User:Error9312/sandbox/Renewable Energy


 * Overview
 * History
 * Mainstream Technologies
 * Emerging Technologies
 * Integration of variable renewable energy
 * Economics
 * Supply
 * Demand
 * Cost
 * Investment
 * Employment?
 * (Move individual technology trends to other pages)
 * Policy
 * Geopolitics
 * Debate
 * Environmental impact
 * Gallery
 * See Also
 * Notes
 * References

Power Generation
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Heat
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Transportation Fuels
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From the end of 2004, worldwide renewable energy capacity grew at rates of 10–60% annually for many technologies. In 2015 global investment in renewables rose 5% to $285.9 billion, breaking the previous record of $278.5 billion in 2011. 2015 was also the first year that saw renewables, excluding large hydro, account for the majority of all new power capacity (134 GW, making up 54% of the total). Of the renewables total, wind accounted for 72 GW and solar photovoltaics 56 GW; both record-breaking numbers and sharply up from 2014 figures (49 GW and 45 GW respectively). In financial terms, solar made up 56% of total new investment and wind accounted for 38%.

In 2014 global wind power capacity expanded 16% to 369,553 MW. Yearly wind energy production is also growing rapidly and has reached around 4% of worldwide electricity usage, 11.4% in the EU, and it is widely used in Asia, and the United States. In 2015, worldwide installed photovoltaics capacity increased to 227 gigawatts (GW), sufficient to supply 1 percent of global electricity demands. Solar thermal energy stations operate in the United States and Spain, and as of 2016, the largest of these is the 392 MW Ivanpah Solar Electric Generating System in California. The world's largest geothermal power installation is The Geysers in California, with a rated capacity of 750 MW. Brazil has one of the largest renewable energy programs in the world, involving production of ethanol fuel from sugar cane, and ethanol now provides 18% of the country's automotive fuel. Ethanol fuel is also widely available in the United States.

Demand

 * Transparent for electricity consumption - utility-scale renewables just satisfy demand for electricity, not for renewables
 * Consumer green energy programs
 * Consumer installation of solar
 * Government regulations/mandates/subsidies


 * Transport
 * Biofuel consumption
 * Electric vehicles

https://www.c2es.org/content/renewable-energy/ https://www.environmentalleader.com/2021/10/waste-heat-recovery-grows-with-renewable-energy-demands/ https://www.farmprogress.com/soybeans/renewable-energy-demand-pushing-soy-oil-forefront

Old Text
In July 2014, WWF and the World Resources Institute convened a discussion among a number of major US companies who had declared their intention to increase their use of renewable energy. These discussions identified a number of "principles" which companies seeking greater access to renewable energy considered important market deliverables. These principles included choice (between suppliers and between products), cost competitiveness, longer term fixed price supplies, access to third-party financing vehicles, and collaboration.

UK statistics released in September 2020 noted that "the proportion of demand met from renewables varies from a low of 3.4 per cent (for transport, mainly from biofuels) to highs of over 20 per cent for 'other final users', which is largely the service and commercial sectors that consume relatively large quantities of electricity, and industry".

In some locations, individual households can opt to purchase renewable energy through a consumer green energy program.

Cost




Investment




In 2017, investments in renewable energy amounted to US$279.8 billion worldwide, with China accounting for US$126.6 billion or 45% of the global investments, the United States for US$40.5 billion, and Europe for US$40.9 billion. The results of a recent review of the literature concluded that as greenhouse gas (GHG) emitters begin to be held liable for damages resulting from GHG emissions resulting in climate change, a high value for liability mitigation would provide powerful incentives for deployment of renewable energy technologies.

In the decade of 2010–2019, worldwide investment in renewable energy capacity excluding large hydropower amounted to US$2.7 trillion, of which the top countries China contributed US$818 billion, the United States contributed US$392.3 billion, Japan contributed US$210.9 billion, Germany contributed US$183.4 billion, and the United Kingdom contributed US$126.5 billion. This was an increase of over three and possibly four times the equivalent amount invested in the decade of 2000–2009 (no data is available for 2000–2003).

Employment
Renewable power has been more effective in creating jobs than coal or oil in the United States. In 2016, employment in the sector increased 6% in the United States while employment in the oil and gas sector decreased 18%. Worldwide, renewables employ about 8.1 million people as of 2016.