User:سائغ/E

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Alan Turing
OBE FRS PHD
Turing c. 1928 at age 16
Born
Alan Mathison Turing

(1912-06-23)23 June 1912
Maida Vale, London, England
Died7 June 1954(1954-06-07) (aged 41)
Wilmslow, Cheshire, England
Cause of deathSuicide (disputed) by cyanide poisoning
Resting placeAshes scattered in gardens of Woking Crematorium
EducationSherborne School
Alma mater
Known for
Partner(s)Joan Clarke
(engaged in 1941; did not marry)
AwardsSmith's Prize (1936)
Scientific career
Fields
Institutions
ThesisSystems of Logic Based on Ordinals (1938)
Doctoral advisorAlonzo Church[2]
Doctoral studentsRobin Gandy,[2][3] Beatrice Worsley[4]
Signature

Alan Mathison Turing OBE FRS (/ˈtjʊərɪŋ/; 23 June 1912 – 7 June 1954) was an English mathematician, computer scientist, logician, cryptanalyst, philosopher, and theoretical biologist.[6][7] Turing was highly influential in the development of theoretical computer science, providing a formalisation of the concepts of algorithm and computation with the Turing machine, which can be considered a model of a general-purpose computer.[8][9][10] Turing is widely considered to be the father of theoretical computer science and artificial intelligence.[11]

Born in Maida Vale, London, Turing was raised in southern England. He graduated at King's College, Cambridge, with a degree in mathematics. Whilst he was a fellow at Cambridge, he published a proof demonstrating that some purely mathematical yes–no questions can never be answered by computation and defined a Turing machine, and went on to prove the halting problem for Turing machines is undecidable. In 1938, he obtained his PhD from the Department of Mathematics at Princeton University. During the Second World War, Turing worked for the Government Code and Cypher School (GC&CS) at Bletchley Park, Britain's codebreaking centre that produced Ultra intelligence. For a time he led Hut 8, the section that was responsible for German naval cryptanalysis. Here, he devised a number of techniques for speeding the breaking of German ciphers, including improvements to the pre-war Polish bombe method, an electromechanical machine that could find settings for the Enigma machine. Turing played a crucial role in cracking intercepted coded messages that enabled the Allies to defeat the Axis powers in many crucial engagements, including the Battle of the Atlantic.[12][13]

After the war, Turing worked at the National Physical Laboratory, where he designed the Automatic Computing Engine (ACE), one of the first designs for a stored-program computer. In 1948, Turing joined Max Newman's Computing Machine Laboratory, at the Victoria University of Manchester, where he helped develop the Manchester computers[14] and became interested in mathematical biology. He wrote a paper on the chemical basis of morphogenesis[1] and predicted oscillating chemical reactions such as the Belousov–Zhabotinsky reaction, first observed in the 1960s. Despite these accomplishments, he was never fully recognised in his home country during his lifetime because much of his work was covered by the Official Secrets Act.[15]

Turing was prosecuted in 1952 for homosexual acts. He accepted hormone treatment with DES, so-called chemical castration, as an alternative to prison. In 2009, following an Internet campaign, British Prime Minister Gordon Brown made an official public apology on behalf of the British government for "the appalling way he was treated". Queen Elizabeth II granted Turing a posthumous pardon in 2013. The "Alan Turing law" is now an informal term for a 2017 law in the United Kingdom that retroactively pardoned men cautioned or convicted under historical legislation that outlawed homosexual acts.[16]

Turing died in 1954, 16 days before his 42nd birthday, from cyanide poisoning. An inquest determined his death as a suicide, but it has been noted that the known evidence is also consistent with accidental poisoning.

Turing has an extensive legacy with statues of him and many things named after him, including an annual award for computer science innovations. He appears on the current Bank of England £50 note, which was released to coincide with his birthday. A 2019 BBC series, as voted by the audience, named him the greatest person of the 20th century.

Early life and education[edit]

Family[edit]

Turing was born in Maida Vale, London,[7] while his father, Julius Mathison Turing (1873–1947), was on leave from his position with the Indian Civil Service (ICS) at Chatrapur, then in the Madras Presidency and presently in Odisha state, in India.[17][18] Turing's father was the son of a clergyman, the Rev. John Robert Turing, from a Scottish family of merchants that had been based in the Netherlands and included a baronet. Turing's mother, Julius's wife, was Ethel Sara Turing (née Stoney; 1881–1976),[7] daughter of Edward Waller Stoney, chief engineer of the Madras Railways. The Stoneys were a Protestant Anglo-Irish gentry family from both County Tipperary and County Longford, while Ethel herself had spent much of her childhood in County Clare.[19]

Julius's work with the ICS brought the family to British India, where his grandfather had been a general in the Bengal Army. However, both Julius and Ethel wanted their children to be brought up in Britain, so they moved to Maida Vale,[20] London, where Alan Turing was born on 23 June 1912, as recorded by a blue plaque on the outside of the house of his birth,[21][22] later the Colonnade Hotel.[17][23] Turing had an elder brother, John (the father of Sir John Dermot Turing, 12th Baronet of the Turing baronets).[24]

Turing's father's civil service commission was still active and during Turing's childhood years, his parents travelled between Hastings in the United Kingdom[25] and India, leaving their two sons to stay with a retired Army couple. At Hastings, Turing stayed at Baston Lodge, Upper Maze Hill, St Leonards-on-Sea, now marked with a blue plaque.[26] The plaque was unveiled on 23 June 2012, the centenary of Turing's birth.[27]

  1. ^ a b {{Google Scholar ID}} template missing ID and not present in Wikidata.
  2. ^ a b سائغ/E at the Mathematics Genealogy Project
  3. ^ Gandy, Robin Oliver (1953). On axiomatic systems in mathematics and theories in physics (PhD thesis). University of Cambridge. doi:10.17863/CAM.16125. EThOS uk.bl.ethos.590164. Archived from the original on 9 December 2017. Retrieved 9 December 2017. Free access icon
  4. ^ Bowen, Jonathan P. (2019). "The Impact of Alan Turing: Formal Methods and Beyond". In Bowen, Jonathan P.; Liu, Zhiming; Zhang, Zili (eds.). Engineering Trustworthy Software Systems. SETSS 2018 (PDF). Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 11430. Cham: Springer. pp. 202–235. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-17601-3_5. ISBN 978-3-030-17600-6. S2CID 121295850.
  5. ^ Grattan-Guinness, Ivor, Chapter 40, Turing's mentor, Max Newman. In Copeland, B. Jack; Bowen, Jonathan P.; Wilson, Robin; Sprevak, Mark (2017). The Turing Guide. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-874782-6.
  6. ^ "Who was Alan Turing?". The British Library. Archived from the original on 23 July 2019. Retrieved 29 July 2019.
  7. ^ a b c Anon (2017). "Turing, Alan Mathison". Who's Who (online Oxford University Press ed.). Oxford: A & C Black. doi:10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.U243891. {{cite encyclopedia}}: More than one of |surname= and |author= specified (help); Unknown parameter |othernames= ignored (help) (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) (subscription required)
  8. ^ Newman, M.H.A. (1955). "Alan Mathison Turing. 1912–1954". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. 1: 253–263. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1955.0019. JSTOR 769256. S2CID 711366.
  9. ^ Cite error: The named reference AFP was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  10. ^ Sipser 2006, p. 137
  11. ^ Beavers 2013, p. 481
  12. ^ Copeland, Jack (18 June 2012). "Alan Turing: The codebreaker who saved 'millions of lives'". BBC News Technology. Archived from the original on 11 October 2014. Retrieved 26 October 2014.
  13. ^ A number of sources state that Winston Churchill said that Turing made the single biggest contribution to Allied victory in the war against Nazi Germany. However, both The Churchill Centre and Turing's biographer Andrew Hodges have stated they know of no documentary evidence to support this claim, nor of the date or context in which Churchill supposedly said it, and the Churchill Centre lists it among their Churchill 'Myths', see Schilling, Jonathan (8 January 2015). "Churchill Said Turing Made the Single Biggest Contribution to Allied Victory". The Churchill Centre: Myths. Archived from the original on 17 February 2015. Retrieved 9 January 2015. and Hodges, Andrew. "Part 4: The Relay Race". Update to Alan Turing: The Enigma. Archived from the original on 20 January 2015. Retrieved 9 January 2015. A BBC News profile piece that repeated the Churchill claim has subsequently been amended to say there is no evidence for it. See Spencer, Clare (11 September 2009). "Profile: Alan Turing". BBC News. Archived from the original on 13 December 2017. Retrieved 17 February 2015. Update 13 February 2015 Official war historian Harry Hinsley estimated that this work shortened the war in Europe by more than two years but added the caveat that this did not account for the use of the atomic bomb and other eventualities.Hinsley, Harry (1996) [1993], The Influence of ULTRA in the Second World War Transcript of a lecture given on Tuesday 19 October 1993 at Cambridge University
  14. ^ Leavitt 2007, pp. 231–233
  15. ^ Olinick, M. (2021). Simply Turing. United States: Simply Charly, ch. 15.
  16. ^ "'Alan Turing law': Thousands of gay men to be pardoned". BBC News. 20 October 2016. Archived from the original on 20 October 2016. Retrieved 20 October 2016.
  17. ^ a b Hodges 1983, p. 5
  18. ^ "The Alan Turing Internet Scrapbook". Alan Turing: The Enigma. Archived from the original on 14 October 2012. Retrieved 2 January 2012.
  19. ^ Phil Maguire, "An Irishman's Diary", p. 5. The Irish Times, 23 June 2012.
  20. ^ "London Blue Plaques". English Heritage. Archived from the original on 3 September 2009. Retrieved 10 February 2007.
  21. ^ The Scientific Tourist In London: #17 Alan Turing's Birth Place Archived 21 September 2013 at the Wayback Machine, Nature. London Blog
  22. ^ Plaque #381 on Open Plaques
  23. ^ "The Alan Turing Internet Scrapbook". Archived from the original on 20 July 2011. Retrieved 26 September 2006.
  24. ^ Sir John Dermot Turing Archived 18 October 2017 at the Wayback Machine on the Bletchley Park website.
  25. ^ Hodges 1983, p. 6
  26. ^ "Plaque unveiled at Turing's home in St Leonards". Hastings & St. Leonards Observer. 29 June 2012. Archived from the original on 12 September 2017. Retrieved 3 July 2017.
  27. ^ "St Leonards plaque marks Alan Turing's early years". BBC News. 25 June 2012. Archived from the original on 3 December 2017. Retrieved 3 July 2017.
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