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Robot Operating System (ROS or ros) is robotics middleware (i.e. collection of software frameworks for robot software development). Although ROS is not an operating system, it provides services designed for a heterogeneous computer cluster such as hardware abstraction, low-level device control, implementation of commonly used functionality, message-passing between processes, and package management. Running sets of ROS-based processes are represented in a graph architecture where processing takes place in nodes that may receive, post and multiplex sensor data, control, state, planning, actuator, and other messages. Despite the importance of reactivity and low latency in robot control, ROS itself is not a real-time OS (RTOS). It is possible, however, to integrate ROS with real-time code. The lack of support for real-time systems has been addressed in the creation of ROS 2.0 , a major revision of the ROS API which will take advantage of modern libraries and technologies for core ROS functionality and add support for real-time code and embedded hardware.

Software in the ROS Ecosystem can be separated into three groups: Both the language-independent tools and the main client libraries (C++, Python, and Lisp) are released under the terms of the BSD license, and as such are open source software and free for both commercial and research use. The majority of other packages are licensed under a variety of open source licenses. These other packages implement commonly used functionality and applications such as hardware drivers, robot models, datatypes, planning, perception, simultaneous localization and mapping, simulation tools, and other algorithms.
 * language-and platform-independent tools used for building and distributing ROS-based software;
 * ROS client library implementations such as roscpp, rospy, and roslisp;
 * packages containing application-related code which uses one or more ROS client libraries.

The main ROS client libraries are geared toward a Unix-like system, primarily because of their dependence on large collections of open-source software dependencies. For these client libraries, Ubuntu Linux is listed as "Supported" while other variants such as Fedora Linux, macOS, and Microsoft Windows are designated "experimental" and are supported by the community. The native Java ROS client library, rosjava, however, does not share these limitations and has enabled ROS-based software to be written for the Android OS. rosjava has also enabled ROS to be integrated into an officially supported MATLAB toolbox which can be used on Linux, macOS, and Microsoft Windows. A JavaScript client library, roslibjs has also been developed which enables integration of software into a ROS system via any standards-compliant web browser.

Early Days at Stanford (2007 and Earlier)
Sometime before 2007, the first pieces of what eventually would become ROS were beginning to come together at Stanford University. Eric Berger and Keenan Wyrobek, PhD students working in Kenneth Sailsbury’s robotics laboratory at Stanford, were leading the Personal Robotics Program. While working on robots to do manipulation tasks in human environments, the two students noticed that many of their colleagues were held back by the diverse nature of robotics: an excellent software developer might not have the hardware knowledge required, someone developing state of the art path planning might not know how to do the computer vision required. In an attempt to remedy this situation, the two students set out to make a baseline system that would provide a starting place for others in academia to build upon. In the words of Eric Berger, “something that didn’t suck, in all of those different dimensions”.

In their first steps towards this unifying system, the two build the PR1 as a hardware prototype and began to work on software from it, borrowing the best practices from other early open source robotic software frameworks, particularly switchyard, a system that Morgan Quigley, another Stanford PhD student, had been working on in support of the STAIR (STanford Artificial Intelligence Robot) by the Stanford Artificial Intelligence Laboratory. Early funding of 50,000 USD was provided by Joanna Hoffman and Alain Rossmann, which supported the development of the PR1. While seeking funding for further development, Eric Berger and Keenan Wyrobek met Scott Hassan, the founder of Willow Garage, a technology incubator which was working on an autonomous SUV and a solar autonomous boat. Hassan shared Berger and Wyrobek’s vision of a “Linux for robotics”, and invited them to come and work at Willow Garage. Willow Garage was started in January of 2007, and the first commit of ROS code was made to SourceForge on the seventh of November, 2007.

Willow Garage (2007-2013)
Willow Garage began developing the PR2 robot as a follow-up to the PR1, and ROS as the software to run it. Groups from more than twenty institutions made contributions to ROS, both the core software and the growing number of packages which worked with ROS to form a greater software ecosystem. The fact that people outside of Willow were contributing to ROS (particularly from Stanford’s STAIR project) meant that ROS was a multi-robot platform from the beginning. While Willow Garage had originally had other projects in progress, they were scrapped in favor of the Personal Robotics Program: focused on producing the PR2 as a research platform for academia and ROS as the open source robotics stack that would underlie both academic research and tech startups, much like the LAMP stack did for web-based startups.

In December 2008, Willow Garage met the first of their three internal milestones: continuous navigation for the PR2 over a period of two days and a distance of pi kilometers. Soon after, an early version of ROS (0.4 Mango Tango) was released, followed by the first RVIZ documentation and the first paper on ROS. In early summer, the second internal milestone: having the PR2 navigate the office, open doors, and plug itself it in, was reached. This was followed in August by the initiation of the ROS.org website. Early tutorials on ROS were posted in December, preparing for the release of ROS 1.0, in January of 2010. This was Milestone 3: producing tons of documentation and tutorials for the enormous capabilities that Willow Garage’s engineers had developed over the preceding 3 years.

Following this, Willow Garage achieved one of its longest held goals: giving away 10 PR2 robots to worthy academic institutions. This had long been a goal of the founders, as they felt that the PR2 could kick-start robotics research around the world. They ended up awarding eleven PR2s to different institutions, including University of Freiburg (Germany), Bosch, Georgia Tech, KU Leuven (Belgium), MIT, Stanford, TU Munich (Germany), UC Berkeley, U Penn, USC, and University of Tokyo (Japan). This, combined with Willow Garage’s highly successful internship program (run from 2008-2010 by Melonee Wise), helped to spread the word about ROS throughout the robotics world. The first official ROS distribution release: ROS Box Turtle, was released on March 2nd of 2010, marking the first time that ROS was official distributed with a set of versioned packages for public use. These developments lead to the first drone running ROS, the first autonomous car running ROS , and the adaption of ROS for Lego Mindstorms. With the PR2 Beta program well underway, the PR2 robot was officially released for commercial purchase on September 9th, 2010.



2011 was a banner year for ROS with the launch of ROS Answers, a Q/A forum for ROS users, on February 15th ; the introduction of the highly successful Turtlebot robot kit on April 18th ; and the total number of ROS repositories passing 100 on May 5th. Willow Garage began 2012 by creating the Open Source Robotics Foundation (OSRF) in April. The OSRF was immediately awarded a software contract by DARPA. Later that year, the first ROSCon was held in St. Paul, MN, the first book on ROS, ROS By Example , was published, and the Baxter, first commercial robot to run ROS, was announced by Rethink Robotics. Soon after passing its fifth anniversary in November, ROS began running on every continent on December 3rd, 2012.

In February of 2013, the OSRF became the primary software maintainers for ROS, foreshadowing the announcement in August that Willow Garage would be absorbed by its founders, Suitable Technologies. At this point, ROS had released seven major versions (up to ROS Groovy ), and had users all over the globe. This chapter of ROS development would be finalized when ClearPath Robotics took over support responsibilities for the PR2 in early 2014.

OSRF and Open Robotics (2013-Present)
In the years since OSRF took over primary development of ROS, a new version has been released every year, while interest in ROS continues to grow. ROSCons have occurred every year since 2012,co-located with either ICRA or IROS, two flagship robotics conferences. Meetups of ROS developers have been organized in a variety of countries , a number of ROS  books have been published , and many educational programs initiated. On September 1st, 2014, NASA announced the first robot to run ROS in space: Robotnaut 2, on the International Space Station. In 2017, the OSRF changed its name to Open Robotics. Tech giants Amazon and Microsoft began to take an interest in ROS during this time, with Microsoft porting core ROS to Windows in September 2018, followed by Amazon Web Services releasing RoboMaker in November.

Perhaps the most important development of the OSRF/Open Robotics years thus far (not to discount the explosion of robot platforms which began to support ROS or the enormous improvements in each ROS version) was the proposal of ROS2, a significant API change to ROS which is intended to support real time programming, a wider variety of computing environments, and utilize more modern technology. ROS2 was announced at ROSCon 2014, the first commits to the ros2 repository were made in February 2015, followed by alpha releases in August 2015. The first distribution release of ROS2, Ardent Apalone, was released on December 8th, 2017, ushering in a new era of next-generation ROS development.

Philosophy
ROS was designed with open-source in mind, intending that users would be able to chose the configuration of tools and libraries which interacted with the core of ROS so that users could shift their software stacks to fit their robot and application area. As such, there is very little which is actually core to ROS, beyond the general structure within which programs must exist and communicate. In one sense, all ROS is is the underlying plumbing behind nodes and message passing. However, in reality, ROS is that plumbing, a rich and mature set of tools, a wide ranging set of robot-agnostic capabilities provided by packages, and a greater ecosystem of additions to ROS.

Computation Graph Model
ROS processes are represented as nodes in a graph structure, connected by edges called topics. ROS nodes can pass messages to on another through topics, make service calls to other nodes, provide a service for other nodes, or set or retrieve shared data from a communal database called the parameter server. A process called the ROS Master makes all of this possible by registering nodes to itself, setting up node-to-node communication for topics, and controlling parameter server updates. Messages and service calls do not pass through the master, rather the master sets up peer-to-peer communication between all node processes after they register themselves with the master. This decentralized architecture lends itself well to robots, which are often comprise of a subset of networked computer hardware, and may communicate with off board computers for heavy computation or commands.

Nodes
A node represents a single process running the ROS graph. Every node has a name, which it registers with the ROS master before it can take any other actions. Multiple nodes with different names can exist under different namespaces, or a node can be defined as anonymous, in which case it will randomly generate an additional identifier to add to its given name. Nodes are at the center of ROS programming, as most ROS client code is in the form of a ROS node which takes actions based on information received from other nodes, sends information to other nodes, or sends and receives requests for actions to and from other nodes.

Topics
Topics are named buses over which nodes send and receive messages. Topic names must be unique within their namespace as well. To send messages to a topic, a node must publish to said topic, while to receive messages it must subscribe. The publish/subscribe model is anonymous: no node knows which nodes are sending or receiving on a topic, only that it is sending/receiving on that topic. The types of messages passed on a topic vary widely and can be user-defined. The content of these messages can be sensor data, motor control commands, state information, actuator commands, or anything else.

Services
A node may also advertise services. A service represents an action that a node can take which will have a single result. As such, services are often used for actions which have a defined beginning and end, such as capturing a single-frame image, rather than processing velocity commands to a wheel motor or odometer data from a wheel encoder. Nodes advertise services and call services from one another.

Parameter Server
The parameter server is a database shared between nodes which allows for communal access to static or semi-static information. Data which does not change frequently and as such will be infrequently accessed, such as the distance between two fixed points in the environment, or the weight of the robot, are good candidates for storage in the parameter server.

Tools
ROS's core functionality is augmented by a variety of tools which allow developers to visualize and record data, easily navigate the ROS package structures, and create scripts automating complex configuration and setup processes. The addition of these tools greatly increases the capabilities of systems using ROS by simplifying and providing solutions to a number of common robotics development. These tools are provided in packages like any other algorithm, but rather than providing implementations of hardware drivers or algorithms for various robotic tasks, these packages provide task and robot-agnostic tools which come with the core of most modern ROS installations.

rviz
rviz is a three-dimensional visualizer used to visualize robots, the environments they work in, and sensor data. It is an highly configurable tool, with many different types of visualizations and plugins.

rosbag
rosbag is a command line tool used to record and playback ROS message data. rosbag uses a file format called bags, which log ROS messages by listening to topics and recording messages as they come in. Playing messages back from a bag is largely the same as having the original nodes which produced the data in the ROS computation graph, making bags a useful tool for recording data to be used in later development. While rosbag is a command line only tool, rqt_bag provides a GUI interface to rosbag.

catkin
catkin is the ROS build system, having replaced rosbuild as of ROS Groovy. catkin is based on CMake, and is similarly cross-platform, open source, and language-independent.

rosbash
The rosbash package provides a suite of tools which augment the functionality of the bash shell. These tools include rosls, roscd, and roscp, which replicate the functionalities of ls, cd, and cp respectively. The ROS versions of these tools allow users to use ros package names in place of the filepath where the package is located. The package also adds tab-completion to most ROS utilities, and includes rosed, which edits a given file with the chosen default text editor, as well rosrun, which runs executes in ROS packages. rosbash supports the same functionalities for zsh and tcsh, to a lesser extent.

roslaunch
roslaunch is a tool used to launch multiple ROS nodes both locally and remotely, as well as setting parameters on the ROS parameter server. roslaunch configuration files, which are written using XML can easily automate a complex startup and configuration process into a single command. roslaunch scripts can include other roslaunch scripts, launch nodes on specific machines, and even restart processes which die during execution.

Packages of note
ROS contains many open source implementations of common robotics functionality and algorithms. These open source implementations are organized into "packages". Many packages are included as part of ROS distributions, while others may be developed by individuals and distributed through code sharing sites such as github. Some packages of note include:

Systems and Tools

 * actionlib provides a standardized interface for interfacing with preemtable tasks.
 * nodelet provides a way to run multiple algorithms in a single process.


 * rosbridge provides a JSON API to ROS functionalities for non-ROS programs.

Mapping and Localization

 * gmapping provides a wrapper for OpenSlam's Gmapping algorithm for simultaneous localization and mapping.
 * cartographer provides real time 2D and 3D SLAM algorithms developed at Google.
 * amcl provides an implementation of adaptive Monte-Carlo localization.

Navigation

 * nav2d provides the capability of navigating a mobile robot in a planar environment.

Perception

 * vision_opencv is a meta-package which provides packages for integrating ROS with OpenCV.

Coordinate Frame Representation

 * tf provided a system for representing, tracking and transforming coordinate frames until ROS Hydro, when it was deprecated in favor of tf2.
 * tf2 is the second generation of the tf library, and provides the same capabilities for ROS versions after Hydro.

Simulation

 * gazeo_ros_pkgs is a meta-package which provides packages for integrating ROS with the Gazebo simulator.
 * stage provides an interface for the 2D Stage simulator.

Versions and Releases
ROS releases may be incompatible with other releases and are often referred to by code name rather than version number. ROS currently releases a version every year in May. On odd numbered years, the release is supported for two years, and on even numbered years the release is designated long-term support release and supported for five years. This loosely follows the Ubuntu release cycle. ROS2 currently releases a new version every six months (in December and July). These releases are supported for a single year.

ROS-Industrial
ROS-Industrial is an open-source project (BSD (legacy) / Apache 2.0 (preferred) license) that extends the advanced capabilities of ROS to manufacturing automation and robotics. The ROS-Industrial repository includes interfaces for common industrial manipulators, grippers, sensors, and device networks. It also provides software libraries for automatic 2D/3D sensor calibration, process path/motion planning, applications like Scan-N-Plan, developer tools like the Qt Creator ROS Plugin, and training curriculum that is specific to the needs of manufacturers. ROS-I is supported by an international Consortium of industry and research members. The project began as a collaborative endeavor between Yaskawa Motoman Robotics, Southwest Research Institute, and Willow Garage to support the use of ROS for manufacturing automation, with the GitHub repository being founded in January 2012 by Shaun Edwards (SwRI). Currently, the Consortium is divided into three groups; the ROS-Industrial Consortium Americas (led by SwRI and located in San Antonio, Texas), the ROS-Industrial Consortium Europe (led by Fraunhofer IPA and located in Stuttgart, Germany) and the ROS-Industrial Consortium Asia Pacific (led by Advanced Remanufacturing and Technology Centre (ARTC) and Nanyang Technological University (NTU) and located in Singapore).

The Consortia supports the global ROS-Industrial community by conducting ROS-I training, providing technical support and setting the future roadmap for ROS-I, as well as conducting pre-competitive joint industry projects to develop new ROS-I capabilities.

Robots

 * ABB, Adept, Fanuc, Motoman, and Universal Robots are supported by ROS-Industrial
 * Baxter at Rethink Robotics, Inc.
 * HERB developed at Carnegie Mellon University in Intel's personal robotics program
 * Husky A200 robot developed (and integrated into ROS) by Clearpath Robotics
 * PR1 personal robot developed in Ken Salisbury's lab at Stanford
 * PR2 personal robot being developed at Willow Garage
 * Raven II Surgical Robotic Research Platform
 * Shadow Robot Hand – A fully dexterous humanoid hand.
 * STAIR I and II robots developed in Andrew Ng's lab at Stanford
 * SummitXL: Mobile robot developed by Robotnik, an engineering company specialized in mobile robots, robotic arms, and industrial solutions with ROS architecture.
 * Nao humanoid: University of Freiburg's Humanoid Robots Lab developed a ROS integration for the Nao humanoid based on an initial port by Brown University
 * UBR1 developed by Unbounded Robotics, a spin-off of Willow Garage.
 * ROSbot: autonomous robot platform by Husarion
 * Webots: robot simulator integrating a complete ROS programming interface.

SBCs and Hardware

 * BeagleBoard. The robotics lab of the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium has ported ROS to the Beagleboard
 * Raspberry Pi: image of ubuntu Mate with ROS by Ubiquity Robotics; installation guide for Raspbian

Related projects

 * RT middleware – Robot middleware standard/implementations. RT-component is discussed / defined by the Object Management Group.