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Proposed changes to "Russia"

Economy
Russia has a mixed economy, with enormous natural resources, particularly oil and natural gas. It has the world's eleventh-largest economy by nominal GDP and the sixth-largest by PPP. In 2017, the large service sector contributed to 62% of total GDP, the industrial sector 32%, and the small agricultural sector roughly 5%. Russia has a low official unemployment rate of 4.1%. Russia's foreign exchange reserves are the world's fifth-largest. It has a labour force of roughly 70 million, which is the world's sixth-largest. Russia's large automotive industry ranks as the world's tenth-largest by production.

Russia is the world's twentieth-largest exporter and importer. The oil and gas sector accounted for 45% of Russia's federal budget revenues in January 2022, and up to 60% of its exports in 2019. In 2019, the Natural Resources and Environment Ministry estimated the value of natural resources to be 60% of the country's GDP. Russia has one of the lowest levels of external debt among major economies, although its inequality of household income and wealth is one of the highest among developed countries.

Following the Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022, the country has faced international sanctions and corporate boycotts, in a move described as an "all-out economic and financial war" to isolate the Russian economy from the global financial system. The European Bank for Reconstruction and Development has estimated the damage done by the sanctions triggered "the greatest supply shock since at least the early 1970s", and will retract Russia's economy by 10% in 2022. Some estimates have suggested that sanctions will cost the Russian economy 30 years of development, and reduce the country's living standards for the next 5 years.

Transport and energy


Railway transport in Russia is mostly under the control of the state-run Russian Railways. The total length of common-used railway tracks is the world's third-longest, and exceeds 87000 km., Russia has the world's fifth-largest road network, with some 1,452 thousand km of roads, while its road density is among the world's lowest. Russia's inland waterways are the world's second-longest, and total 102000 km. Its pipelines total some 251800 km, and are the world's third-longest. Among Russia's 1,218 airports, the busiest is Sheremetyevo International Airport in Moscow. Russia's largest port is the Port of Novorossiysk in Krasnodar Krai along the Black Sea.

Russia has been widely described as an energy superpower. It has the world's largest proven gas reserves, the second-largest coal reserves, the eighth-largest oil reserves, and the largest oil shale reserves in Europe. Russia is also the world's leading natural gas exporter, the second-largest natural gas producer, and the second-largest oil producer and exporter. Russia's oil and gas production has led to deep economic relationships with the European Union, China, and former Soviet and Eastern Bloc states. For example, over the last decade, Russia's share of supplies to total European Union (including the United Kingdom) gas demand increased from 25% in 2009 to 32% in the weeks before the Russian invasion of Ukraine in February 2022. Russia relies heavily on revenues from oil- and gas-related taxes and export tariffs, which accounted for 45% of its federal budget in January 2022.

Russia is committed to the Paris Agreement, after joining the pact formally in 2019. It is the world's fourth-largest greenhouse gas emitter. Russia is the world's fourth-largest electricity producer, and the ninth-largest renewable energy producer in 2019. It was also the world's first country to develop civilian nuclear power, and to construct the world's first nuclear power plant. Russia was also the world's fourth-largest nuclear energy producer in 2019, and was the fifth-largest hydroelectric producer in 2021.