berkshire
• Abingdon and Fyfield Turnpike Trust

• Abingdon, Wootton to Swinford Turnpike Trust

• Besselsleigh Turnpike Trust

• Chilton Pond and Abingdon Turnpike Trust

• Fyfield, Newbridge and St John's Bridge Turnpike Trust

• Harwell and Streatley Turnpike Trust

• Hinksey Road Turnpike Trust

• Hurley Turnpike Trust

• Leckford or Sousley Water Turnpike Trust

• Maidenhead Turnpike Trust

• Maidenhead to Cookham Turnpike Trust

• New Windsor and Twyford Turnpike Trust

• New Windsor to Datchet Turnpike Trust

• Reading and Basingstoke Turnpike Trust

• Shillingford and Reading Turnpike Trust

• Speenhamland to Marlborough Turnpike Trust

• Speenhamland to Reading Turnpike Trust

• Theale Road Turnpike Trust

• Twyford Turnpike Trust

• Twyford and Theale Turnpike Trust

• Wallingford, Wantage and Faringdon Turnpike Trust

Buckinghamshire
• Aylesbury and Hockliffe Turnpike Trust

• Aylesbury to West Wycomb Turnpike Trust

• Beaconsfield and Stokenchurch Turnpike Trust

• Bicester and Aylesbury Turnpike Trust

• Bromham and Olney Turnpike Trust

• Buckingham and Newport Pagnell Turnpike Trust

• Buckingham and Towcester Turnpike Trust

• Buckingham to Hanwell (Upper Div) Turnpike Trust

• Colnbrook Turnpike Trust

• Ellsborough to West Wycombe Turnpike Trust

• Gt Marlow and Stokenchurch Turnpike Trust

• Holyhead Road (Hockliffe Div) Turnpike Trust

• Princes Risborough and Thame Turnpike Trust

• Red Hill and Beaconsfield Turnpike Trust

• Wendover and Buckingham Turnpike Trust

• Wendover to Oak Lane Turnpike Trust

Cambridgeshire
• Arrington Turnpike Trust

• Cambridge to Ely and Soham (South District) Turnpike Trust

• Hauxton and Dunsbridge Turnpike Trust

• Littleport to Welney (North west district) Turnpike Trust

• Newmarket Heath Turnpike Trust

• Paper Mills Turnpike Trust

• Red Cross Turnpike Trust

• Royston to Wandesford Bridge (South District) Turnpike Trust

• St Neots to Cambridge Turnpike Trust

• Stump Cross Turnpike Trust

• Wisbech Turnpike Trust

• Wisbech and Thorney Turnpike Trust

• Wrestlingworth and Potton Turnpike Trust

Cheshire
• Ashton Lane End and Frodsham Turnpike Trust

• Chester and Frodsham Turnpike Trust

• Chester and Tarvin Turnpike Trust

• Chester and Whitchurch Turnpike Trust

• Chester and Wrexham Turnpike Trust

• Chester, Neston and Woodside Ferry Turnpike Trust

• Congleton and Buxton Turnpike Trust

• Congleton to Prestbury Turnpike Trust

• Cranage and Warrington Turnpike Trust

• Frodsham and Wilderspool Turnpike Trust

• Hinderton and Birkenhead Turnpike Trust

• Holmes Chapel and Chelford Turnpike Trust

• Hyde and Mottram Turnpike Trust

• Lawton and Cranage Turnpike Trust

• Little Neston to Hoose Turnpike Trust

• Macclesfield and Buxton Turnpike Trust

• Macclesfield and Congleton Turnpike Trust

• Macclesfield and Nether Tabley Turnpike Trust

• Macclesfield District of Sandon Turnpike Trust

• Manchester and Buxton Turnpike Trust

• Nantwich and Congleton Turnpike Trust

• Nantwich and Middlewich Turnpike Trust

• Nantwich and Weelock Road Turnpike Trust

• Nantwich and Woore Turnpike Trust

• Newcastle under Lyme and Nantwich Turnpike Trust

• Northwich and Kensall Turnpike Trust

• Runcorn and Northwich Turnpike Trust

• Sandbach and Congleton Turnpike Trust

• Spann Smithy, Booth Lane and Winsford Turnpike Trust

• Spann Smithy, Linley Lane Turnpike Trust

• Stayley Turnpike Trust

• Stockport and Ashton Turnpike Trust

• Stockport and Warrington Turnpike Trust

• Stockport to Marple Bridge Turnpike Trust

• Tarporley and Whitchurch Turnpike Trust

• Tarporley to Acton Forge Turnpike Trust

• Thornset Turnpike Trust

• Washway (Crossford Bridge to Altringham) Turnpike Trust

• Wilmslow Turnpike Trust

• Wilmslow to Church Lawton Turnpike Trust

• Wrexham to Barnhill Turnpike Trust

Cornwall
• Bodmin Turnpike Trust

• Bodmin and Roche Turnpike Trust

• Callington Turnpike Trust

• Camelford, Wadebridge and St Columb Turnpike Trust

• Creed and St Just Turnpike Trust

• Hayle Bridge Causeway Turnpike Trust

• Helston Turnpike Trust

• Launceston Turnpike Trust

• Liskeard Turnpike Trust

• Penryn and Redruth Turnpike Trust

• Penzance to St Just Turnpike Trust

• Saltash Turnpike Trust

• St Austell and Lostwithiel Turnpike Trust

• Trebarwith Sands Road Turnpike Trust

• Truro Turnpike Trust

Cumberland
• Alston Turnpike Trust

• Brampton and Longtown Turnpike Trust

• Broughham Bridge Turnpike Trust

• Burtryford Road (Alston New Road) Turnpike Trust

• Carlisle and Brampton Turnpike Trust

• Carlisle and Eamont Bridge Turnpike Trust

• Carlisle and Temon (Military Road) Turnpike Trust

• Carlisle to Skillbeck Turnpike Trust

• Carlisle to Westleton Turnpike Trust

• Cockermouth and Carlisle Turnpike Trust

• Cockermouth and Maryport Turnpike Trust

• Cockermouth and Workington Turnpike Trust

• Egremont to Salthouse Turnpike Trust

• Keswick Turnpike Trust

• Kingstown and Westlinton Bridge Turnpike Trust

• Longtown, Snab and Haithwaite Bridge Turnpike Trust

• Penrith to Chalk Beck Turnpike Trust

• Whitehaven Turnpike Trust

Derbyshire
• Alfreton and Derby Turnpike Trust

• Alfreton and Mansfield Turnpike Trust

• Alfreton, Higham and Tibshelf Turnpike Trust

• Ashbourne and Yoxall Bridge Turnpike Trust

• Ashbourne to Belper Bridge and Ripley Turnpike Trust

• Ashbourne, Sudbury Brimington Turnpike Trust

• Ashford and Buxton Turnpike Trust

• Bakewell to Bentley Turnpike Trust

• Banner Cross to Fox House Turnpike Trust

• Birkin Lane Turnpike Trust

• Brimington and Chesterfield Turnpike Trust

• Chapel en le Frith and Enterclough Bridge Turnpike Trust

• Chesterfield and Hernstone Lane Head Turnpike Trust

• Chesterfield to Matlock, Darley and Rowsley Bridges Turnpike Trust

• Chesterfield to Tibshelf Side Turnpike Trust

• Chesterfield to Worksop Turnpike Trust

• Cromford and Belper Turnpike Trust

• Cromford and Newhaven Turnpike Trust

• Cromford Bridge and Langley Mill Turnpike Trust

• Derby and Burton on Trent Turnpike Trust

• Derby and Duffield Turnpike Trust

• Derby to Hurdloe House Turnpike Trust

• Derby to Uttoxeter Turnpike Trust

• Derby, Mansfield and Nutthall Turnpike Trust

• Duffield and Heage Turnpike Trust

• Duffield and Sheffield Turnpike Trust

• Duffield and Wirksworth Turnpike Trust

• Glossop and Marple Bridge Turnpike Trust

• Haddon and Bentley Turnpike Trust

• Ideridgehay and Duffield Turnpike Trust

• London Turnpike Road Turnpike Trust

• Macclesfield to Chapel en le Frith Turnpike Trust

• Mansfield and Chesterfield Turnpike Trust

• Norton to Hathersage Turnpike Trust

• Nottingham Turnpike Trust

• Okerthorpe and Ashbourne Turnpike Trust

• Onecute Buxton Road Turnpike Trust

• Owler Bar Turnpike Trust

• Sheffield and Chapel en le Frith Turnpike Trust

• Sheffield and Gander Lane Turnpike Trust

• Sheffield and Glossop Turnpike Trust

• Temple Normanton and Tibshelf Turnpike Trust

• Tideswell, Blackwell, Edensor and Ashford Turnpike Trust

• Tupton and Ashover Turnpike Trust

• Wirksworth and Derby Turnpike Trust

Devon
• Ashburton Turnpike Trust

• Barnstaple Turnpike Trust

• Bideford Turnpike Trust

• Braunton Turnpike Trust

• Combe Martin Turnpike Trust

• Combe Martin & Ilfracombe Turnpike Trust

• Countess Wear Bridge Turnpike Trust

• Cullompton Turnpike Trust

• Dartmoor & Roborough Turnpike Trust

• Dartmouth, Torquay & Shaldon Turnpike Trust

• Devon & Dorset (Axminster) Turnpike Trust

• Exeter Turnpike Trust

• Exmouth Turnpike Trust

• Great Torrignton Turnpike Trust

• Hontion Turnpike Trust

• Honiton & Ilminster Turnpike Trust

• Honiton & Sidmouth Turnpike Trust

• Kingsbridge & Dartmouth Turnpike Trust

• Modbury Turnpike Trust

• Moretonhampstead Turnpike Trust

• Newton Bushell Turnpike Trust

• Okehampton Turnpike Trust

• Plymouth & Exeter Road Turnpike Trust

• Plymouth & Tavistock Turnpike Trust

• Plymouth Turnpike Trust

• Sidmouth to Cullompton Turnpike Trust

• South Molton Turnpike Trust

• Stonehouse Turnpike Trust

• Taunton Turnpike Trust

• Tavistock Turnpike Trust

• Tedburn St Mary to Chudleigh Turnpike Trust

• Teignmouth & Dawlish Turnpike Trust

• Tiverton Turnpike Trust

• Totnes & Bridgetown-Pomeroy Turnpike Trust

Dorset
• Abbotsbury & Bridport Turnpike Trust

• Blandford & Poole Turnpike Trust

• Blandford & Wimborne Turnpike Trust

• Bridport Turnpike Trust

• Bridport & Broadwindsor Turnpike Trust

• Cerne Abbas Turnpike Trust

• Dorchester & Wool Turnpike Trust

• Harnham, Blandford & Dorchester Turnpike Trust

• Lyme Regis Turnpike Trust

• Maiden Newton Turnpike Trust

• Poole Turnpike Trust

• Puddletown & Wimborne Turnpike Trust

• Shaftesbury & Blandford Turnpike Trust

• Sherborne Turnpike Trust

• Vale of Blackmoor Turnpike Trust

• Wareham Turnpike Trust

• Weymouth Backwater Bridge & Road Turnpike Trust

• Weymouth, Melcombe Regis & Dorchester Turnpike Trust

• Yeovil Turnpike Trust

Durham
• Berwick and North Durham Turnpike Trust

• Bishopswearmouth and Norton Turnpike Trust

• Boroughbridge and Durham Turnpike Trust

• Bowes and Sunderland Bridge Turnpike Trust

• Catterick Bridge to Durham Turnpike Trust

• Cockerton Bridge and Staindrop Turnpike Trust

• Cows Hill to Calton Turnpike Trust

• Darlington and West Auckland Turnpike Trust

• Darlington or Angel Inn and Barton Lane End Turnpike Trust

• Darlington to Middleton Tyas Turnpike Trust

• Derwent and Shotley Bridge Turnpike Trust

• Durham and Shotley Bridge Turnpike Trust

• Durham and Sunderland Turnpike Trust

• Durham and Tyne Bridge Turnpike Trust

• Edmondbyers Turnpike Trust

• Eggleston Coal Road Turnpike Trust

• Gateshead and Hexham Turnpike Trust

• Lobley Hill and Branches Turnpike Trust

• Middleton to Staindrop Turnpike Trust

• Ovingham to Pywell Turnpike Trust

• Piercebridge to Kirkmellington Turnpike Trust

• South Shields Turnpike Trust

• Stanhope to Shotley Turnpike Trust

• Stockton and Barnard Castle Turnpike Trust

• Wearmouth Bridge and Tyne Bridge and Branches Turnpike Trust

• West Auckland Turnpike Trust

• Whickham to Stanhope Turnpike Trust

• Winlaton to Shotley Bridge Turnpike Trust

Essex
• Barking and Tibury Fort Road Turnpike Trust

• Chelmsford Turnpike Trust

• Coggeshall and Bocking Turnpike Trust

• Colchester Turnpike Trust

• Dunmow Turnpike Trust

• Epping and Ongar Turnpike Trust

• Essex Second District Turnpike Trust

• Halsted Turnpike Trust

• Hockerill Turnpike Trust

• Middlesex and Essex Turnpike Trust

• Notley Turnpike Trust

• Rochford Hundred Turnpike Trust

• Shenfield to Harwich Turnpike Trust

• Thundersley to Hornden Turnpike Trust

Gloucestershire
• Berkeley, Dursley Turnpike Trust

• Berkeley, Dursley, Wotton Under Edge, Frocester and Caincross Turnpike Trust

• Bibury or Dancy's Fancy Turnpike Trust

• Bristol Turnpike Trust

• Broadway to Mickleton Turnpike Trust

• Burford to Preston Turnpike Trust

• Cainscross Turnpike Trust

• Campden and Clifford Turnpike Trust

• Chapel-on-the-Heath and Bourton-on-the-Hill Turnpike Trust

• Cheltenham Turnpike Trust

• Cheltenham and Gloucester Turnpike Trust

• Cheltenham and Painswick Turnpike Trust

• Cheltenham and Tewkesbury Turnpike Trust

• Chipping Campden Turnpike Trust

• Cirencester Turnpike Trust

• Cirencester and Bath Turnpike Trust

• Cirencester and Wootton Bassett Turnpike Trust

• Cirencester to Birdlip Turnpike Trust

• Cirencester to Stroud Turnpike Trust

• Cirencester to Tetbury Turnpike Trust

• Cleeve and Evesham Turnpike Trust

• Coldharbour Turnpike Trust

• Crickley Hill to Frogg Mill Turnpike Trust

• Elton Turnpike Trust

• Forest of Dean Turnpike Trust

• Foss and Cross (Stow on the Wold) Turnpike Trust

• Frocester Turnpike Trust

• Haw Bridge and Roads Turnpike Trust

• Huntley and Mitcheldean Turnpike Trust

• Kingsholm Turnpike Trust

• Kingswood Turnpike Trust

• Lightpill and Birdlip Turnpike Trust

• Maisemore Turnpike Trust

• Malmesbury Turnpike Trust

• Marshfield Turnpike Trust

• Minchinhampton, Tetbury and Bisley Turnpike Trust

• Nailsworth, Woodchester and Dudbridge Turnpike Trust

• Newent Turnpike Trust

• Newnham to Little Dean Turnpike Trust

• Northgate Turnpike Trust

• Over Turnpike Trust

• Painswick Turnpike Trust

• Pucklechurch Turnpike Trust

• Redbrook to St Arvans Turnpike Trust

• Sodbury Division Turnpike Trust

• Southgate Turnpike Trust

• Stroud and Bisley Turnpike Trust

• Stroud and Chalford Turnpike Trust

• Stroud and Gloucester (thru Pitchcombe) Turnpike Trust

• Stroud to Sapperton Turnpike Trust

• Stroud, Caincross and Minchinhampton Turnpike Trust

• Stump Cross Turnpike Trust

• Tewkesbury Turnpike Trust

• Tewkesbury Severn Bridge and Roads Turnpike Trust

• Winchcombe Turnpike Trust

• Wootton Under Edge Turnpike Trust

Hampshire
• Aldermaston and Basingstoke Turnpike Trust

• Andover and Basingstoke Turnpike Trust

• Andover and Chilton Pond Turnpike Trust

• Andover and Winchester, Andover District Turnpike Trust

• Andover Station Turnpike Trust

• Basingstoke, Hartfordbridge and Blackwater Turnpike Trust

• Basingstoke, Odiham, Alton Turnpike Trust

• Basingstoke, Preston Candover and Alton Turnpike Trust

• Bishops Waltham and Fisher's Pond Turnpike Trust

• Botley Turnpike Trust

• Christchurch and Lyndhurst Turnpike Trust

• Cranbourne Chase and New Forest Turnpike Trust

• Farnham and Petersfield Turnpike Trust

• Gosport and Bishops Waltham, Wickham and Chawton Turnpike Trust

• Isle of Wight Highways Turnpike Trust

• London and Southampton through Bishops Waltham Turnpike Trust

• Lower St Cross, Mill Lane to Park Gate Turnpike Trust

• Lymington, Lyndhurst and Rumbridge Turnpike Trust

• Odiham and Alton Turnpike Trust

• Odiham and Farnham Turnpike Trust

• Petersfield to near Ropley Turnpike Trust

• Popham Lane to Winchester Turnpike Trust

• Portsmouth and Sheet Bridge Turnpike Trust

• Ringwood, Longham and Leigh Turnpike Trust

• Romsey and Ringwood Turnpike Trust

• Romsey, Broughton, Stockbridge and Wallop Turnpike Trust

• Southampton Turnpike Trust

• Stockbridge and Basingstoke Turnpike Trust

• Stockbridge and Winchester Turnpike Trust

• Titchfield and Cosham Turnpike Trust

• Whitchurch and Aldermaston Turnpike Trust

• Whiteparish, Romsey and Southampton Turnpike Trust

• Winchester and Alton, Lower District Turnpike Trust

• Winchester and Gosport Turnpike Trust

• Winchester and Romsey Turnpike Trust

• Winchester and Waltham Turnpike Trust

• Winchester to Newtown River Turnpike Trust

• Winchester to Petersfield Turnpike Trust

• Winchester, Upper District (Bagshot to Farnham) Turnpike Trust

Herefordshire
• Blue Mantle Hall Turnpike Trust

• Bromyard Turnpike Trust

• Clifford to Dewchurch Turnpike Trust

• Crickhowell to New Inn Turnpike Trust

• Hereford Turnpike Trust

• Hope to Bromyard Turnpike Trust

• Kingsham, Kington, Radnor Turnpike Trust

• Kington Turnpike Trust

• Ledbury Turnpike Trust

• Leominster Turnpike Trust

• Leominster and Ledbury Turnpike Trust

• Madeley Turnpike Trust

• Monkland and Parton Turnpike Trust

• Presteigne Turnpike Trust

• Presteigne to Knighton Turnpike Trust

• Ross Turnpike Trust

• Ross, Abergavenny, Gosmont and Hay Turnpike Trust

• Whitchurch and Llangarren Turnpike Trust

• Whitney and Brewardine Turnpike Trust

• Wyeside Turnpike Trust

Hertfordshire
• Baldock and Bournbridge Turnpike Trust

• Cheshunt Turnpike Trust

• Dunstable Turnpike Trust

• Enfield Chase or Galley Corner Turnpike Trust

• Galley Corner to Lemsford Turnpike Trust

• Hockerill Turnpike Trust

• Pondyards (St. Albans) and Barnet Turnpike Trust

• Reading and Hatfield Turnpike Trust

• Sparrows Herne Turnpike Trust

• Stevenage and Biggleswade Turnpike Trust

• Wadesmill Turnpike Trust

• Watton Turnpike Trust

• Welwyn Turnpike Trust

Huntingdonshire
• Bury and Stratton Turnpike Trust

• Godmanchester and Hartford Turnpike Trust

• Godmanchester to Cambridge Turnpike Trust

• Kimbolton Turnpike Trust

• Oundle to Alconbury Turnpike Trust

• Ramsey to Huntingdon Turnpike Trust

• Somersham Turnpike Trust

• Stilton Turnpike Trust

Kent
• Ashford and Ham Street Turnpike Trust

• Ashford and Maidstone Turnpike Trust

• Ashford to Orlestone Turnpike Trust

• Ashford to Tenderton Turnpike Trust

• Benenden Turnpike Trust

• Bethersden Turnpike Trust

• Biddenden Turnpike Trust

• Biddenden to Boundgate Turnpike Trust

• Brandbridges Turnpike Trust

• Bromley to Farnborough Turnpike Trust

• Canterbury and Barnham Turnpike Trust

• Canterbury and Ramsgate Turnpike Trust

• Canterbury and Sandwich Turnpike Trust

• Chatham and Canterbury Turnpike Trust

• Cranbrooke to Sandhurst Turnpike Trust

• Dartford and Sevenoaks Turnpike Trust

• Dartford and Strood Turnpike Trust

• Dover and Sandgate Turnpike Trust

• Dover, Deal to Sandwich Turnpike Trust

• Dover, Walfdershare to Sandwich Turnpike Trust

• Dover to Barham Downs Turnpike Trust

• East Malling to Pembury Green Turnpike Trust

• Farnborough to Severnoaks Turnpike Trust

• Faversham to Hythe and Canterbury Turnpike Trust

• Folkestone and Barham Turnpike Trust

• Goudhurst Turnpike Trust

• Goudhurst, Gore and Stilebridge Turnpike Trust

• Gravesend and Wrotham Turnpike Trust

• Greenwich and Woolwich Lower Road Turnpike Trust

• Herne Bay Turnpike Trust

• Ightham Turnpike Trust

• Kippings Cross and Flimwell Vent Turnpike Trust

• Kippings Cross and Willsley Pond Turnpike Trust

• Maidstone and Biddenden Turnpike Trust

• Maidstone and Cranbrook Turnpike Trust

• Maidstone and Key Street Turnpike Trust

• Malling and Strood Turnpike Trust

• New Cross Turnpike Trust

• Penshurst, Wat's Cross and Cowden Turnpike Trust

• Rochester and Maidstone Turnpike Trust

• Rolvenden Turnpike Trust

• Sandwich, Margate and Ramsgate Turnpike Trust

• Sevenoaks Turnpike Trust

• Shoreham to Chelsfield Turnpike Trust

• Snodland to Strood Turnpike Trust

• Stockerhead to Chilham Turnpike Trust

• Stokershead to Bagham's Cross Turnpike Trust

• Tenterden Turnpike Trust

• Tenterden to Warehorne Turnpike Trust

• Tonbridge Turnpike Trust

• Tonbridge and Ightham Turnpike Trust

• Tonbridge and Maidstone Turnpike Trust

• Tunbridge Wells to Uckfield Turnpike Trust

• Wadhurst and West Farleigh Turnpike Trust

• West Peckham to Hadlow Turnpike Trust

• Westerham and Edenbridge Turnpike Trust

• Westerham to Titsey Turnpike Trust

• Whistable Turnpike Trust

• Wooodchurch Turnpike Trust

• Wrotham and Maidstone Turnpike Trust

• Wrotham Heath Turnpike Trust

• Wrotham Heath to Oxted Turnpike Trust

Lancashire
• Addington and Westhoughton Turnpike Trust

• Agecroft District Turnpike Trust

• Ashton and Platt Bridge Turnpike Trust

• Ashton under Lyne to Saddleworth Turnpike Trust

• Balderston and Burscough Bridge Turnpike Trust

• Barton Bridge and Moses Gate Turnpike Trust

• Barton Bridge and Stretford Turnpike Trust

• Blackburn and Preston Turnpike Trust

• Blackburn to Addingham and Cocking End Turnpike Trust

• Blackburn to Walton Cop Turnpike Trust

• Bolee Turnpike Trust

• Bolton and Blackburn Turnpike Trust

• Bolton and Nightingale Turnpike Trust

• Bolton and St Helens Turnpike Trust

• Bolton and Westhoughton Turnpike Trust

• Bolton to Haslingdon Turnpike Trust

• Bolton to Leigh Turnpike Trust

• Burnley to Edenfield Chapel Turnpike Trust

• Burnley to Tottington Turnpike Trust

• Bury and Bolton Turnpike Trust

• Bury to Blackburn, Whalley etc Turnpike Trust

• Clitheroe to Blackburn and Mellor Brook Turnpike Trust

• Dryclough, Shaw, Rochdale Turnpike Trust

• Eccles to Farnworth Turnpike Trust

• Edenfield Chapel and Bury Bridge Turnpike Trust

• Elton and Blackburn Turnpike Trust

• Garstang and Herring-syke Turnpike Trust

• Gilda Brook and Irlam Turnpike Trust

• Gisburne and Long Preston Turnpike Trust

• Haslingden and Todmorden Turnpike Trust

• Heath Charnock to Bolton Turnpike Trust

• Heywood to Heaton Turnpike Trust

• Hulme and Eccles Turnpike Trust

• Hulme and Stretford Turnpike Trust

• Hulton Turnpike Trust

• Ince, Hindley and Westhoughton Turnpike Trust

• Irlam Turnpike Trust

• Kirby Kendall and Kirby Ireleth Turnpike Trust

• Liverpool and Preston Turnpike Trust

• Liverpool, Prescot, Ashton and Warrington Turnpike Trust

• Livesey Branch Turnpike Trust

• Manchester and Ashton under Lyne Turnpike Trust

• Manchester and Bury Turnpike Trust

• Manchester and Oldham and Austerlands Turnpike Trust

• Manchester to Bolton Turnpike Trust

• Manchester to Newton Chapel Turnpike Trust

• Manchester to Pilkington Turnpike Trust

• Manchester to Rochdale, Bury etc Turnpike Trust

• Manchester to Saltersbrook Turnpike Trust

• Manchester, Denton, Stockport Turnpike Trust

• Matherfold and Hardman's Turnpike Trust

• Oldham and Ripponden Turnpike Trust

• Pendleton District Turnpike Trust

• Penwortham and Wrightington Turnpike Trust

• Preston and Garstang Turnpike Trust

• Prestwick and Bury Turnpike Trust

• Richmond and Lancaster Turnpike Trust

• Ridghill and Lanes and Holehouse Turnpike Trust

• Rochdale and Burnley Turnpike Trust

• Rochdale and Edenfield Turnpike Trust

• Rochdale and Manchester Turnpike Trust

• Rochdale, Bamford and Bury Turnpike Trust

• Saddleworth to Oldham Turnpike Trust

• Salford to Wigan Turnpike Trust

• Sharples and Houghton Turnpike Trust

• Standedge and Oldham Turnpike Trust

• Stretford to Manchester Turnpike Trust

• Sudden Bridge to Bury Turnpike Trust

• Swinton District Turnpike Trust

• Ulverston and Carnforth Turnpike Trust

• Warrington and Lower Irlam Turnpike Trust

• Warrington and Wigan Turnpike Trust

• Werneth and Littleborough Turnpike Trust

• Wigan and Preston Turnpike Trust

Leicestershire
• Appleby Turnpike Trust

• Ashby de la Zouch Turnpike Trust

• Bridgeford Lane and Kettering Turnpike Trust

• Burton on Trent to Market Bosworth Turnpike Trust

• Desford Turnpike Trust

• Hinckley and Lutterworth Turnpike Trust

• Hinckley and Melbourne Turnpike Trust

• Hinckley and Narborough Turnpike Trust

• Leicester and Lutterworth Turnpike Trust

• Leicester and Welford Turnpike Trust

• Leicester to Coventry Turnpike Trust

• Leicester to Peterborough Turnpike Trust

• Loughborough and Ashby de la Zouch etc Turnpike Trust

• Loughborough to Cavendish Bridge Turnpike Trust

• Market Harborough and Coventry Turnpike Trust

• Market Harborough and Loughborough Turnpike Trust

• Markfield and Whitwick Turnpike Trust

• Melton Mowbray Turnpike Trust

• Melton Mowbray and Grantham Turnpike Trust

• Moira and Hartshorne Turnpike Trust

• Pinwall Lane Turnpike Trust

• Sapcote and Narborough Turnpike Trust

• Tamworth to Harrington Bridge Turnpike Trust

• Uppingham Turnpike Trust

• Wanlip Turnpike Trust

Lincolnshire
• Alford to Boston Turnpike Trust

• Bourn Turnpike Trust

• Bracebridge to Lincoln Turnpike Trust

• Bridge-End Turnpike Trust

• Deeping and Morcott Turnpike Trust

• Dexthorpe Turnpike Trust

• Donington Turnpike Trust

• Donington to Hacconbury Field Turnpike Trust

• Foston Turnpike Trust

• Grantham and Nottingham Turnpike Trust

• Grantham to Foston Bridge Turnpike Trust

• Grantham to Swaton Turnpike Trust

• Great Grimsby Haven to Irby Turnpike Trust

• Holbeach Turnpike Trust

• Leadenham and Southwell Turnpike Trust

• Lincoln Turnpike Trust

• Lincoln Heath to Peterborough Turnpike Trust

• Lincoln, Brigg, Barton and Caistor Turnpike Trust

• Littleworth Turnpike Trust

• Louth Turnpike Trust

• Saltfleet to Louth Turnpike Trust

• Scartho Turnpike Trust

• Sleaford and Tattershall Turnpike Trust

• Spalding and Cowbit Bank Turnpike Trust

• Spalding and Donington Turnpike Trust

• Spilsby Turnpike Trust

• Stamford to Grantham Turnpike Trust

• Swineshead and Fosdyke Turnpike Trust

• Wragby Turnpike Trust

Middlesex
• Bethnel Green to Church Street Turnpike Trust

• Brompton to Fulham Road Turnpike Trust

• Camden Town to Holloway Turnpike Trust

• Cannon Street Turnpike Trust

• Commercial Road Turnpike Trust

• Earls Court to Hammersmith Bridge Turnpike Trust

• East India Docks Road Turnpike Trust

• Highbury to Shoreditch Turnpike Trust

• Islington Old Street Turnpike Trust

• Jeremy's Ferry to Snaresbrook Turnpike Trust

• Kensington to Cranford Bridge Turnpike Trust

• Kentish Town Junction Turnpike Trust

• Marylebone to Finchley Road Turnpike Trust

• Metropolis North of Thames Turnpike Trust

• New North Road Turnpike Trust

• Paddington to Harrow Turnpike Trust

• Pinner and Rickmansworth Turnpike Trust

• Shoreditch to Goswell Street Turnpike Trust

• Staines and Bedfont Turnpike Trust

• Staines and Hampton Turnpike Trust

• Tower Hill to Smithffield Turnpike Trust

• Wheatstone Turnpike Trust

Norfolk
• Aylsham and Cromer Turnpike Trust

• Downham and Fincham Turnpike Trust

• Ely to Downham Turnpike Trust

• Great Yarmouth to Acle and Branches Turnpike Trust

• Kings Lynn to Hillington Turnpike Trust

• Lynn – East Gate (Dersingham and Hillington) Turnpike Trust

• Lynn – South Gate Turnpike Trust

• Lynn and Wisbech Turnpike Trust

• New Buckenham Turnpike Trust

• North Walsham Turnpike Trust

• Norwich and Fakenham Turnpike Trust

• Norwich and Scole Turnpike Trust

• Norwich and Swaffham Turnpike Trust

• Norwich and Watton Turnpike Trust

• Norwich and Yarmouth Turnpike Trust

• Norwich to Block Hill Turnpike Trust

• Stoke Ferry Turnpike Trust

• Thetford (to Norwich) Turnpike Trust

• Wells to Fakenham Turnpike Trust

Northamptonshire
• Banbury to Drayton Turnpike Trust

• Buckingham and Hanwell – Weeping Cross Turnpike Trust

• Buckingham, Brackley, Banbury Turnpike Trust

• Crowland and Eye Turnpike Trust

• Dunchurch Turnpike Trust

• Hardingstone to Old Stratford Turnpike Trust

• Higham Ferrers Turnpike Trust

• Kettering and Newport Pagnell Turnpike Trust

• Kettering and Northampton Turnpike Trust

• Lincoln Turnpike Trust

• Little Bowden and Rockingham Turnpike Trust

• Lutterworth to Badby Turnpike Trust

• Market Harborough and Brampton Turnpike Trust

• Market Harborough and Welford Turnpike Trust

• Northampton (Hardingstone to Lathbury) Turnpike Trust

• Northampton and Cold Brayfield Turnpike Trust

• Northampton to Dunchurch Turnpike Trust

• Northampton to Newport Pagnell Turnpike Trust

• Nottingham, Melton and Kettering Turnpike Trust

• Old Stratford to Dunchurch Turnpike Trust

• Oundle and Weldon Turnpike Trust

• Peterborough and Wellingborough Turnpike Trust

• Stamford and Kettering Turnpike Trust

• Thorney Road Turnpike Trust

• Towcester and Cotton End Turnpike Trust

• Towcester, Brackley to Weston Turnpike Trust

• Wansford Turnpike Trust

• Wansford Road Turnpike Trust

• Warwick and Northampton Turnpike Trust

• Wellingborough and Northampton Turnpike Trust

Northumberland
• Allendale Turnpike Trust

• Alnmouth and Hexham Turnpike Trust

• Alnwick to Eddlingham Turnpike Trust

• Bartry Ford to Burnstones Turnpike Trust

• Belford to Ford Bridge Turnpike Trust

• Cow-causey and Buckton-Burn Turnpike Trust

• Deanburn Bridge, Berwick, Cornhill Turnpike Trust

• Elsdon and Rudwater Turnpike Trust

• Ford, Lowick and Redscar Turnpike Trust

• Glenwilt to Shildon Common Turnpike Trust

• Hexham Turnpike Trust

• Hexham to Alston Turnpike Trust

• Kelso to Cornhill Turnpike Trust

• Newcastle upon Tyne to Carlisle Turnpike Trust

• Newcastle upon Tyne to River Wanspeck Turnpike Trust

• North Shields and Newcastle upon Tyne Turnpike Trust

• Percy's Cross to Millfield Turnpike Trust

• Ponteland Turnpike Trust

• Shields and Morpeth Turnpike Trust

• Wooler and Adderstone Turnpike Trust

• Wooler and Beamish Turnpike Trust

Nottinghamshire
• Bawtry and East Markham Common Turnpike Trust

• Bawtry Bridge to Hainton Turnpike Trust

• Bingham Turnpike Trust

• Clown and Budby Turnpike Trust

• Dunham and Darlton Turnpike Trust

• Foston Bridge and Little Drayton Turnpike Trust

• Gainsborough and Retford Turnpike Trust

• Kirby and Pinxton Turnpike Trust

• Kirklington and Hockerton Turnpike Trust

• Leadenham and Southwell Turnpike Trust

• Mansfield and Tibshelf Turnpike Trust

• Mansfield to Worksop Turnpike Trust

• North Road Turnpike Trust

• Nottingham and Derby Turnpike Trust

• Nottingham and Grantham Turnpike Trust

• Nottingham and Ilkeston Turnpike Trust

• Nottingham and Loughborough Turnpike Trust

• Nottingham and Mansfield Turnpike Trust

• Nottingham and Newhaven Turnpike Trust

• Nottingham, Melton and Kettering Turnpike Trust

• Old Trent Bridge to Nottingham Turnpike Trust

• Retford and Littleborough Turnpike Trust

• Scrooby Turnpike Trust

• Worksop and Kelham Turnpike Trust

• Worksop to Retford Turnpike Trust

Oxfordshire
• Asthal and Buckland Turnpike Trust

• Aylesbury, Thame and Shillingford Turnpike Trust

• Banbury to Barcheston Turnpike Trust

• Barrington to Campsfield Turnpike Trust

• Bicester, Aynho and Finmere Turnpike Trust

• Botley, Fyfield, and Newlands Turnpike Trust

• Burford and Lechlade Turnpike Trust

• Burford, Chipping Norton and Banbury Turnpike Trust

• Charlbury Roads Turnpike Trust

• Drayton Lane and Edgehill Turnpike Trust

• Enstone, Heyford and Bicester Turnpike Trust

• Faringdon to Burford Turnpike Trust

• Galley Hill and Clanfield Turnpike Trust

• Gosford Gate Turnpike Trust

• Henley and Dorchester Turnpike Trust

• Islip District Turnpike Trust

• Kidlington and Deddington Turnpike Trust

• Oxford Mileways

• St Clements Turnpike Trust

• Stokenchurch, Wheatley, Begbroke Turnpike Trust

• Stony Stratford to Woodstock Turnpike Trust

• Thame and Bicester Turnpike Trust

• Thame to Postcombe Turnpike Trust

• Woodstock to Rollright Lane Turnpike Trust

Shropshire
• Atcham to Dorrington Turnpike Trust

• Audem and Woore Turnpike Trust

• Bishops Castle Turnpike Trust

• Bridgnorth and Shifnal Turnpike Trust

• Bridgnorth to Black Brook Turnpike Trust

• Bridgnorth Morvill Turnpike Trust

• Bridgnorth Smithy Brook Turnpike Trust

• Burlton and Llanymynech Turnpike Trust

• Cleobury Mortimer District Turnpike Trust

• Cleobury North and Ditton Priors Turnpike Trust

• Coalbrookdale and Wellington Turnpike Trust

• Ellesmere District of Shrewsbury and Wrexham, and Harmer Hill Branch Turnpike Trust

• Honington and Hilton Turnpike Trust

• Ironbridge (Buildwas to Tern Bridges) Turnpike Trust

• Kelsall to Whiston Cross Turnpike Trust

• King-Street Turnpike Trust

• Ludlow Turnpike Trust

• Madeley Turnpike Trust

• Marchwiaill, Bangor Whitchurch Turnpike Trust

• Ministerley to Churchstoke Turnpike Trust

• Much Wenlock to Church Stretton Turnpike Trust

• Newport and Ternhill Turnpike Trust

• Oswestry Turnpike Trust

• Preston Brockhurst Turnpike Trust

• Shawbury Turnpike Trust

• Shifnal District of Holyhead Road Turnpike Trust

• Shrewsbury to Baschurch Turnpike Trust

• Shrewsbury to Bridgnorth Turnpike Trust

• Shrewsbury to Church Stretton and Condover Turnpike Trust

• Shrewsbury to Longden and Castle Pulverbach Turnpike Trust

• Shrewsbury to Minsterley Turnpike Trust

• Shrewsbury to Welshpool Turnpike Trust

• Shrewsbury to Westbury Turnpike Trust

• Wall under Haywood to Blackwood Turnpike Trust

• Watling Street, By Road Turnpike Trust

• Watling Street, Shrewsbury District and Branch Turnpike Trust

• Watling Street, Wellington District Turnpike Trust

• Welch Gate and Cotton Hill to Shrewsbury Turnpike Trust

• Wem Turnpike Trust

• Wem to Bron y Garth Turnpike Trust

• Wem to Sandford Turnpike Trust

• Wenlock Turnpike Trust

• Whitchurch to Madeley etc Turnpike Trust

• Whitchurch to Ternhill Turnpike Trust

Somerset
• Allington to Crewkerne Turnpike Trust

• Bath Turnpike Trust

• Black Dog Turnpike Trust

• Bridgwater Turnpike Trust

• Bristol Turnpike Trust

• Bruton Turnpike Trust

• Chard Turnpike Trust

• Crewkerne Turnpike Trust

• Frome Turnpike Trust

• High Ham Turnpike Trust

• Honiton Turnpike Trust

• Honiton & Ilminster Turnpike Trust

• Ilchester Turnpike Trust

• Ilminster Turnpike Trust

• Langport, Somerton & Castle Cary Turnpike Trust

• Martock & South Petherton Turnpike Trust

• Minehead Roads Turnpike Trust

• Radstock Turnpike Trust

• Shepton Mallet Turnpike Trust

• Taunton Turnpike Trust

• Tiverton Turnpike Trust

• Wedmore Turnpike Trust

• Wells Turnpike Trust

• Wells, Highbridge & Cheddar Turnpike Trust

• West Harptree Turnpike Trust

• Weston-super-Mare & Worle Turnpike Trust

• Wincanton Turnpike Trust

• Wiveliscombe Turnpike Trust

• Yeovil Turnpike Trust

Suffolk
• Aldeburgh to Yoxford Turnpike Trust

• Brandon and Barton Turnpike Trust

• Bury St Edmunds and Newmarket Turnpike Trust

• Bury St Edmunds to Cranwich Turnpike Trust

• Claydon, Blakenham, Brockford and Stowmarket Turnpike Trust

• Haverhill to Shelford Turnpike Trust

• Ipswich to Debenham Turnpike Trust

• Ipswich to Helmingham Turnpike Trust

• Ipswich to South Town, and Darsham to Bungay Turnpike Trust

• Ipswich to Stratford St Mary Turnpike Trust

• Lakenheath and Hockwold Turnpike Trust

• Little Yarmouth Turnpike Trust

• Mildenhall Burntfen Turnpike Trust

• Scole Bridge to Bury St Edmunds Turnpike Trust

• South Town Turnpike Trust

• Sudbury to Bury St Edmunds Turnpike Trust

• Thetford and Newmarket Turnpike Trust

• Woodbridge to Eye Turnpike Trust

Surrey
• Alford and Guildford Turnpike Trust

• Bagshot to Hertfordbridge Turnpike Trust

• Bermondsey, Rotherhithe and Deptford Turnpike Trust

• Blackfriars to Newington Butts Turnpike Trust

• Bramley and Ridgewick Turnpike Trust

• Croydon and Reigate Turnpike Trust

• Egham and Bagshot Turnpike Trust

• Epsom, Ewell, Tooting etc Turnpike Trust

• Gatton Lodge to Povey Cross Turnpike Trust

• Godalming and Painshill Turnpike Trust

• Godstone and Highgate Turnpike Trust

• Guildford and Farnham Turnpike Trust

• Haslemere Turnpike Trust

• Kent Road to Deptford Turnpike Trust

• Kingston and Leatherhead Turnpike Trust

• Kingston and Sheetbridge Turnpike Trust

• Leatherhead and Stoke next Guildford Turnpike Trust

• Limpsfield Turnpike Trust

• Ockley and Warnham Turnpike Trust

• Reigate Turnpike Trust

• Southwark to Kent Street Turnpike Trust

• Surrey and Sussex Turnpike Trust

• Surrey New Roads Turnpike Trust

Sussex
• Alford Bars and Newbridge Turnpike Trust

• Arundel to Petworth Turnpike Trust

• Beech Down to Heathfield etc Turnpike Trust

• Beeding to Old Shoreham Turnpike Trust

• Billingshurst to Broadbridge Heath Turnpike Trust

• Brede Turnpike Trust

• Brighton and Newhaven Turnpike Trust

• Brighton, Cuckfield and West Grimsted Turnpike Trust

• Brighton, Shoreham and Lancing Turnpike Trust

• Broil Park-Gate to Battle Turnpike Trust

• Burwash to Ticehurst Turnpike Trust

• Bury Turnpike Trust

• Chichester, Dell Quay and Fernhurst Turnpike Trust

• Cosham to Chichester Turnpike Trust

• Cowfold to Henfield Turnpike Trust

• Crouch Hill and Hurstpeirpoint Turnpike Trust

• Ditcheling and Clayton Branch Turnpike Trust

• Etchingham to Burwash Turnpike Trust

• Ewhurst to Norian Turnpike Trust

• Five Oaks Turnpike Trust

• Flimwell to Hastings Turnpike Trust

• Henfield Turnpike Trust

• Henfield to Brighthelmston Turnpike Trust

• Hodges and Cuckfield Turnpike Trust

• Hollington and Hastings Turnpike Trust

• Horley and Cuckfield Turnpike Trust

• Horley Common to Uckfield Turnpike Trust

• Horsebridge and Horsham Turnpike Trust

• Horsham and Crawley Turnpike Trust

• Horsham and Dorking Turnpike Trust

• Horsham and Guildford Turnpike Trust

• Horsham and Steyning Turnpike Trust

• Hurstpierpoint and Cuckfield Turnpike Trust

• Hurstpierpoint and Pontings Branch Turnpike Trust

• Lewes and Brighthelmston Turnpike Trust

• Lewes, Eastbourne and Hailsham Turnpike Trust

• Malling Street to Wych Cross Turnpike Trust

• Mayfield and Wadhurst Turnpike Trust

• Midhurst and Sheetbridge Turnpike Trust

• Milford to Portsmouth Road Turnpike Trust

• New Chappel, Linfield and Brighton Turnpike Trust

• Offham and Ditcheling Turnpike Trust

• Offham to Witch Cross Turnpike Trust

• Petworth Turnpike Trust

• Pulborough to Horsham Turnpike Trust

• Pyecombe and Hickstead Turnpike Trust

• Ringmer and Hurst Green Turnpike Trust

• Robertsbridge Clappers Turnpike Trust

• Rowhook Branch Turnpike Trust

• Rye Turnpike Trust

• Shipley Turnpike Trust

• Sloughham to West Grinstead Turnpike Trust

• South Malling to Alfiston Turnpike Trust

• St Leonards and Sedlescomb Turnpike Trust

• Staplecross Turnpike Trust

• Stoke, Guildford, Arundell Turnpike Trust

• Stonegate Turnpike Trust

• Storrington and Ball's Hut Turnpike Trust

• Storrington and Wiston Turnpike Trust

• Tunbridge Wells and Mayfield Turnpike Trust

• Uckfield and Tunbridge Wells Turnpike Trust

• Worthing Turnpike Trust

• Worthing and Lancing Turnpike Trust

Warwickshire
• Alcester and Wootton Turnpike Trust

• Allesley to Canwell Turnpike Trust

• Ansley and Whitacre Turnpike Trust

• Arrow, Pot Hook's End, Dunnington and Crabb's Cross Turnpike Trust

• Bentley Branch Turnpike Trust

• Bentley Lane Turnpike Trust

• Birmingham to Blakedown Pool Turnpike Trust

• Birmingham to Stonebridge Turnpike Trust

• Birmingham to Stratford Turnpike Trust

• Birmingham to Watford Gap Turnpike Trust

• Birmingham, Warwick and Warmington Turnpike Trust

• Broad Campden Hill to Halford Bridge Turnpike Trust

• Castle Bromwich and Birmingham Turnpike Trust

• Coventry Turnpike Trust

• Coventry and Over Whiteacre Turnpike Trust

• Coventry and Stoney Stanton Turnpike Trust

• Coventry and Warwick Turnpike Trust

• Coventry and Wolvey Turnpike Trust

• Dunchurch and Southam Turnpike Trust

• Dunchurch and Stonebridge Turnpike Trust

• Evesham and Alcester Turnpike Trust

• Finford Bridge and Banbury Turnpike Trust

• Hatton Turnpike Trust

• Hinckley and Coventry Turnpike Trust

• Mancetter to Wolvey Heath Turnpike Trust

• Northfield to Wootton Turnpike Trust

• Rugby to Hinckley Turnpike Trust

• Rugby to Kilworth Turnpike Trust

• Rugby to Lutterworth Turnpike Trust

• Rugby to Warwick Turnpike Trust

• Southam to Kineton Turnpike Trust

• Spernal Ash Turnpike Trust

• Stonebridge to Kenilworth Turnpike Trust

• Stratford to Bromsgrove Turnpike Trust

• Stratford to Edgehill Turnpike Trust

• Stratford to Long Compton Turnpike Trust

• Upton, Great Kington and Wellesbourne Turnpike Trust

• Warwick to Paddle Brook and Stratford Turnpike Trust

• Watling Street Turnpike Trust

• Wellesbourne and Stratford Turnpike Trust

Westmorland
• Ambleside Turnpike Trust

• Appleby and Kendal Turnpike Trust

• Brough and Bowes Turnpike Trust

• Brough and Eamont Bridge Turnpike Trust

• Brough and Middleton Turnpike Trust

• Heronsdyke and Eamont Bridge Turnpike Trust

• Ireby to Kirkby Lonsdale, Milnthorpe etc Turnpike Trust

• Kirkby Stephen and Hawes Turnpike Trust

• Maiden Castle and Barrows Brow Turnpike Trust

• Milnthorpe Turnpike Trust

• Ulveston to Heversham Turnpike Trust

Worcestershire
• Birmingham to Bromsgrove Turnpike Trust

• Dog Lane Gate (Bewdley) Turnpike Trust

• Droitwich Turnpike Trust

• Dudley and Brettell Lane Turnpike Trust

• Dudley and New Inn Turnpike Trust

• Dudley and Pedmore Turnpike Trust

• Dudley and Rowley Regis Turnpike Trust

• Dudley, Halesowen and Bromsgrove Turnpike Trust

• Evesham and Alcester Turnpike Trust

• Evesham Turnpike Trust

• Evesham Second District Turnpike Trust

• Hatton to Bromsgrove Turnpike Trust

• Hundred House Turnpike Trust

• Inning's Lane (from Kidderminster) Turnpike Trust

• Kidderminster Turnpike Trust

• Mickleton and Broadway and Chipping Campden Turnpike Trust

• Overbury to London Road Turnpike Trust

• Pershore Turnpike Trust

• Stourbridge Turnpike Trust

• Stourbridge to Worfield Turnpike Trust

• Tenbury Turnpike Trust

• Tinker's Gate (Bewdley) Turnpike Trust

• Upton-upon-Severn Turnpike Trust

• Welch Gate (Bewdley) Turnpike Trust

• Worcester Turnpike Trust

East Riding
• Beverley to Kendal House Turnpike Trust

• Beverley to Kexby Bridge Turnpike Trust

• Beverley, Hessle and North Cave Turnpike Trust

• Brough Ferry Turnpike Trust

• Elloughton to Coney Clappers Turnpike Trust

• Hull and Beverley Turnpike Trust

• Hull and Hedon Turnpike Trust

• Hull and Hessle and Ferriby Turnpike Trust

• Hull and Kirk Ella Turnpike Trust

• Leven to Beverley Turnpike Trust

• Molescroft Turnpike Trust

• Ottringham to Sunk Island Turnpike Trust

• Patrington Turnpike Trust

• White-Cross Turnpike Trust

• Wyton and Flinton Turnpike Trust

• York to Kexby Bridge, Grimston & Stonedale End Turnpike Trust

North Riding
• Boroughbridge and Durham Turnpike Trust

• Boroughbridge to Catterick Turnpike Trust

• Gatherby Moor to Staindrop Turnpike Trust

• Malton and Pickering Turnpike Trust

• Middleton-tyas Lane to Greta Bridge and Bowes Turnpike Trust

• Red House and Crofton Turnpike Trust

• Reeth and Tan Hill Turnpike Trust

• Richmond and Lancaster Turnpike Trust

• Richmond to Lucy Cross Turnpike Trust

• Richmond to Reeth Turnpike Trust

• Thirsk Turnpike Trust

• Thirsk and Masham Turnpike Trust

• Thirsk and Yarm Turnpike Trust

• Whitby and Middleton Turnpike Trust

• Winston Bridge Turnpike Trust

• York to Oswaldkirk Bank Top Turnpike Trust

• York to Scarborough Turnpike Trust

West Riding
• Almondbury to Austonley Turnpike Trust

• Balby to Worksop Turnpike Trust

• Bampton to Mexborough Turnpike Trust

• Barnby Moor to Rotherham Turnpike Trust

• Barnsdale and Leeds Turnpike Trust

• Barnsley and Grange Moor Turnpike Trust

• Barnsley and Pontefract Turnpike Trust

• Barnsley and Shepley Lane Head Turnpike Trust

• Barnsley to Cudworth Bridge Turnpike Trust

• Bawtry and Selby Turnpike Trust

• Bawtry and Tinsley Turnpike Trust

• Birstall and Huddersfield Turnpike Trust

• Bradford and Eccleshill Turnpike Trust

• Bradford and Huddersfield Turnpike Trust

• Bradford and Thornton Turnpike Trust

• Bradford and Wakefield Turnpike Trust

• Bradford to Colne Turnpike Trust

• Bradford to Heckmondwyke Turnpike Trust

• Brighouse Turnpike Trust

• Brighouse and Denholme Gate Turnpike Trust

• Chadderton to Huddersfield Turnpike Trust

• Collingham and York Turnpike Trust

• Colne to Broughton Turnpike Trust

• Dewsbury and Elland Turnpike Trust

• Dewsbury and Leeds Turnpike Trust

• Doncaster and Bawtry Turnpike Trust

• Doncaster and Salter's Brook Turnpike Trust

• Doncaster and Selby Turnpike Trust

• Doncaster and Tadcaster Turnpike Trust

• Doncaster and Thorne Turnpike Trust

• Doncaster to Boroughbridge Turnpike Trust

• Doncaster to Wakefield Turnpike Trust

• Dudley Hill, Killinghall and Harrogate Turnpike Trust

• Ecclesall to Dore Turnpike Trust

• Elland and Saddleworth Turnpike Trust

• Ferrybridge and Boroughbridge Turnpike Trust

• Godley Lane Turnpike Trust

• Gomersal and Dewsbury Turnpike Trust

• Greenfield and Shepley Lane Head Turnpike Trust

• Halifax and Huddersfield Turnpike Trust

• Halifax and Sheffield Turnpike Trust

• Halifax to Dewsbury Turnpike Trust

• Halifax to Littleborough Turnpike Trust

• Harrogate and Boroughbridge Turnpike Trust

• Harrogate and Hewick Turnpike Trust

• Haworth and Two Laws Turnpike Trust

• Holme Lane End and Heckmondwyke Turnpike Trust

• Huddersfield and New Hey Turnpike Trust

• Huddersfield and Penistone Turnpike Trust

• Huddersfield and Woodhead Turnpike Trust

• Hunslet and Leeds Turnpike Trust

• Keighley and Bradford Turnpike Trust

• Keighley and Halifax Turnpike Trust

• Keighley and Kendal Turnpike Trust

• Kirkgate to Westgate in Wakefield Turnpike Trust

• Kirkstall, Ilkley and Shipley Turnpike Trust

• Knaresborough and Pateley Bridge Turnpike Trust

• Knaresborough to Green Hammerton Turnpike Trust

• Leeds and Birstall Turnpike Trust

• Leeds and Collingham Turnpike Trust

• Leeds and Elland Turnpike Trust

• Leeds and Halifax Turnpike Trust

• Leeds and Harrogate Turnpike Trust

• Leeds and Hebdon Bridge Turnpike Trust

• Leeds and Holmfield Lane End Turnpike Trust

• Leeds and Otley Turnpike Trust

• Leeds and Roundhay Turnpike Trust

• Leeds and Selby Turnpike Trust

• Leeds and Tong Lane End Turnpike Trust

• Leeds and Wakefield Turnpike Trust

• Leeds and Whitehall Turnpike Trust

• Leeds to Sheffield Turnpike Trust

• Leeds, Woodhouse Carr and Meanwoodside Turnpike Trust

• Liversedge to Cleckheaton Turnpike Trust

• Lockwood and Meltham Turnpike Trust

• Long Preston to Sawley Turnpike Trust

• Maltby to Barnby Moor Turnpike Trust

• Meltham and Wessenden Head Turnpike Trust

• Mytholmroyd and Blackstone-edge Turnpike Trust

• Penistone to Grindleford (Mortimer Road) Turnpike Trust

• Ripon and Pateley Bridge Turnpike Trust

• Rochdale to Halifax and Elland Turnpike Trust

• Rotherham and Four Lane Ends Turnpike Trust

• Rotherham and Pleasley Turnpike Trust

• Rotherham and Swinton Turnpike Trust

• Rotherham and Wentworth Turnpike Trust

• Roundhay to Collingham Turnpike Trust

• Saddleworth to Thornsett Turnpike Trust

• Salterhebble, Stainland and Sowerby Bridge Turnpike Trust

• Sedbergh Turnpike Trust

• Selby and Market Weighton Turnpike Trust

• Sheepscar to Leeds Turnpike Trust

• Sheffield to Hathersage Turnpike Trust

• Shipley and Bramley Turnpike Trust

• Shipley to Caisthorne Turnpike Trust

• Skipton and Clitheroe Turnpike Trust

• Skipton and Knaresborough Turnpike Trust

• Skipton and Otley Turnpike Trust

• Standedge and Oldham Turnpike Trust

• Swinton, Rawmarsh and Hooton Roberts Turnpike Trust

• Tadcaster Bridge to Hob-moor Lane End Turnpike Trust

• Tadcaster and Halton Dial Turnpike Trust

• Tadcaster and Otley Turnpike Trust

• Tinsley and Doncaster Turnpike Trust

• Todmorden Turnpike Trust

• Wadsley and Langsett Turnpike Trust/Wadsley, Langsett & Sheffield Turnpike Trust

• Wakefield and Aberford Turnpike Trust

• Wakefield and Austerlands Turnpike Trust

• Wakefield and Denby Dale Turnpike Trust

• Wakefield and Halifax Turnpike Trust

• Wakefield and Sheffield Turnpike Trust

• Wakefield and Weeland Turnpike Trust

• Wakefield to Pontefract Turnpike Trust

• Wellington to Tong Lane End Turnpike Trust

• Wetherby and Knaresborough Turnpike Trust

• Wibsey, Low Moor and Huddersfield Turnpike Trust

• Worksop and Attercliffe Turnpike Trust

• York and Boroughbridge Turnpike Trust

Ireland
==The end of the system==

By the early Victorian period toll gates were perceived as an impediment to free trade. The multitude of small trusts were frequently charged with being inefficient in use of resources and potentially suffered from petty corruption.

The railway era spelt disaster for most turnpike trusts. Although some trusts in districts not served by railways managed to increase revenue, most did not. In 1829, the year before the Liverpool and Manchester Railway opened, the Warrington and Lower Irlam Trust had receipts of £1,680 but, by 1834, this had fallen to £332. The Bolton and Blackburn Trust had an income of £3,998 in 1846, but in 1847 following the completion of a railway between the two towns, this had fallen to £3,077 and, in 1849, £1,185.

The debts of many trusts became significant; forced mergers of solvent and debt-laden trusts became frequent, and by the 1870s it was feasible for Parliament to close the trusts progressively without leaving an unacceptable financial burden on local communities. From 1871, all applications for renewal were sent to the Turnpike Trust Commission. This arranged for existing acts to continue, but with the objective of discharging the debt, and returning the roads to local administration, which was by then by highway boards. The Local Government Act 1888 gave responsibility for maintaining main roads to county councils and county borough councils. When a trust was ended, there were often great celebrations as the gates were thrown open. The assets of the trust, such as tollhouses, gates and sections of surplus land beside the road were auctioned off to reduce the debt, and mortgagees were paid at whatever rate in the pound the funds would allow.

The legacy of the turnpike trust is the network of roads that still form the framework of the main road system in Britain. In addition, many roadside features such as milestones and tollhouses have survived, despite no longer having any function in the modern road management system.