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I am using this page to translate pl:Dworzec kolejowy.

Creation of the form


Several decades were needed to find a formula for railway station architecture that, like churches and town halls, would be easily recognizable in the urban space.

The first station buildings gave no special emphasis to their function, being essentially a variation on the house or office building. So, for example, it is difficult to identify the function of the station building in the original Manchester terminus of the Liverpool and Manchester Railway, or in the two railway stations in Vienna shown below, although they have been given the characteristics of a public building.

Often the earliest station buildings were so modest that the main visible element of the station was the train shed (eg, the first station in Mannheim).

The Vienna Station in Warsaw, Poland (1846), was one of the early, somewhat naive attempts to demonstrate its purpose. An example of a design technique soon to be dubbed architecture parlante, it was shaped so as to resemble a pair of locomotives. The building was, however, a "closed shop". Although there was space between the building and the surrounding streets, there was no architectural motif leading to any large air space penetration into the rooms inside.

Maturity
Both the latter two examples from the above gallery, as well as the Gdańsk railway station, demonstrate the characteristic features of the station building in a mature railway station architecture. Illustrated are the elevations and the large building volumes, which had both indoor platforms and - increasingly - a reception hall. There are many examples in which the interpenetration of interior and exterior space is thus a guiding principle for identifying the function of stations.

This principle is revealed in the earliest major stations in which train halls were highlighted. The solution was pioneered at Paris Gare de Strasbourg (later called the Gare de l'Est) of 1849. A more modern example, and one readily repeated, is the first permanent station in Munich (demonstrating more universal forms of the Italian Renaissance instead of neo romanticism).

A similarly attractive model was the Lehrter Bahnhof in Berlin, opened in 1871, which used the triumphal arch motif as part of its facade (eg the pattern was repeated at the Budapest Keleti station).

At a later stage of development, ticket halls were introduced. At the important Paris-Nord station, platforms extended inside the hall right up to the facade. In Bremen and Roubaix, a reception hall was created to occupy the whole height of the building - and appropriately it was stressed in the station facade. These stations are also examples of structures that managed to achieve high consistency between the building forms of the reception hall and the platforms. Dichotomy between the platforms and the station building is an issue that is not without difficulties.

Small stations
Provincial stations have been shaped in many ways and have presented themselves in a variety of stylistic forms. Usually, however, the form reflects the popularity of various styles in different countries and eras.

There are many forms of the romantic in Britain, Germany, France, Spain, Italy, referring to the dominant styles of the classical tradition. In all countries with station buildings, there is also resort to local architectural forms.

Other elements of station architecture
Railway station architecture is not just the architecture of the station building. It includes the design of separate platforms and canopies, or the train shed (ie an the overall canopy for the platforms and tracks), if any. Also, shelters can impart the characteristic face of the station and be more than a utilitarian form of construction.

Architects also create railway station towers, and buildings and equipment associated with the movement of trains: control rooms, and even signals, sometimes grouped together on the platforms over the tracks. The continued existence of these objects, especially the control room, is sometimes at risk when traffic safety technologies are updated.

Rail's decline and its architecture
Competition car and plane in II. Call. Twentieth century pushed the railroad transport positions unattractive, and even anachronistic. In America, where there was a loss of passenger rail, large, recently constructed stations were abandoned (Buffalo Central Michigan Central Station), at best, finding a new use for them is not related to the rail (Reading Philadelphia, St. Louis Union). Rail stops often become inconspicuous barracks located on the periphery and cheap to maintain.

A condition which affected train stations, even where the train continues to function, was the dedication of architectural values ​​for financial gain. In the U.S., Britain, Belgium, Italy, they did save dismantling halls platforms, requiring expensive repair and maintenance. Groundbreaking for the layout of the station was the introduction of electric traction, which enabled przekrywanie complexes of low-lying platform plate (the principle used for the first time in New York's Grand Central Terminal, 1903-1913, in Europe it is an example of the Central Bruxelles-Central/Brussel, 1952, in Poland - The first train from Warsaw Index 1939, after the Warszawa Centralna, 1975). Later it turned out that not only can be dispensed with peronowych halls, but even with the classical buildings receptive to the station area could be fully superstructures earning income structure (the most notorious case is when a Pennsylvania Station in New York). In Osaka it was not initially need the superstructure of platforms (used commercially floor underneath them), built in 1983 while on-site office building reception, which is completely devoid of the characteristics of railway architecture. Theme skyscraper as the station facade was born in the U.S. is true even in the nineteenth century, but became very pupularny our time in Japan. It is interesting that the disappearance of typical architectural forms not accompanied by a station there, drop in the popularity of rail travel. On the contrary, more intensively used land increasingly busy railway.

Regression of railway architecture, understood as a waiver of glory for the "wet behind the ears" simplicity, took place in Europe too, although not everywhere and not on a scale comparable with America. In Britain dokonanywanym mass rail network was accompanied by reductions or massive "rationalize" the same stations. It sometimes meant removing roofing peronowych comprehensive, and sometimes destruction of whole complexes of station. Characteristic was the reduction in line in downtown and build a small station on the new, more peripheral site (eg Bradford Interchange).

In Poland, where the railways have been destroyed since 1990, lack of modernization, just think about the shape of its most popular stations (Katowice, Warszawa Centralna). At the main station in Krakow is not used chance, which was the construction of a neighborhood shopping complex and not created a new reception complex, logically located in close proximity to the platforms.

The search for a new form
In Europe, where the railways continue to function, the emergence of modernist aesthetics and new material, which was reinforced concrete, brought new formal solutions for the railway. Celowały them especially Italy, where he formed an avant-garde works such as new station Santa Maria Novella in Florence (1935) and a new railway station Termini in Rome (1950). Pionierscy in the introduction of reinforced concrete, but less innovative, in terms of form, were the French. We are happy, they resorted to the traditional "language" of architecture around the railway station, clock towers, reinforced concrete building (eg, Brest - 1932, Amiens - 1954), and even the halls of platforms (Reims - 1934, Le Havre Maritime - 1936, Cherbourg Maritime - 1934). Similarly, agriculture has been more conservative stations in Germany. Constructed with reinforced concrete building, there is usually only the reception, halls, and canopies for peronowych leaving traditional steel structure (eg, new Karlsruhe Hauptbahnhof - 1913, the new Hauptbahnhof Stuttgart - 1927, Königsberg Hauptbahnhof [5] - 1929; Beuthen / OS [6] - ~ 1930 ; new Düsseldorf Hauptbahnhof - 1936). In Poland, the concrete example of the new architecture was to be destroyed in 1944, the above-mentioned main railway station Warszawa (1939). Between the modern form, however, was relatively low in Poland. More likely to be built in local style, including a national style "manor house" (eg Żyrardów, Pruszków, the first train Gdynia .) Station Lublin passed while rebuilding after alluding to the style of the Polish Renaissance (20th year).

The period after World War II brought the domination of modernist "international style", which term includes the architecture of simple cubic solids. In comparison to the prewar period was to disseminate important new element is light curtain walls. Disappeared, while references to the classical tradition, still visible in the works before the war, especially in France. A significant trend of modernism have been experimenting with new designs: tarczownicami, paraboloidami, spatial lattice structure. Station Tilburg in the Netherlands can be a rare example of a modernist solution, which on the one hand has an innovative design, on the other hand is a kind of traditional comprehensive platform canopies.

Books
A bibliography of the history and design of railway stations could be very extensive. In almost all countries where there is a railway system, at least one book has been published on the national fusion of architecture around the railway station.

Synthesis of trans-national literature (selection):
 * (also (1957). London: Architectural Press)
 * (also (1957). London: Architectural Press)
 * (also (1957). London: Architectural Press)

National and regional synthesis (selection):
 * ISBN 3-344-00067-5, ISBN 3-344-00267-8, ISBN 3-344-71029-X
 * ISBN 3-344-00067-5, ISBN 3-344-00267-8, ISBN 3-344-71029-X
 * ISBN 3-344-00067-5, ISBN 3-344-00267-8, ISBN 3-344-71029-X
 * ISBN 3-344-00067-5, ISBN 3-344-00267-8, ISBN 3-344-71029-X