Twelfth grade

Twelfth grade (also known as 12th grade, grade 12, senior year, or class 12) is the twelfth year of formal or compulsory education. It is typically the final year of secondary school and K–12 in most parts of the world. Students in twelfth grade are usually 17–18 years old. Some countries have a thirteenth grade, while other countries do not have a 12th grade/year at all.

Australia
In Australia, the twelfth grade is referred to as Year 12. In New South Wales, students are usually 16 or 17 years old when they enter Year 12 and 17 or 18 years during graduation (end of year). A majority of students in Year 12 work toward getting an ATAR (Australian Tertiary Admission Rank). Up until the start of 2020 the OP (Overall Position, which applies only to students in the state of Queensland) was used. Both of these allow/allowed them access to courses at university. In Western Australia, this is achieved by completing the WACE; in South Australia, this is achieved by completing the SACE; in Victoria, this is achieved by completing the VCE; in the Australian Capital Territory, this is achieved by completing the AST and in New South Wales this is achieved by completing the HSC.

In New South Wales, when completing the [HSC], students are required to satisfactorily complete at least 10 units of study in ATAR courses which must include:
 * eight units from Category A courses
 * two units of English
 * three Board Developed courses of two units or greater
 * four subjects

Some Year 12s may receive a Year 12 Jersey. Schools choose the design, colors, and writing which are printed or stitched onto the jersey. Sometimes the last two digits of the year they are graduating are printed on the back (for example, "12" for 2012 school leavers) along with a personalized nickname or surname. The front may show the school emblem and the student's name, which is occasionally stitched in.

Many schools conduct end of year "formals" (similar to a senior prom). They are held from any time between graduation from September to November. Australian private schools often conduct Year 12 Formals in January or February of Year 12 instead of an end of year formal.

Bangladesh
In Bangladesh, educational institutions offering the 11th–12th grade education are known as colleges. In the 12th grade, students study in one of the three streams: science, humanities, and business studies. After completing 12th grade, they have to sit for the Higher Secondary Certificate (HSC) examinations.

Belgium
In Belgium, the 12th grade is called 6de middelbaar or laatste jaar in Dutch, rhéto or 6e secondaire in French. This is the final year of secondary education. If you succeed in completing it and after a final exam, you receive a diploma. This is needed if you want to proceed to higher education.

Brazil
In Brazil, the twelfth grade is the "terceiro ano do ensino médio", meaning "third grade of high school", being the last grade of high school. It is typically attended by 17–18 years old students. During this grade, most students apply in the Exame Nacional do Ensino Médio, and exame vestibular, the entrance examinations to education institutions.

Bulgaria
In Bulgaria, the twelfth grade is the last year of high school. Twelfth-grade students tend to be 18 years old. After the successful completion of grade 12, students sit for state matriculation exams. The compulsory state matriculation exams are two. One of them must be in Bulgarian Language and Literature, and the other one depends on what subjects were taught during the last 2 years.

Canada
In Canada, the twelfth grade is referred to as Grade 12. Students generally enter their Grade-12 year when they are 16-or 17-years old. If they are 16-years old, they will be turning 17 by December 31 of that year; thus, students in Canada generally graduate high school at 17-or 18-years old. In many Canadian high schools, students in their Grade-12 year hold a series of fundraisers, grade-class trips, and other social events. Grade-12 Canadian students attend Graduation which usually involves an official ceremony.

Quebec is the only province that does not have Grade 12; its students finish secondary school at the equivalent of Grade 11, and then do 2 years of college before going to university. Thus, when a student is in Grade 12 in Ontario, for instance, the student in Quebec is in their first year of college.

Ontario previously had Grade 13 from 1921 to 1988, at which point it was replaced by the Ontario Academic Credit (OAC). While the Ontario Academic Credit was technically optional and not required in order to receive an Ontario Secondary School Diploma, it was required to enter university. The OAC was phased out in 2003, leaving Grade 12 as the final year of secondary education for all Ontario students.

Newfoundland and Labrador did not introduce Grade 12 until 1983.

Denmark
In Denmark, the twelfth grade is called the 3.g ("the 3rd G"), and is the third and final year of secondary school (Gymnasium). Secondary school is not compulsory, as education is only compulsory through 9th grade. Students are often 18-19 or older when they finish secondary school. This high age of graduation can be attributed to several factors. Firstly, Danish children start school at the age of 6. Secondly, it is fairly common in Denmark to take a one year-gap between the 9th grade and 1.g (the first year of secondary school) to either go to special art- or sports-oriented boarding school, called Efterskole, or to go abroad as a 10th grade exchange student. A concept similar to the Efterskole exists for secondary school graduates: Højskole. Combined with the common Danish practice of taking one or several gap-years (or Sabbaticals) between secondary school and university for working and traveling, comparatively few students attend higher education directly after Gymnasium.

Finland
The twelfth grade is the third and usually last year (a fourth-year is possible) of high school or secondary school (or Gymnasium). The students graduate from high school at around 18, with some 17 or 19. The twelfth grade is shorter than previous because the twelfth graders' lessons end in February and they go on to take their final exams shortly afterward. Compulsory education ends after the twelfth grade, and it is completely optional for a student to continue into fourth-year.

France
The equivalent grade in France is Terminale. It is the third and last year of lycée (the French equivalent to high school), whereby students must sit a test called the Baccalauréat to complete the year. French-language schools that teach the French government curriculum (i.e. are part of the AEFE network) use the same system of grades as their French counterparts. This is not compulsory, as education in France is only compulsory until students turn 16.

Germany
In Germany, students wishing to take the Abitur usually had to attend the thirteenth grade, but most states are shortening the Gymnasium (the university-bound secondary school system in Germany) from nine to eight years. The recent tendency is re-introduction of the thirteenth year, as in Bavaria.

Greece
In Greece, the twelfth (12th) grade is called the third year of lyceum school or high school or upper secondary school (Triti Lykeiou – Τρίτη Λυκείου).

Hong Kong
In Hong Kong, 12th grade is called Form 6. Form 6 students are required to take the Hong Kong Diploma of Secondary Education, also known as HKDSE.

Hungary
In Hungary, students take a national exam called érettségi (lit. "maturity test") at the end of their 12th grade, except for certain vocational schools, where they only take a vocational exam. The érettségi exam consists of standard school subjects, everyone has to take an exam of literature and grammar, mathematics, and history, and they have to choose 2 other subjects, one of which has to be a foreign language, and, in most vocational schools, the other is a mixed test of vocational knowledge.

12th-grade students often participate in graduation ceremonies before the érettségi exam. In most schools, there is a full-day ceremony on Friday or Saturday before the exam, which is called ballagás (lit. "going away", or "exiting"). In many schools, students attend other ceremonies during their 12th grade as well. For example, many schools hold a szalagavató event (lit. "ribbon commencement") at the beginning of the school year, where 12th graders receive a ribbon or a similar emblem with the name of their high school and the beginning and closing year of their studies there, which they later wear on their coats. 12th-grade students also often visit their teachers before the final exam, traditionally in the evening, either at their home or in the school, to sing them in the street below, and say farewell. This tradition is simply called szerenád. They also often take choir rehearsals before to learn how to sing together.

India
In India, the Twelfth Grade is the final year of higher secondary education and it is also the final year of High School in almost in all National and State Boards in India and In some State Boards in India it is the second year of Junior College. The twelfth grade is also commonly known as "Class 12" or "Plus 2". Generally Twelfth Grade which is known as "+2" originates from the term "10+2". It is also called as “Intermediate 2nd Year” (Intermediate Course), "HSC" (Higher Secondary Certificate), "SYJC" (Second Year Junior College), “2nd PUC”(2nd Year Pre- University Course) in different regions and states. Also students in Class 12 write board exams at the end of every academic year which is conducted by various National and State Boards of India in order to gain the admission for higher education in various Universities across the globe. In India, most states consisting of school educational boards like national and state boards (i.e. CBSE, CISCE, NIOS and different state boards) provide schooling till Class 12th and it is the final year of school except these states(Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Uttar Pradesh, Assam, Odisha, Maharashtra, Bihar) where these state boards provide schooling only till Class 10th and the students have to apply to Junior Colleges or Pre-University Colleges or Else have to join High School which is affiliated to CBSE, CISCE & NIOS to complete their Class 11th and Class 12th. Students entering Class 12 are usually 16–18 years old. The CBSE and CISCE boards issue course and examination guidelines for Class 10 and 12 nationally, while the various state boards operate at the state-level.

Students participate in a party organized by the school and junior college in some regions and states known as Farewell Function, quite similar to prom, at the end of the session.

After finishing Class 12th, students usually apply for entrance examinations for entry get into these many popular Bachelor's Courses like Medicine (MBBS), Engineering (BE/BTech), Bachelor of Architecture (BArch), Bachelor of Science (BSc), Bachelor of Commerce (BCom), Bachelor of Arts (BA) and various other Bachelor's Courses. Entrance exams usually consist of multiple-choice-questions and are conducted at national and state levels. Additionally, some institutions hold their own entrance tests. After 3 (in some courses 4 and sometimes 5) years of Bachelor's course, they get a bachelor's degree and are eligible to pursue a master's degree or doctoral degree at 21 ( or 22) years of age.

Indonesia
In Indonesia, the twelfth grade is the third and last year of High School. High school graduates can continue their education to college or go straight to work. In the past, Indonesian students used to take a final nation-wide exam for both graduation requirements and college admissions. As per 2020, this particular national exam is no longer put to use. Instead, twelfth-graders who wish to proceed with college can take an entrance exam, while those who do not can simply not take the exam. One school year in Indonesia spans from July to June, but students in their final year usually finish school in April, letting them to prepare for the college entrance exam which is usually held in May, with acceptance letters being handed out in June.

Ireland
In the Republic of Ireland, it is the sixth and final year of Secondary School, referred to as Sixth Year (for 17-18-year-olds), in which students take the Leaving Certificate Examinations. Students usually attend a dance or formal party at the end of this year before they move on to third-level education or start their adult lives: this is known as a Debs or Grad and is similar to prom in the United States.

Israel
In Israel, the twelfth grade is the Third and last year of High School. Students typically begin this grade when they are about 17 years old, and in order to graduate, they have to pass and get a Bagrut certificate.

Italy
In Italy, the twelfth grade is the fourth year of high school (which is called "Scuola Superiore" or "Scuola secondaria di secondo grado"). There are five years of high school total, sometimes grouped in different ways (2+3, 2+1+2), depending on the type of high school the student is attending. To earn a diploma, students take an exam, the Esame di Stato, in the fifth year of high school, de facto the thirteenth grade.

Kuwait
In Kuwait, the twelfth grade is the third and final year of High School. Students in Grade 12 are typically either 17 or 18 and if a student wishes to continue with higher education in Kuwait they must take the Qudrat exam. Additionally, Kuwait does have schools that provide a 13th year for students wanting to travel to the United Kingdom.

Lebanon
In Lebanon, twelfth grade is the third year of high school, also referred to as the third year of higher secondary education, the class of seniors, or the last class of the school. Students in twelfth grade in Lebanon are between the ages of 17 and 18.

Malaysia
In Malaysia, the 12th grade is also known as Form 6 in a secondary school which is further divided into Lower 6 and Upper 6. The students at this stage are 18 years old and will usually complete their schooling at 19 years old. Students generally complete their schooling at 17, or Form 5, however Form 6 is an option for students to pursue after Form 5, among other options such as matriculation, and other pre-university courses. Students who take Form 6 have to sit for the Sijil Tinggi Pelajaran Malaysia (STPM) Examinations, which shares many similarities with the A-Level Examinations.

Mexico
In Mexico, the twelfth grade is the last year of high school, where students are normally aged 17–18. As in Mexico, the education is divided in "primaria" (6 years), "secundaria" (3 years) and "preparatoria" or "bachillerato" (3 years), the twelfth grade is usually called "tercero de preparatoria" (third grade of preparatory) or "Quinto y Sexto Semestre" (Fifth and Sixth Semester).

Netherlands
In the Netherlands, senior year is named by the school level. From low to high: "VMBO", "HAVO" and "VWO". VMBO is composed of four years, with 12th grade being the fourth (4th) and final year. A higher school level is the HAVO, which lasts for five years. The highest school level is VWO, which lasts for six years. So at the HAVO, students are considered senior if they are in "5th class", whereas at VWO, in "6th class" respectively. The last year mainly focuses on preparing for the final exams, after which students should be ready to go to college or university. Usually, 4th and 5th grade students are aged 16 to 17 and those who are in 6th grade usually are aged 17 to 18.

New Zealand
In New Zealand, 12th grade is known as Year 13 (New Zealand students attend 13 years of school, starting at the age of 5). Students in Year 13 are usually 17–18 years old. This is the last year of secondary school. In Year 13, students complete NCEA Level 3, which involves getting a certain number of 'credits' from different external exams and other internal assessments. Students must gain 80 achieved credits or higher (20 of which are taken from Level 2) to pass the year.

Norway
In Norway, 12th grade does not officially exist, but its equivalent is the 2nd grade of secondary school or gymnasium. This is not compulsory, as education is only compulsory until 10th grade.

Courses vary as students choose a specific program in 1st grade of secondary school or gymnasium. Examples of programs are General Studies, Media and Communication, Health and Care, Industrial work, Design and craftsmanship, economics, or agriculture. There are 12 national programs, where 9 will get the students ready for work, and 3 will prepare the students for more advanced studies. Two of the vocational programs (media and communication, and agriculture) may also prepare the students for more advanced studies if taken the third year.

Pakistan
In Pakistan, the twelfth grade is the second year of college (the first being the eleventh grade) and is equivalently called the "second year." Students who graduate from the second year are normally between 17 and 18 years old. For entrance into universities, students undergo standardized exams like ECAT, MDCAT and exams conducted by the NTS.

Philippines
In the Philippines, Grade 12 is the final year of Senior High School and High School curriculum under the new K–12 that was first implemented on April 24, 2012, as part of the curriculum's 9-year implementation process from May 20, 2008 to June 5, 2017. It is also the last year of high school, and the basic and compulsory education in the country before graduates choose to enter tertiary education (e.g. college or university, which are both used interchangeably), entrepreneurship, or employment. Students are usually 17–18 years old.

As a result of incomplete transition after World War II, the K–10 system was used for 72 years from May 28, 1945 until the implementation of K–12 curriculum on Grade 6 on June 5, 2017, which consisted of one-year non-compulsory preschool education, six-year compulsory elementary education and four-year compulsory high school education. Stage also had a different numbering system and students graduated at 4th Year (Ika-apat na Taon). The historic 4th Year is equivalent to Form 4 in neighboring Malaysia, tenth grade in North America, and Year Eleven in the United Kingdom, Australia and New Zealand, with the term was used until June 1, 2015, when it changed to Grade 10 due to the implementation process of K–12.

The last school year to fully use the 1945–2017, or K–10 system, was SY 2011–2012. Kindergarten was made obligatory, which served as a requirement for the implementation of K–12 and process of phasing out the K–10 on April 24, 2012, and part of the K–12's 9-year implementation process. The other grades are still the same as before (Grade 1 to Fourth Year), while the last to use this system is SY 2016–2017. By the said school year, Grade 6 is the only grade that is still under the 1945 K–10 system, while the rest are now under K–12.

Subjects on Grade 12 are enrolled on a semestral basis as in Grade 11. Afterwards, Grade 12 students will take the last National Achievement Test called the Basic Education Exit Assessment, although this is not a requirement for graduation or college enrollment. Finally, graduation rites are held, being the next grade to do so after Grade 6 for elementary school graduates.

Students also start at the young age of 16–17 years old more often in female than male students.

Portugal
In Portugal, the 12th grade is considered the last year of compulsory education and the last year of high school. Students choose 5 out of a wide range of subjects, with physical education being mandatory. Out of the other four, two of them are the subjects that will be evaluated in their final exams or national exams (exams national), one must be considered a branch of either of the two subjects that have been already evaluated in the 11th grade national exams, and the last can be a broadening of an already studied subject or a whole new one. The obligatory subjects (submitted to Nacional exams) depend on the field the student chose to study in the 10th grade: arts; science and technologies (best known as science); socioeconomic sciences (economy); humanistic and linguistic sciences (humanities) or a professional/technical course. Even inside a field, you can opt between specifics (subjects, whose exam is compulsory to a certain college course application), depending on what the student intends to study in college and on which university they plan to attend.

South Africa
In South Africa, Grade 12 is the final year of high school. It is more commonly referred to as matric, which is itself short for matriculation. (See Matriculation in South Africa).

At the end of Grade 12, students are said to be matriculated. This also refers to the minimum requirement for progressing to University. On average, Grade 12 students start the year at 17 and turn 18 within the time leading up to matriculation.

Spain
The closest equivalent to twelfth grade in Spain is the second year of Bachillerato, usually a preparation for college.

Sweden
In Sweden, the twelfth grade does not officially exist, but its equivalent is the 2nd grade of secondary school or gymnasium. This is not compulsory, as education is only compulsory until 9th grade.

Courses vary as students choose a specific program in 1st grade of secondary school or gymnasium. Examples of programs are Nature and Science, Humanities, Arts, Economics, Health and care, Industry. There are 18 national programs, where 12 of them will get the students ready for work, and 6 will prepare the students for more advanced studies.

Students graduate at 18 or 19.

Turkey
In Turkey, 12th grade is the last year of high school and compulsory education. In June, students who are interested to go to college take a test named Temel Yeterlilik Testi (TYT)(Basic Sufficiency Test). In this exam, students have to answer 120 questions (40 Turkish, 30 Maths, 10 Geometry, 5 History, 5 Geography, 5 Philosophy, 5 Religious Knowledge, 6 Biology, 7 Physics, 7 Chemistry) in 165 minutes. Students, if they didn't receive any Religious Knowledge courses will instead have to answer another set of 5 Philosophy questions. One day after this test, most students will take the Alan Yeterlilik Testi (AYT) (Branch Sufficiency Test).This exam also has different sessions for different branches, which include Mathematics, Geometry, Physics, Chemistry, Biology, Turkish Literature, History, Geography, Philosophy, Religious Knowledge. The Test takes 180 minutes. It is not compulsory to take all of the subjects. Foreign Languages Test is separate to the Branch Sufficiency Test. Students usually are at the age of 18 at the end of the year.

England and Wales
In England and Wales, "Year 13" (or "upper Sixth") is the last year of A-Level certifications which are completed to finalize a student's last academic year. Students are usually 16–17 in Year 12 and 17–18 in Year 13. While the school leaving age in the rest of the UK is 16 years old, in 2015 education in England became compulsory until the age of 18. After this age, students can leave education if they choose without necessarily completing year 13. Between the ages of 16 and 18, students can either continue in full-time education (for example, at a sixth form college); start an apprenticeship or traineeship; or spend a minimum of 20 hours per week working or volunteering while in part-time education or training. Any education after the age of 18 is then referred to as higher education.

Scotland
In Scotland, this is the sixth year (or S6). Sufficiently good marks in 5th year may be adequate for entry into higher education. 'Highers' are the entry qualifications to university which can be sat in S5, S6 or college, with Advanced Highers equivalent to year one of university.

Northern Ireland
In Northern Ireland, there are 7 years of secondary education, culminating in Lower Sixth and Upper Sixth, usually for the purpose of sitting AS and A Level examinations.

United States


The twelfth grade is the twelfth school year after kindergarten. It is also the last year of compulsory secondary education, or high school. Students are often 17–18 years old, and on rarer occasions, can be 19 years old or older. Many states have a maximum age which free education can be offered, usually but not always age 21. Twelfth graders are referred to as Seniors.

Many students consider the twelfth grade, also known as the senior year of high school, a year to relax and prepare for the transition out of their old lives into college/university or the workplace. Others take advantage of the opportunity to complete additional higher-level courses, such as Advanced Placement and International Baccalaureate, to earn credits for college/university.

Traditions associated with senior year
In the United States and some other countries, there is a graduation event near to the end of the school year (typically in May or June) more formally referred to as commencement, where seniors formally graduate from high school and receive their diplomas.

In many schools, seniors sit for formal senior portraits at the beginning of the school year or the summer prior to their senior year. These portraits are used in the upcoming graduating class's yearbook. The senior portraits in the yearbook are usually bigger than the ones typically used for lower grades. Many modern yearbooks are in full color.

There is a formal dance for this year's students, called senior prom. Some schools hold a combined prom for juniors and seniors, while others segregate the two grades into separate dances.

Senior skip day (also known as senior ditch day) is a day during which the seniors do not attend school and skip all their classes. This event/tradition is often not recognized by school administrations and teachers. In some areas it is countered with an officially recognized senior day off, or by allowing graduating seniors to skip their final exams. This official senior day can also be used to sponsor a senior field trip or senior class trip where the class would, for example, go to a theme park, a lake, a resort, the beach, or some other vacation-type activity. Following graduation, many seniors go on senior week, where they spend a week at the beach with their friends.

In some schools, Seniors receive a class ring at the beginning of their senior year. A senior prank is another common tradition in which the class may contribute towards a practical joke on the school, administration, or local community. A related tradition is the senior class raising or contributing money for equipment or other things to the school as a token of gratitude and respect for the school's support of the seniors. A similar project could involve the outside local community as well.