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Practice Citations
In agricultural biotechnology, desired traits in potential seed product are often verified and quantified by qPCR . Even though a variety of commercially available and in house DNA extraction methods exist, routinely a variety of additives have to be used to purify samples for analysis .

On example is cotton tissue, which contains pcr amplification inhibitors, which are known to complicate DNA extraction and increases the overall processing time. Alternative tissue sampling methods, such as root tissue sampling, rather than traditional leave tissue, has shown decreased amounts of pcr inhibiting compounds easing DNA extraction and improving overall DNA quality for qPCR.

Principle of DNA base pair complementarity


Four nucleobases are involved in DNA complementarity: adenine, thymine (uracil in RNA), guanine and cytosine.

The nucleobases are held together by hydrogen bonding, which is the basis of complementarity in DNA. The base complement A:T shares two hydrogen bonds, while the base pair G:C has three hydrogen bonds, respectively.

Complementarity in ds DNA/RNA
A complementary strand of DNA or RNA, respectively, may be constructed based on nucleobase complementarity. The spacial geometry of each base pair, A:T vs. G:C, is equivalent to each other, enabling double helix formation. Hydrogen bonding between the nucleobases stabilizes the double helix.

For example, the complementary strand of the DNA sequence
 * 5' A G T C A T G 3'

is
 * 3' T C A G T A C 5'

Note that the latter is often written as the reverse complement with the 5' end on the left and the 3' end on the right, as below:
 * 5' C A T G A C T 3'

Complementarity of DNA strands in a double helix, makes it possible to use one strand as a template to construct the other. This principle plays an important role in DNA replication.

Nucleic acids strands may also form hybrids in which single stranded DNA may anneal with complementary RNA.

Hybridization

 * DNA - RNA strands

DNA repair functions

 * Re-annealing

Regulatory functions

 * Antisense transcript
 * Kissing hairpins

Functions/Principles in Biotech

 * cDNA Libraries
 * Biomarkers

High Quality References
Key points: Base pairing, hybridization

Key points: DNA regulation, antisense transcript

Key points: RNA kissing

Key points: cDNA library creation: background and new methods

Key points: DNA repair, mismatch repair

Key points: DNA repair

Key points: Kissing hairpins, complementary loop

Key points: RNA structure, kissing hairpins

Key points: Complementarity background and overview