User:Ekaufman1998/sandbox

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Potential edits on Women who have sex with women page[edit]

Under STI Section:

Many doctors consider sex between women to have negligible risk for transmission of STIs[1] and fail to offer any information on prevention of STI transmission for sex involving two women.[2] Although lesbians have a lower risk of contracting STIs than their heterosexual and bisexual counterparts,[3] the risk is still there.[4] Additionally, most WSW have had sex with men at some point in their lifetime which can significantly increase the risk of infection.[5] Lesbians are less likely than their heterosexual and bisexual counterparts to get screened for cervical cancer, with some being refused screenings by medical professionals.[1] Yearly pelvic exams are encouraged for WSW to contain the complications of STIs.[3]

Safe sex[edit]

There are various ways for WSW to protect against the contraction of STIs during sex, though these methods are not well studied. Dental dams, condoms on sex toys, gloves, and cling wrap are all used as protection during various forms of sex. Most WSW do not use protection during sex, due to misconceptions that a lower risk of STI transmission means that barriers are not needed[6]. Engaging in oral sex without the use of a dental dam or condom is considered a high risk sexual behavior.[3]

The CDC recommends using a dental dam during oral sex.[7] Additionally, HIV prevention organizations distribute dental dams along with condoms and other safe sex supplies.[8] The FDA has not evaluated dental dams or other barriers for their effectiveness in preventing the spread of STDs, STIs, or HIV.[9] Health educators still widely encourage their use during cunnilingus or anilingus[9][3] even though dental dams are not widely used by WSW,[10][11] and are not made with STI prevention in mind.[9] Dental dams are commonly found at STI clinics and on the internet but may be difficult to find at drugstores where condoms are normally sold.[12] Dental Dams may also be made by cutting open a latex condom.[7][11] Latex condoms are known to be impermeable to pathogens which can cause STIs.[13]

Similarly to condoms, a new dental dam is used for each instance of oral sex to reduce the risk of STI transmission. Dams are placed over the vaginal or anal opening before the start of any sexual activities and not be removed until activities are concluded.[12] To ensure no tears or rips occur, water or silicon based lubricant can be used. Additionally, dams are not stretched out as this could lead to tears. Dental dams are stored in a cool and dry location, and never be used after their printed expiration date.[7]

While condoms may not be applicable to many WSW sexual encounters, they are still useful when sex toys are involved. Toys that are shared between partners can spread pathogens even when cleaned. The use of condoms in addition to thorough cleaning can help reduce the risk of transmission via sex toys.[12]

In the event of any open sores or wounds on the hands, latex gloves can be used to prevent infection while fingering or fisting. Gloves are placed over the hand before sexual activity ensues and kept on through the duration of the activity.[12]

Cling wrap is often posed as an alternative to Dental Dams, but not widely recommended. Cling wrap is used in the same way as dental dams, and much more cost effective. No studies currently exist on the permeability of cling wrap to STI causing pathogens, but it is known to be waterproof.[9]

Intimate partner violence (IPV)[edit]

Intimate partner violence (IPV) encompasses any form of abuse, such as physical or psychological abuse, stalking, or sexual violence, perpetrated by an intimate partner.[14] WSW are more likely than heterosexual women to have suffered IPV of any form from their partner, with bisexual women having a higher prevalence than lesbian women.[15] Bisexual women are twice as likely as heterosexual women to experience stalking or intimate partner rape.[14]

Omission from research studies[edit]

It can be difficult to draw robust and wide reaching conclusions about WSW, since many studies fail to specifically include this group.[16] Little scholarly research is done on WSW relative to other sexual minority groups.[11] Research on sexual health is generally about pregnancy and heterosexual sex, with the needs of WSW largely ignored.[4] Studies on intimate partner violence often fail to report the sex of the perpetrator or the sexual orientation of the victim, making it difficult to study the prevalence in WSW communities.[15]

  1. ^ a b Gynaecology. Shaw, Robert W. (Robert Wayne), Luesley, David., Monga, Ash K. (4th ed. ed.). Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. 2011. ISBN 9780702048388. OCLC 787843377. {{cite book}}: |edition= has extra text (help)CS1 maint: others (link)
  2. ^ McNair, Ruth (2005). "Risks and prevention of sexually transmissible infections among women who have sex with women". Sexual Health. 2 (4): 209. doi:10.1071/sh04046. ISSN 1448-5028.
  3. ^ a b c d Carroll, Janell L., author. Sexuality now : embracing diversity. ISBN 9781337404990. OCLC 1064600804. {{cite book}}: |last= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  4. ^ a b Clarke, Victoria. (2010). Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Queer Psychology. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521700184. OCLC 1031490912.
  5. ^ Communicating Women's Health : social and cultural norms that influence health decisions. Madlock Gatison, Annette,. New York. ISBN 0815386494. OCLC 1004726096.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: others (link)
  6. ^ Gatison, Annette Madlock (2015-12-07). Communicating Women's Health: Social and Cultural Norms that Influence Health Decisions. Routledge. ISBN 9781317553892.
  7. ^ a b c "How to Use a Dental Dam | CDC". www.cdc.gov. 2019-02-22. Retrieved 2019-10-27.
  8. ^ Enhanced Comprehensive HIV Prevention Planning and Implementation for Metropolitan Statistical Areas Most Affected by HIV/AIDS (ECHPP) for Houston-Baytown-Sugarland, Texas. Houston Department of Health and Human Services. 2011.
  9. ^ a b c d Richters, Juliet; Clayton, Stevie (2010). "The practical and symbolic purpose of dental dams in lesbian safer sex promotion". Sexual Health. 7 (2): 103. doi:10.1071/sh09073. ISSN 1448-5028.
  10. ^ Richters, Juliet; Prestage, Garrett; Schneider, Karen; Clayton, Stevie (2010). "Do women use dental dams? Safer sex practices of lesbians and other women who have sex with women". Sexual Health. 7 (2): 165. doi:10.1071/sh09072. ISSN 1448-5028.
  11. ^ a b c Stevens, Patricia E.; Hall, Joanne M. (2001-07). "Sexuality and Safer Sex: The Issues for Lesbians and Bisexual Women". Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic & Neonatal Nursing. 30 (4): 439–447. doi:10.1111/j.1552-6909.2001.tb01563.x. ISSN 0884-2175. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  12. ^ a b c d Lehmiller, Justin J.,. The psychology of human sexuality (Second edition ed.). Hoboken, NJ. ISBN 9781119164715. OCLC 992433913. {{cite book}}: |edition= has extra text (help)CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  13. ^ "Condom Fact Sheet for Public Health Personnel | CDC". www.cdc.gov. 2019-04-18. Retrieved 2019-10-31.
  14. ^ a b "NISVS: An Overview of 2010 Findings on Victimization by Sexual Orientation" (PDF). CDC.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  15. ^ a b Badenes-Ribera, Laura; Bonilla-Campos, Amparo; Frias-Navarro, Dolores; Pons-Salvador, Gemma; Monterde-i-Bort, Hector (2015-05-27). "Intimate Partner Violence in Self-Identified Lesbians". Trauma, Violence, & Abuse. 17 (3): 284–297. doi:10.1177/1524838015584363. ISSN 1524-8380.
  16. ^ Johns, Michelle M.; Liddon, Nicole; Jayne, Paula E.; Beltran, Oscar; Steiner, Riley J.; Morris, Elana (2018-01). "Systematic Mapping of Relationship-Level Protective Factors and Sexual Health Outcomes Among Sexual Minority Youth: The Role of Peers, Parents, Partners, and Providers". LGBT Health. 5 (1): 6–32. doi:10.1089/lgbt.2017.0053. ISSN 2325-8292. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
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