User:Gwillhickers/Reference


 * Great Siege of Gibraltar -- June 24, 1779 – February 7, 1783
 * Battle of the Chesapeake -- 5 September 1781
 * Siege of Yorktown (1781) -- ending October 19, 1781 (Articles of Capitulation, also signed October 19, 1781)
 * Battle of Saintes -- April 9, 1782
 * Battle of the Mona Passage -- April 19, 1782
 * Treaty of Paris (1783) -- September 3, 1783 (Preliminary articles signed January 20, 1783, at Versailles)

Sources on Hessian mercenaries
Sources taken from the Bibliography that refer to Hessian or German soldiers as mercenaries.


 * 1) Axelrod, 2009. The Real History of the American Revolution: A New Look at the Past, pp. 119, 127, 154, 208, 367
 * 2) Black, Jeremy, 2001.  War for America: The Fight for Independence, 1775–1783, pp. 24, 252
 * 3) Taylor, American Revolution, 2016, p. 159
 * 4) Lowell, Edward Jackson, 1884. The Hessians and the other German auxiliaries of Great Britain in the Revolutionary War, pp. 5, 14, 22, 32, 36, 169, 194, 282, 294, 298, 317
 * 5) Chernow, Washington, A Life, 2010, p. 235 - Not in Bibliography
 * 6) H. D. Schmidt, 1958, The Hessian mercenaries: the career of a political cliche, pp. 207-212
 * 7) Ellis, Joseph, 2013, Revolutionary Summer: The Birth of American Independence, pp. 11, 51, 71, 84, 215
 * 8) Bonwick, Colin, The American Revolution, pp. 89, 111, 113, 257, 327
 * 9) Clode, The military forces of the crown ; their administration and government, pp. 64, 141, 314
 * 10) Chambers, John Whiteclay II, 1999), The Oxford Companion to American Military History, pp. 119, 248, 376
 * 11) Alden, 2013, A History of the American Revolution, p. 220
 * 12) Buchanan, 2011, 'The Road to Guilford Courthouse: The American Revolution in the Carolinas'', pp. 11, 49
 * 13) Allison & Ferrio, 2018, pp. 120, 174, 177
 * 14) Lumpkin, 2000, From Savannah to Yorktown: The American Revolution in the South, p. 8
 * 15) Mays, 2019, Historical Dictionary of the American Revolution, pp. 452, 553, 554, 555, 556
 * 16) Burrows, 2008. Forgotten Patriots ..., pp. 2, 272
 * 17) Scott, Harnish, M., 1990. British Foreign Policy in the Age of the American Revolution, pp. 20, 230, 351
 * 18) Black, Jeremy, British Foreign Policy in an Age of Revolutions, 1783-1793'', 1994, p. 185
 * 19) Simms, Brendan, 2000, Three Victories and a Defeat: The Rise and Fall of the First British Empire, pp. 49, 595, 600, 775
 * 20) Lecky, William Edward Hartpole, 1891, A History of England: In the Eighteenth Century, Volume 4, p. 72
 * 21) Curtis, Edward E., 1926, The Organization Of The British Army In The American Revolution, pp. 70, 143
 * 22) Lengal, Edward, 2005, General George Washington: A Military Life, pp. 143, 159, 209
 * 23) Macksey, Piers, 1993, The War for America: 1775-1783, pp. 61, 72
 * 24) McCullough, David, 2005, pp. 12, 327, 343, 351, 383
 * 25) McGuire, Thomas J., 2011,  Stop the Revolution: America in the Summer of Independence and the Conference for Peace, pp. 31, 75
 * 26) Middlekauff, Robert,  2007, The American Revolution, 1763-1789
 * 27) Namier & Brooke, 1985, The House of Commons, 1754-1790, pp. 130, 143
 * 28) Savas & Dameron,  2006, A Guide to the Battles of the American Revolution, pp. 61, 68
 * 29) Ellis, Joseph J., 2005, His Excellency: George Washington, pp. 97, 98
 * 30) Schiff, Stacy, 2015, A Great Improvisation: Franklin, France, and the Birth of America, pp. 85, 206, 268
 * 31) Smith, David, 2008, New York 1776: The Continentals’ First Battle, pp. 17, 21, 22
 * 32) Freeman, Douglas Southhall, 2000. Washington, pp.282-283, 286-287
 * 33) Smith, Merril D., 2015, The World of the American Revolution: A Daily Life Encyclopedia, pp. xix, 125, 441, 499, 608
 * 34) Gilbert, Alan, 2000, 2012, Black Patriots and Loyalists: Fighting for Emancipation in the , p. 123
 * 35) Lowenthal, Larry, 2009, Hell on the East River: British Prison Ships in the American Revolution, p. 25
 * 36) Pole, Jack Richon, 1975, The Decision for American Independence, p. 54
 * 37) Mauch, Christof, 2003,  Myths—Historiography: "Hessians" in the War of Independence, pp. 411-423 – Not in Bibliography
 * 38) Ferling, John, 2002, Setting the World Ablaze: Washington, Adams, Jefferson, and the American Revolution, pp. 130, 355
 * 39) Ferling, John, 2003, A Leap in the Dark: The Struggle to Create the American Republic, pp. 158, 188
 * 40) Miller, 1959. Origins of the American Revolution, pp. 53, 256, 432, 461, 477
 * 41) Morrill, 1993. Southern Campaigns of the American Revolution, pp. 39, 56
 * 42) Fortescue, 1902. A history of the British army, vol 3, pp. 171, 517
 * 43) Fredriksen, 2006. Revolutionary War Almanac, pp. 348, 361, 428, 467
 * 44) Ewald, 1979. DIARY OF THE AMERICAN WAR, p. xx  – Not in Bibliography
 * 45) Lanning, 2009. American Revolution 100: The Battles, People, and Events of the American War for Independence, pp. 95, 132, 133, 135, 136, 364


 * The Washington-Franklins