User:FierceJake754/sandbox

=Hit (Dragon Ball)=

, known as and as the, is a fictional character in the Dragon Ball Super series created by Akira Toriyama. He is first introduced in chapter #7 of the Dragon Ball Super manga Warriors from Universe 6 (第６宇宙の戦士たち) from the manga and in the thirty-second episode of Dragon Ball Super anime.

Abilities
Like most characters of the Dragon Ball franchise, Hit has several traits including superhuman strength, speed, reflexes, and energy blasts, which can be utilized by the use of ki.

Although, Hit has superhuman longevity, as he is over 1,000 years old. He also has superhuman durability, can heal rapidly, turn invisible, teleport sense energy, source energy, further boost his power, shoot concussion beams, and has the ability to be present anywhere and everywhere simultaneously.

Hit is known for the ability to manipulate time by using Time-Skip (時とばし).

Voice actors
Hit is voiced by Kazuhiro Yamaji in Japanese media. In the English version, he is voiced Aaron Roberts in Dragon Ball Xenoverse 2 and by Matthew Mercer in all subsequent appearances.

Chronology
Dragon Ball Z takes place 5 years after the events of Dragon Ball anime series. The series began in Age 761. The Saga Saiyans and Freeza Saga occurs between Age 761 and 762. Mecha Freeza and King Cold went to Earth 2 years after the events on Planet Namek in Age 764. The Android Saga and the Cell Saga occur on Age 767 about 5 years after the Goku's battle against Freeza on Namek and 3 years after meeting Future Trunks. The Majin Buu Saga occurs 7 years after the Cell Saga in Age 774. The beginning of Dragon Ball Super occurs 4 years after the defeat of Majin Buu in Age 778, within the ten-year gap between chapter 517 and chapter 518 of the original Dragon Ball manga. Goku meets Uub in Age 784, 10 years after Majin Buu's defeat.

Alternative timelines
An alternative timeline also existed in which Future Trunks hasn't traveled back in time in Age 764. In that timeline, it was Goku who defeated Mecha Freeza and King Cold. 2 and half years later on Age 766, Future Trunks was already born but Goku already died of a deadly heart virus at the time Trunks was a baby. Six months later on May 12, Age 767, the Z-Fighters of the future (Piccolo, Vegeta, Tien, Yamcha, Krillin) except for Gohan were killed by Android 17 and Android 18. 13 years later, the events of Dragon Ball Z: The History of Trunkss occurs on Age 780. 3 years have passed on Age 783, after Future Gohan's death at the hands of the Androids. Future Trunks, now a Super Saiyan, went to challenge the Androids but failed. A year later on Age 784, Trunks used the Time Machine and traveled through time 20 years back to meet Goku on Age 764.

=Burnin' Up (Ne-Yo song)=

"Burnin' Up" is a song by American R&B singer Ne-Yo. The song was produced by Stargate.

The song was originally released as the first single from his upcoming fifth album R.E.D. but was cut from the album due to not even charting. It is also a promotional single for Malibu Red.

Characteristics
Gaindatherium was a medium-sized rhinoceros, which is somewhat smaller than today's Javan rhinoceros (Rhinoceros sondaicus), however, it is largely known only for its skull and dental remains. The skull was 52 cm long and had a wedge-shaped outline. Its skull was relatively flat in the side view, and had a clearly be saddled brow line similar to that of the South Asiatic rhinoceros. The occiput is rectangular and thus resembled the Javan rhino's, whilst on the other hand, the greater one-horned rhinoceros had a rather obtuse occiput. The muzzle was significantly extended further than the current members of the Rhinoceros genus. The orbit was in the center of the skull above the first molars but the last premolar was not as upper as the Rhinoceros. The nose showed a slightly curved shape, at the front end there were roughened surface structures, which indicated the location of the single horn. The nose interior above the premaxillaes extended to the front premolars. Also, the mergers of small bone plugs were below the ear canal.

The lower jaw is only partially delivered and had a front upward symphysis. In the upper jaw were two incisors, a relatively primordial feature of the modern rhinoceros. However, they were significantly reduced. There were also two incisors in the lower jaw, the outer (I2) were conically formed, which increased to a length of 4 cm and typically directed for Rhinos forward so that small tusks originated. For posterior dentition was a diastema. The upper jaw tooth row consisted of four premolars and three molars, the first premolar was extremely small. In the lower jaw was missing the front premolar. All molars were significantly niederkronig (brachyodont), molarisiert the premolars and had strikingly like the molars folded enamel.

Fossils
Remains of Gaindatherium are known mainly from South Asia, often include only the skull and dentition remains. Significant fossils date from the Middle Miocene belonging to Chinji lineup the lower Siwaliks in Pakistan, which largely made up of gray-colored sandy river deposits. These include a complete skull close Chinji (District Attock) in the province Punjab in 1934 to first description served the genus. Even more recently arrived in the rock formation numerous finds of this Rhino representative for days, usually in the form of tooth finds or fragments of the lower jaw, so among other things in the fossil reference of Dhok Bun Ameer Khatoon (District Chakwal) the same province. Socialized these include the mighty rhinoceros brachypotherium, one of the largest known member of this Unpaarhufer group at all, but also with early Giraffe. A similar Fund range comes from lava near Rawalpindi, also Punjab. Younger finds, which belong to the Upper Miocene, can be used in the Nagri formation be referred to the middle Siwaliks.

Outside South Asia are fossils from the Mae-Moh Basin in northern Thailand which likewise belong to the middle Miocene. Other dental finds were from Hanzhong in the Chinese province, Shaanxi reported. These originate from alluvial deposits, but are relatively young with a dating in the Pliocene.

Evolution and Taxonomy
The genus Gaindatherium is part of the family of rhinoceros and is provided within these to the subfamily Rhinocerotinae, of all rhinos living today belong. Together with Rhinoceros and also extinct Punjabitherium, making it the Subtribe Rhinocerotina and is therefore a close relative of today rhinoceros (Rhinoceros unicornis) and the Javan rhinoceross (Rhinoceros sondaicus), both of which are endangered. Common features of all Rhinocerotina are overgrown bone plugs below the ear canal and a clear course of saddled upper skull. In contrast to the gigantic Punjabitherium that with two horns, one longer trained front snout area and hochkronigeren molars was a well specialized side branch that originated about 10 million years, could Gaindatherium the direct ancestor of today's one-horned rhinos have been in Asia. The significant basal position of Gaindatherium within the Rhinocerotina distinguished in some features of the incisors, especially the lower I2, and the molars from, which still links to Lartetotherium and therefore made to the Dicerorhinina, the line for today's high-risk Sumatran rhinoceros (Dicerorhinus sumatrensis) resulted.

The following types of  Gaindatherium  are now recognized: Originally it was with ' G. (Iberotherium) rexmanueli'' of Miguel Telles Antunes and Léonard Ginsburg was introduced in 1983 another type, whose description was based on a maxilla fragment from Quinta das Pedreiras north of Lisbon and the western to the Eurasia should have been limited. Another Fund point set Beaugency in the Valley of Loire which fall within the specified age of both sites from the early Middle Miocene before about 17 million years surpassed the finds from southern Europe slightly. On the basis of recent studies were significant differences are worked out, which is why this form will be under its original subgenus name Iberotherium out.
 * G. browni Colbert, 1934
 * G. vidali Heissig, 1972

The name  Gaindatherium  led the first Edwin H. Colbert in 1934 on the basis of a nearly complete skull from the Chinji lineup in Siwaliks in which is now Pakistan. This skull also includes the holotype - copy (copy number AMNH 19409). Colbert recognized in the skull, the close relationship to the genus Rhinoceros, as their ancestor he Gaindatherium saw. Kurt Heissig began in 1972 Gaindatherium to the level of a subgenus to Rhinoceros, but this is not widely accepted. The term  Gaindatherium  passes from Hindi - word gainda from which translates as "Rhino" is and is locally used for the rhinoceros, while  therium  turn the romanized e version of the Greek word θήριον (Therion) and "Animal" means.

History
The king cheetah was first noted in Zimbabwe in 1926. In 1927, the naturalist Reginald Innes Pocock declared it a separate species, but reversed this decision in 1939 due to lack of evidence. In 1928, a skin purchased by Lord Rothschild was found to be intermediate in pattern between the king cheetah and spotted cheetah and Abel Chapman considered it to be a colour form of the spotted cheetah. 22 such skins were found between 1926 and 1974. Since 1927, king cheetahs were reported 5 more times in the wild. Although strangely marked skins had come from Africa, a live king cheetah was not photographed until 1974 in South Africa's Kruger National Park. Cryptozoologists Paul and Lena Bottriell photographed one during an expedition in 1975. They also managed to obtain stuffed specimens. It appeared larger than a spotted cheetah and its fur had a different texture. There was another wild sighting in 1986 - the first for 7 years. By 1987, 38 specimens had been recorded, many from pelts.

King cheetahs in the wild
Its species status was resolved in 1981 when king cheetahs were born at the Ann van Dyk Cheetah Centre in South Africa from normal parents. In May 1981, two spotted sisters gave birth there and each litter contained one king cheetah. The sisters had both mated with a wild-caught male from the Transvaal area (where King Cheetahs had been recorded). Further King Cheetahs were later born at the Centre. This mutation has been reported in Zimbabwe, Botswana and in the northern part of South Africa's Transvaal province.

Taxonomy and evolution
The wild ass among Old World equids such as zebras more than 4 million years ago. The ancestors of zebras diverged from the ancestors of the wild ass. The oldest divergence of Equus was the onager followed by the zebras and onwards.

Wild ass may refer to:
 * African wild ass (wild donkey) Equus africanus
 * Nubian wild ass Equus africanus africanus (likely ancestor of the domestic donkey)
 * Somali wild ass Equus africanus somaliensis
 * Donkey (Domestic ass) Equus africanus asinus
 * †Atlas wild ass (Algerian wild ass) Equus africanus atlanticus (extinct)
 * Onager (Asiatic wild ass) Equus hemionus
 * Mongolian wild ass (khulan), Equus hemionus hemionus
 * Turkmenian kulan (kulan), Equus hemionus kulan
 * Persian onager (gur), Equus hemionus onager
 * Indian wild ass (khur), Equus hemionus khur
 * †Syrian wild ass (hemippe), Equus hemionus hemippus (extinct)
 * Kiang (Tibetan wild ass, khyang, or gorkhar) Equus kiang
 * Western kiang Equus kiang kiang
 * Eastern kiang Equus kiang holdereri
 * Southern kiang Equus kiang polyodon
 * †European ass Equus hydruntinus
 * †Equus altidens
 * †Equus tabeti
 * †Equus melkiensis
 * †Equus graziosii

Category:Equus Category:Herbivorous animals Category:Megafauna of Africa Category:Megafauna of Eurasia *

=Onager evolution=

Systematics
Internal systematics of the genus  Equus  (only extant representative) by Price et al. 2009

The Asian ass belongs as a representative of genus  Equus  to the modern day horses. The morphology of the lower molars is very variable, although it is made to the group of steno ninen or non-caballinen horses DNA -. Analyses from 2009 suggest that the next of kin of the half-ass the Kiang ( Equus kiang ) is. A closely related fossil s kind of Asian Ass presented the European wild ass ( Equus hydruntinus ) represents, who was widespread in the Middle and Upper Pleistocene in Europe and Asia, and possibly extinct until Holocene. . This was slimmer and larger than today's semi-donkeys, reaching a shoulder height of 160 & nbsp; cm. Originally presented some experts this horse breed in the vicinity of the African donkey, but gave Anatomical studies a rather close relationship to the Asian donkey, which by could be confirmed genetic analyzes Both the wild ass and the Kiang and the European wild ass are designated within the steno ninen horses as  Hemionins  what is 'refers to the scientific name of the Asian Ass' 'Equus hemionus' and their close relationship expresses. Perhaps the most closely related horse species, the various zebra represents the wild horse is a rather extended family within the genus  Equus .

The different subspecies are distinguished by an increase in size from the South West of the range to the northeast of. So the Achdari reached the southwest 100 & nbsp; cm shoulder height, while the Dschiggetai in northeastern 127-138 & nbsp; cm. The Kulan is then 108-116 & nbsp; cm high, for Onager and Khur 112 to 120 nbsp;. Cm shoulder height specified Onager and Kulan are many authorities took the view that the same subspecies. According to the latest molecular genetics studies on the phylogenetic of equine but can be both populations clearly differentiate from each other. From Dschiggetai sometimes another subspecies is due to differing coat colors split, the Gobi wild ass ( Equus hemionus luteus ), but these other According to experts, highly variable in individual populations. But that all subspecies monophyletic s origin is not confirmed in the DNA study of 2009, since the Onager is related here in detail with the Mountain Zebra. Another study from the same year, however, shows a close relationship between all the subspecies of the half donkey on. The scientific name Equus hemionus was introduced in 1775 by Peter Simon Pallas and was based on an individual from the northeast of Mongolia.

Steno Nine horses are demonstrated to 3 million years ago in Asia for the first time before 2.5, may they go on  Equus cumminsi  in North America back. The close relationship of Asian ass is unknown, but could be in the. Pleistocene forms  Equus namadicus  or  Equus sivalensis  to find Early fossils  hemionus . similar animals have been handed down from Tologoj in Russia and more than a million years old Only slightly younger is the fossil subspecies  E. h nalaikhaensis  from the Mongolia, which finds from deposits of the river Tuul in the magnetostratigraphisch. dated important Jaramillo event around 900,000 years ago With  E. h. binagadensis  from the Middle and Upper Pleistocene is another relatively small only fossil occupied subspecies in Azerbaijan and Iran demonstrated that but possibly survived to the Holocene. In the Upper Pleistocene finds from Tajikistan, so of Chudji and Ogzi-Kichik have survived. Especially in the middle and younger Pleistocene of half ass kicked frequently sympatric with the European wild ass on.

Domestication
Current DNA - Studies confirm that all of today's donkey of African ass descended. The pedigree created on the basis of DNA sequences divides the donkey realized in an African and an Asian branch. On the latter, there are the wild ass ( Equus hemionus ). The question of whether the Asian donkey domesticated can be and whether this has been done in the past, has been controversial. On representations of ancient Mesopotamia (Standard of Ur) believed to recognize animals that were neither horse nor donkey, and concluded somewhat prematurely, that the wild ass of the Sumer s and Akkad ren had been domesticated to bias him against the car. In recent experiments it has never succeeded in the semi-donkeys to take their fear of people. It is generally considered to be more likely that also in Mesopotamia African donkeys were domesticated (also in Middle East occurred despite its name in prehistoric times). Other researchers believe that the Sumerians crossings between donkeys and Onager used.

Threat and protection
In historical times, half donkey crossed the Asian semi-desert in large herds. The thirst brought them regularly at the few watering holes of their habitat. Marco Polo reported in the 13th century by the large deposits of animals in Arabia, Persia, Turkestan and the Gobi. biggest threats today are the loss of habitat through expansion of human settlements and economic opening up the often inhospitable, but commodity-rich areas. The competition with agriculture held large animals is a major problem, since the half-ass with access to pasture and water sources generally has a disadvantage. Furthermore, illegal hunting in Asian ass, one hand for food production, on the other hand the skins for an increasing danger. Since the 1990s, the population has declined by 52%. All subspecies are threatened, albeit to varying degrees. The total portfolio will be '("endangered") from the IUCN as a' 'vulnerable' classified.

Among the protective measures, which are coordinated by the  Equid Specialist Group  of IUCN, including rebuilding and resettlement activities of individual populations of half donkey, further investigation of the ecological needs of the species and of the individual species, including habitat use, enhanced control of the meat trade and awareness the local population.

Anatolian and Syrian Wild Ass
The Anatolian wild ass has been eradicated already in the Ancient. Syrian wild ass were still in the 19th Century well represented in what is now Iraq, they roamed in large herds. After he had become increasingly rare, the Syrian wild ass in First World War was so often hunted by British and Ottoman soldiers that he came to the brink of extinction. The last wild Syrian wild ass was killed in 1927; a single animal died the same year in the zoo of Vienna.

Dschiggetai
The Dschiggetai, also called Mongolian Kulan, is the most common subspecies with approximately 18,400 living individuals in Mongolia, but the decline has been dramatic, as even the mid-1990s some 43,000 animals were adopted. Significant reserves are the Great Gobi A and Great Gobi B protected area in southern Mongolia. The IUCN is based on a loss of 5 to 10 percent per year. Although the Dschiggetai is officially protected, although there are numerous conflicts with the nomadic living population and whose agricultural large animals to grazing land and water sources. Since the 1990s, moreover, takes the poaching, which is another reason for the sharp declines in stocks. Other 11,400 animals be adopted in North China, which 4800-6000 animals in Kalameili Reserve. Here originally lived in the 1980s, only about 360 Dschiggetai, until the year 2000, after several large groups had immigrated from Mongolia, the number rose by leaps and bounds.

Khur
During the 1960s the Khur died out in the Iranian and Pakistani parts and in almost all Indian parts of its range. He survived only in Small Great Rann of Kutch in Gujarat, India. Here a sanctuary for the rare donkey was set up with the Indian Wild Ass Sanctuary specially. The Khur is the only subspecies of the Asiatic half donkey, whose number of individuals has risen steadily in the recent past. In 2004 3900 Khure retail Rann were counted. Approximately 30% of them live in the reserve. Meanwhile, spread the animal also in neighboring regions, such as the Great Rann of Kutch and the Blackbuck National Park. Approximately 291 copies live in an enclosure of Sakkarbaug Specialist Zoo. The population has grown steadily, but currently at risk of Narmada - channel the status of the reserve, since this number by its fresh water farmers and their large animals attracts, which are a direct competitor of Khure. There are also calls for the approval of salt mining in Kachchh. Outside the reserve Khure be shot by farmers, since they are considered agricultural pests and competitors of feed cattle.

Kulan
After the Kulan in Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan had been largely eradicated, created the Soviet Union in 1940 n the Badkhys National Wildlife Refuge, where in the next fifty years formed a herd of 5000 animals. The inventory numbers of Kulan in Turkmenistan have shrunk considerably in recent years: from 5,000 animals in 1993 to an estimated 580 in 2001. With the independence Turkmenistan s attacked the poaching around. The only remaining herd lived temporarily in Badkhyz Nature Reserve, where today happen again around 900 animals. The second largest group in Turkmenistan is located in the Sarykamysch Depression with perhaps 250 to 350 animals. Meanwhile, the animals were elsewhere, as in Gaplaňgyr Nature Reserve, Altyn-Emel National Park successfully resettled in Barsa-Kelmes Nature Reserve and in. The IUCN estimates the population today at 1,300 animals in Turkmenistan and 900 animals in Kazakhstan. Blame for this development is the omission of the effective control hunting that had prevailed at the time of the Soviet Union.

Twelve European zoos maintain within the EEP of European Zoo Association (EAZA) about 50 kulans. EEP coordinator is Anna Mekarska in Krakow Zoo. The Society for the reclamation of the quarry landscape Weilbach (GRKW) tries currently to be semi-wild life in Europe 6 male kulans in natural surroundings.

Onager
The number of Onager in the north of Iran is estimated at around 600 individuals. The Onager live in two separate populations. The largest population is that of 14,000 & nbsp; km² Touran sanctuary, with about 470 & nbsp; animals, the second and smaller comes in Bahram-e-Goor - before reserve which 3850 & nbsp; km² covers and nearly 100 & nbsp; individuals houses. By draconian e penalties for poaching and the creation of additional water points endeavors the Iranian government to ensure the survival of the subspecies.

As part of the European Endangered Species Programme (EEP) of the European Zoo Association (EAZA) now live about 150 Onager in scientifically managed zoos. EEP coordinator Stephan Hering-Hagenbeck in Hagenbeck Zoo, Hamburg. Onager from zoos were in the desert Negev in Makhtesh Ramon - exposed to erosion crater in Israel, however, comes from a large part of the population from crosses with Kulanen. The size of the population is around 100 animals. A much smaller group was settled in Saudi Arabia.

Etymology
The Pallas used species name  hemionus  is derived from the Greek ήμιονος word  Hemionos  from what from ήμι  Hemi  "half" and ὄνος  Ono  "Donkey" is composed. The term  Hemionos  has been in the Ancient of Homer and Aristotle for animals from Anatolia and Persian used, but originally referred on mules and mules.

The origin of the name  onager , the Pieter Boddaert used, is also Greek: ὄναγρος 'ónagros' ', a Kompositwort from ὄνος' 'Ono' 'donkey' and άγριος 'Agrios' " wild ". The Latin names are  onagrus  or  onager . These words used the Greeks and Romans exclusively for the African wild ass, but in the Vulgate and the Syrian wild ass is so designated.

 Achdari ,  Dschiggetai ,  Gur Khar ,  Khur  and  Kulan  are the local common names for the individual populations of Asian ass.

Literature

 * Ronald M. Nowak (1999):  Walker's Mammals of the World . Johns Hopkins University Press, ISBN 0-8018-5789-9
 * P. Kaczensky and C. Walzer (2008):  The Asiatic wild ass - threatened survivalists in the Gobi desert . Journal of the Cologne Zoo 51 (3), pp 147–163.
 * AG Bannikov (1975):  Recent status of the wild ass in Mongolia . IUCN Bulletin 6 (4), p. 16
 * Chu, G. Z., et al. (1985):  The summer habitat and population numbers of the Mongolian wild ass in the Kalamaili Mountains Wildlife Reserve, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region . Acta Zoologica Sinica, 31 (2), pp 178–186.
 * Bell, H. (1977):  Observations on social organization and behavior of African and Asiatic wild asses (Equus africanus and Equus hemionus) . Journal of Animal Psychology 44, pp 323–331.
 * NV Lobanov (1982):  Askania-Nova, A 3rd reserves in the USSR for the breeding of Equus hemionus Kulan . Zoologichesky Zhurnal 61 (12), pp 1856–1861.
 * P. Moehlman (Edit.) (2002):  Equids: Zebras, Asses and Horses. Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan . IUCN, Gland, Switzerland.
 * J. L. Myka et al. (2003):  A comparative gene map for the onager, Equus hemionus onager . Cytogenetic and Genome Research 102 (1-4), p 358.
 * RP Reading, S. & B. Amgalanbaatar Lhagvasuren (1999): '' Biological Assessment of Three Beauties of the Gobi National Park Conservatin, Mongolia '. Biodiversity and Conservation 8, pp 1115–1137.
 * D. Saltz & DI Rubenstein (1995): '' Population Dynamics of a reintroduced Asiatic wild ass (Equus hemionus) herd '. Ecol. Appl. 5 (2), pp 327–335.