User:Hamza A. Durrani/sandbox

Riyadh Hotel
Riyadh Hotel (فندق الرياض) is/was a hotel in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, located near the Riyadh railway station. It was one of the first hotels built in the city (or probably the very first).

Sahari Palace Hotel
Sahari Palace Hotel (فندق صحارى بلاس). Hotel in Riyadh. The hotel was opened in 1963 (1383).

Al Yamamah Hotel
Al Yamamah Hotel (فندق اليمامة) was a historic five-star hotel in the al-Malazz neighborhood of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Completed in 1958, it was the largest hotel at the time of its completion and one of the earliest hotels constructed in the city, often frequented by writers, ministers, poets, members of the Saudi royal family as well as foreign dignitaries during state visits, such as Henry Kissinger and King Faisal II. The hotel was locally known for hosting weddings for several elites. It was demolished in 2017 and was named after the al-Yamama region of central Arabia.

Overview
The construction of the hotel was built by Sheikh Eid bin Salem and inaugurated in 1956 by King Saud bin Abdulaziz. It was completed in November 1958 and was one of the earliest hotels built in Riyadh. The hotel was regarded one of the most luxurious in the city and was the largest one at the time of its completion.

The hotel was located in close proximity to the Riyadh International Airport and has hosted several foreign dignitaries during state visits, such as King Faisal II of Iraq in 1957 and then-US Secretary of State Henry Kissinger in 1973.

By late 1990s, the hotel became affordable to middle-class families who could organize wedding parties within its premises. The hotel was demolished in 2017.

Al Midi Mosque
Al Midi Mosque is a mosque and an active place of worship in the al-Murabba neighborhood of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, located in the King Abdulaziz Historical Center. The mosque was approximately built on the site of al-Madi, a seven column basin during the reign of King Abdulaziz ibn Saud.

Al Ma'dhar Palace
Al-Ma'dhar Palace (قصر المعذر) is a historic palace in the al-Ma'dhar neighborhood of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, located within the precincts of Alfaisal University. Built in 1952, the palace served as one of the residences of King Faisal bin Abdulaziz. Since 2024, the palace compound is being transformed into a museum and would be renamed as al-Faisal Museum (متحف الفيصل). The palace has been a witness to several historic bilateral and regional matters involving Saudi Arabia, such as the al-Wadiah War of 1969 and the 1973 Arab-Israeli War.

It costed around 10 million Saudi riyals at the time.

In 1969,

In 1973, Egyptian president Anwar Sadat held a meeting with King Faisal bin Abdulaziz to discuss matters pertaining to the Yom Kippur War between Israel and the Arab states.

In 1976, King Khalid bin Abdulaziz hosted Egyptian president Anwar Sadat in the palace compound.

In 2007, Prince Salman bin Abdulaziz received the Deputy Prime Minister of Kuwait, Mohammad Sabah Al-Salem Al-Sabah.

In 2011, when Prince Salman bin Abdulaziz was elevated to the post of Defense Minister, he relocated his workplace to this palace.

Nasiriyah Gate

Nasiriyah Gate (بوابة الناصرية) is an arch-monument in the al-Nassiriyah neighborhood of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Built in the 1950s, the gate marked the eastern entrance to the al-Nassiriyah Palace complex and was a prominent landmark in the city until the 1960s. It covers an area of 20.7 acres and incorporates some elements of Islamic and modernist architecture.

The monument was built in the 1950s as part of the construction of al-Nassiriyah Palace complex during the reign of King Saud bin Abdulaziz. With much of the original palace structure being demolished by 1967, the gateway survived and was later restored in the 1970s by the Riyadh Municipality.

The monument is today situated nearby the King Saud Square, opposite to the headquarters of Ministry of Foreign Affairs at the intersection of Prince Talal bin Abdulaziz Street and al-Nasiriyah Street.

Al Nassiriyah Palace
Al-Nassiriyah Palace (قصر الناصرية) is a historic palace compound in the al-Nassiriyah neighborhood of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. It contains the Royal Palace of King Saud, the Qasr al-Diyafah state-guest house, the King Saud Mosque, Nasiriyah Gate, the Conference Palace besides 35 private villas.

Commissioned in 1951, it was the last main residence of King Saud bin Abdulaziz from 1956 until 1964.

replacing the Red Palace. The palace serves as a guesthouse for foreign dignitaries on state-visits to the country.

Modi also visited this palace

https://www.alriyadh.com/1537785

In 1976, King Khalid bin Abdulaziz hosted the Egyptian president Anwar Sadat in the palace.

The Old Nassiriyah Palace was demolished in 1967.

On 25 January 2009, King Abdullah bin Abdulaziz issued a royal decree Royal Decree No. 2051/B that renamed the Qasr al-Diyafah guest house to King Saud Guest Palace (قصر الملك سعود للضيافة).

King Abdulaziz Mosque, Riyadh
King Abdulaziz Mosque (جامع الملك عبدالعزيز), locally known as King Faisal Mosque, is a Friday mosque and an active place of worship in the al-Murabba neighborhood of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, located in the King Abdulaziz Historical Center. It was first built around the 1940s, corresponding with the construction of Murabba Palace. It was later rebuilt in 1998 by the Royal Commission for Riyadh City. The mosque held the funerary prayers for King Faisal bin Abdulaziz following his assassination in 1975.

In 1971, Abdullah bin Qoud was appointed as the imam of the mosque. He gave sermons on Friday until 1998.

Sheikh Saad bin Faleh was also an imam (الشيخ سعد بن فالح)

Sheikh Abdullah bin Hassan Al-Qoud (الشيخ عبد الله بن حسن القعود)

Zaraʽah dynasty
House of Zaraʽah was an Arab dynasty in the Najd and was the last ruling family to reign over the city-state of Migrin. Its last and underaged ruler, Ibn Zaid, was deposed by his regent Dahham ibn Dawwas in 1745 following which the latter established the walled town of Riyadh, the most recent predecessor of modern-day Riyadh, the capital of Saudi Arabia.

Khamis
Khamis was an Arab political leader who ruled over the city-state of Migrin in Najd until 1740 as the regent for Ibn Zaid ibn Musa, the underaged son of Zaid ibn Musa, following the latter's assassination. He then fled to Manfuhah in 1740, where he was assassinated. He was succeeded by Dahham ibn Dawwas, who later deposed the House of Zaraah in a bloodless coup.

Riyadh–Diriyah conflict
Riyadh–Diriyah conflict refers to the 18th century struggle for military and political domination in the Najd region of central Arabia between the First Saudi State and the walled town of Riyadh led by Dahham ibn Dawwas and his allies from 1746 to 1773. The conflict began in 1746 following Dahham's consolidation of power by deposing the House of Zaraah in Riyadh and eclipsed with his overthrow at the hands of Muhammad ibn Saud and his forces in 1773. Following the end of the conflict, the Wahhabis proceeded with expanding their state into Eastern Arabia, beyond Najd.

The conflict began in 1746 when Dahham tried to invade Manfuhah, his hometown from where he was once banished. Manfuhah, being an ally of the House of Saud, called for help. The Saudis sent reinforcements to defenders of Manfuhah, successfully thwarting Riyadh’s advancement.

Dahham ibn Dawwas
Dahham ibn Dawwas ibn Abdullah al-Shalaan (دهام بن دواس بن عبد الله الشعلان) was an 18th century Arab tribal and political leader from Manfuhah who ruled as the first chieftain of the walled town of Riyadh from 1745 until 1773. He previously reigned as the regent for Ibn Zaid ibn Musa between 1740 and 1745. He is widely credited with laying the foundations of Riyadh, the-present day capital of Saudi Arabia, by constructing a mudbrick palace and erecting a defensive wall to safeguard it from outside invaders. Dahham was one of the earliest political and military opponents to the House of Saud and the nascent Wahhabi movement, resulting in a conflict with Diriyah that lasted for almost 27 years. His overall strategic failure and miscalculated decisions throughout the course of the conflict led his eventual overthrow at the hands of the First Saudi State, making his name synonymous with acts of foolishness and ineptitude in the Najd.

During his reign over the walled town, the names Hajr and Migrin, which were previously used for the area, fell into disuse as the name Riyadh had begun to surface in the Najd, including for settlements such as Owd and Mi’kal.

He rose through the ranks of the Zaraʽah dynasty in the 1730s when Zaid ibn Musa got killed in a skirmish with the Anizah tribe. He was succeeded by his slave, Khamis, who acted as the regent of Zaid's son and made Dahham as his close aide. He fled the town for Manfuhah in 1740 in fear of an uprising. The power vacuum gave Dahham the opportunity to seize control of the town.

Early life and career
Dahham was born to Dawwas ibn Abdullah al-Shalaan in early 18th century in Manfuhah. His father Dawwas ibn Abdullah ruled the town, who died around 1726. His brother Muhammad ibn Abdullah reigned over Manfuhah before a tribal uprising killed him. A rival faction of his family took control of the town and subsequently exiled him and rest of his siblings to the town of Migrin, which was then ruled by the Zaraʽah dynasty led by Zaid ibn Musa.

Zaid married the sister of Dahham to strengthen their tribal bond. Zaid ibn Musa Abu Zar’ah. In 1740, Khamis fled Riyadh to Manfuhah and got assassinated. In 1745, Dahham banished the underaged son from Riyadh and assumed absolute authority over the walled town. Fearing repercussions from Zaraʽah loyalists and potential external threats, he began building a wall and a mudbrick fort for himself.

Soon after seizing control of the town, the inhabitants of Riyadh rose up against him and besieged him in his palace. He sought assistance from Muhammad ibn Saud, who then mobilized a unit led by his brother, Mishari, in support of Dahham, enabling the latter to successfully suppress the rebellion. However, Dahham and the Emirate of Diriyah found itself at loggerheads when the former tried to annex his ancestral hometown of Manfuhah in 1746, which was in alliance with Diriyah. This marked the start of long drawn out conflict between Riyadh and Diriyah that lasted until 1773 when Imam Abdulaziz ibn Muhammad conquered Riyadh and deposed Dahham.

Following his overthrow, he and his family along with many of his supporters headed towards ad-Dilam and al-Kharj, which was then ruled by Zaid ibn Zamil. He then fled to Bani Khalid-ruled al-Ahsa where he is believed to lived the last days of his life.

Personal life
Dahham often resorted to harsh methods in order to maintain his control over his subjects. His rule was marked with aggression and tyranny by Arab historians and chroniclers from Najd, such as Ibn Ghannam, a thought also seconded by Arabists such as William Facey and John Philby. He has been described as a sadist and a peerless brute, who would sew the mouths of women, chop off the tongues of innocent inhabitants, break their teeth and slash flesh from their bodies and force them to eat it after being roasted.

Career
The inhabitants of Riyadh rose up against him and besieged him in his palace. He sought assistance from Muhammad ibn Saud, who then mobilized a unit led by his brother, Mishari, in support of Dahham, enabling him to successfully suppress the rebellion.

1753/1754 - Truce between Diriyah and Riyadh

The conflict with Diriyah began when Dahham tried to annex Manfuhah,

Following Dahham's expulsion from Riyadh, his palace became the workplace for Prince Abdullah bin Muqrin bin Muhammad bin Muqrin, who was made in-charge of the town.

Following the takeover of Riyadh, Muhammad Wahhab withdrew from political affairs.

M. H. Ahmad
Mohammed Hussain Ahmad (born 9 January 1946), also known by his initials M. H. Ahmad or M. Ahmad, is an Indian agricultural biotechnologist, academic and professor emeritus. He founded the the Biotechnology Centre, a research unit at the University of the West Indies with a focus on biotechnology-based enterprises in 1989 and served as its inaugural director until his retirement in 2011. Ahmad carried out research into various aspects of biotechnology aimed at improving agricultural production in the Caribbean.

He was the director of the Biotechnology Centre.

(official references).

(external references).

Area of interest: medicinal plants.

He was succeeded by Dr. Marcia Roye as acting director.

He retired on September 30, 2011.

He was a board member of the National Commission on Science and Technology and a member of National Biosafety Committee.

He has mostly worked with Sylvia Adjoa Mitchell

Emirate of Zaraʽah
Emirate of Zaraʽah (إمارة ال زرعة) was a hereditary tribal polity in Najd led by the the Zaraʽah clan of Banu Hanifa that ruled the town-state of Migrin in modern-day Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, between 1688 and 1745. The dynasty took the reins of the town from the tribe of Muhanna when

Salama Abu Zarah became ruler in 1688. He was succeeded by his son, Musa bin Salama.

Musa bin Salama was succeeded by his son, Zaid bin Musa bin Salama. Zaid was killed by a relative in 1737. He was succeeded by Abdul Zaid (nicknamed later Khamisa [خميسا]), who ruled the town until he fled the town in around 1740. Daham ruled as a regent on behalf of the son of Zaid bin Musa. In 1745, he expelled the son and consolidated his rule. As discontent towards him grew, he barricaded himself behind the walls to protect himself.

Yahya bin Salama al-Zaraʽah became ruler of Migrin. (conflicting reports)

The dynasty was deposed when Daham bin Dawwas al-Shalaan.

Zarah tribe is from the Yazid line of Banu Hanifa.

Useful info: آل زرعة : من آل يزيد من بني حنيفة.

آل زيد : (أهل المصانع) من الدروع من بني حنيفة. آل سحيم : في (منفوحة و الرياض) من الدروع من بني حنيفة. آل شاشات : (في الرياض ) من بني حنيفة. آل شعلان : (أمراء منفوحة) من قبيلة الجلالاليل من آل يزيد من بني حنيفة.

King Abdullah Mosque
King Abdullah Mosque (مسجد الملك عبدالله), officially as the Mosque of King Abdullah bin Abdulaziz Al Saud (مسجد الملك عبدالله بن عبدالعزيز آل سعود), is a mosque in the al-Olaya district of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, located on the 77th floor of the Kingdom Centre. Situated 183 meters above the ground level, it holds the Guinness World Record for the most elevated mosque in the world. It was opened in 2003 and covers an area of 110 square meters. The mosque is named after King Abdullah bin Abdulaziz and its construction was primarily funded by Prince Al Waleed bin Talal.

Overview
In 2003, Spazio restaurant was established with assistance from Prince Al Waleed bin Talal on the 77th floor of the Kingdom Centre.

As the number of customers to the restaurant grew, the absence of a place of worship led the administration to build a mosque. In October 2003, Crown Prince Abdullah bin Abdulaziz established the Prince Abdullah Mosque as an annex to the restaurant. The construction of the mosque was funded by Prince Al Waleed bin Talal. Following the enthronement of Crown Prince Abdullah bin Abdulaziz as the new monarch in 2005, the mosque was renamed to King Abdullah Mosque.

In 2010, following the inauguration of Burj Khalifa, BBC and other media outlets reported the presence of a mosque on either 158th or 154th floor of the skyscraper, making it the world's most elevated mosque at 600 meters above ground level. However, the claim was met with rebuttal from Emaar Properties, leaving the King Abdullah Mosque to retain its title.

Mosque
Abdulaziz Abdullah Sharbatly Mosque (جامع عبدالعزيز عبدالله الشربتلي) is a Friday mosque in the al-Jawhara neighborhood of Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. It is the first mosque in the world that was constructed using 3D printing technology, covering an area of 5600 meters. Opened in March 2024, the mosque was built by Wajnat Abdulwahed, the widow of Saudi Arabian businessman and equestrian Abdulaziz Abdullah Abbas Sharbatly and whom the mosque is named after.

Overview
Abdulaziz Abdullah Sharbatly Mosque (جامع عبدالعزيز عبدالله الشربتلي)


 * It is a Friday mosque in the al-Jawhara neighborhood of Jeddah.
 * 5,600 square meters area.
 * first mosque in the world that was constructed using 3D printing technology.
 * 4 printers were used which were manufactured by China-based Hangzhou GuanLi Company.


 * It was constructed by Wajnat Abdulwahed, CEO of Fursan Real Estate, the wife of late businessman and equestrian Abdulaziz Abdullah Abbas Sharbatly, who died in 2021 and whom the mosque is named after.
 * and was built as part of several projects overseen by the National Housing Company, the investment arm of the Ministry of Municipal and Rural Affairs and Housing.
 * Architecture: Hejazi architecture.
 * Designer: Mohammed bin Adam al-Suqair
 * Inauguration: 6 March 2024. Construction began around mid-2023.
 * design of the open outdoor area was inspired by Hijr Ismail beside the Kaaba in the Grand Mosque.
 * The world's first 3D printed mosque was expected to be built in Dubai by 2025.
 * Minarets: 2, dome: 1

Ministry of Interior building
The Ministry of Interior building (مبنى وزارة الداخلية) is a 55-meter high six-story government building in the al-Olaya district of Riyadh that houses the main headquarters of the Ministry of Interior of Saudi Arabia. The building is a popular landmark in the city and is known for its inverted truncated square pyramid design surmounted by a dome, which earned it nicknames like the Flying Saucer and the Spaceship. Designed by Archisystems and architects Musalli, Shakir and Mandill, it was constructed between 1980 and 1989 by Hyundai E&C.

Overview
The exterior design of the building was completed in 1980 by a Canada-based firm. It was commissioned when Prince Nayef bin Abdulaziz was the country's interior minister.

In the May 1987 edition of the Gulf Construction magazine, it documented the progress of construction of the building. The magazine described the building under-construction in its "unclad skeletal state." Steelwork erection work started in December 1985. Major construction works were completed by 1989, and the ministry completely shifted its offices to the precincts in 1992.

The interior of the dome surmounted over the inverted truncated square-shaped pyramid was manufactured by Zahner in the period 1988-1990.

In January 1991, the building was struck by the remains of an intercepted al-Husayn short-range ballistic missile that was fired at Riyadh by Saddam Hussein as part of Iraq's broader rocket attacks campaign directed against Saudi Arabia during the Gulf War. The warhead of the missile totally destroyed one wing of the civil records building, killing 1 Saudi national and injuring 30 people of different nationalities.

The building annually gets illuminated in green color, the color of the country's national flag, during the celebrations of public holidays like Saudi National Day and Saudi Founding Day.

King Khalid Airport Mosque
King Khalid Airport Mosque (جامع مطار الملك خالد) is a congregational mosque and an active place of worship in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, located adjacent to the King Khalid International Airport. Built in 1984, the mosque covers an area of 1.4 acres in a hexagonal plan and was designed by the architectural firm HOK. It incorporates elements of traditional Islamic architecture and primarily serves Muslim passengers arriving or departing through Riyadh.

Overview
The mosque was constructed alongside the King Khalid International Airport by architectural firm HOK in 1983 and was opened to worshippers in 1984.

It covers an area of almost 1.4 acres and has a height of almost 40.5 meters. It is capable of accommodating 5000 worshippers inside the premises and another 3000 to 4000 in its outside plaza. The mosque has a minaret and a dome, with the latter measuring 33 meters in diameter.

In the interior, the mosque features artwork, carved marble banks, stained-glass windows and skylights, intricate ceramic-tile patterns, and carved wooden doors and screens which make it a showplace of traditional Islamic art. Passages from the Quran are also carved in the Kufic style of calligraphy form the unifying motif.

Besides weekly Friday prayers, the mosque also hosts the annual Salat al-Eid prayers are also held in its precincts during the Eid al-Fitr and Eid al-Adha occasions.

As per the official website, the King Khalid International Airport offers free shuttle services to arriving and departing passengers.

King Khalid Grand Mosque
King Khalid Grand Mosque (جامع الملك خالد) is a congregational mosque and an active place of worship in the Umm al-Hammam neighborhood of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Built in 1987 and opened in 1988, it is one of the most prominent landmarks of Riyadh and incorporates some elements of Turkish architecture. The mosque usually gets flocked by worshippers during the month of Ramadan to perform Taraweeh prayers and on religious holidays like Eid al-Fitr and Eid al-Adha. It is locally known for providing Islamic funerary services to the deceased, such as ritual baths and prayers and is named after King Khalid bin Abdulaziz, whose relatives funded the mosque's construction.

History
The mosque was built in mid-1980s and was funded by relatives of King Khalid bin Abdulaziz, the ruler of Saudi Arabia from 1975 to 1982. The mosque was built in 1987 and officially inaugurated on 14 April 1988. The following day, the mosque's inaugural sermon was held by Sheikh Abd al-Aziz Ibn Baz.

The mosque underwent expansion in 1993 when the women's section was added and again in 2004. In April 2022, the French ambassador to Saudi Arabia paid a visit to the mosque.

Digital City
Digital City (المدينة الرقمية), formerly Al-Raidah Digital City (الرائدة المدينة الرقمية) and Information Technology Communications Complex (ITCC) (مجمع تقنية المعلومات والاتصالات), is a mixed-use real-estate development and an information technology park in the al-Nakheel neighborhood of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, located in close proximity to the main campus of King Saud University. The project was announced in 2005 and is the first smart city of Saudi Arabia, inspired from the model of Dubai Internet City. Opened in 2017, it covers an area of 470 acres, that includes office space tenanted by multinational technology companies and several government ministries, such as the Ministry of Health and the Public Investment Fund. The complex also hosts multiple retail outlets, hospitality and residential areas.

History
On 29 November 2005, the Royal Commission for Riyadh City approved the project of establishing a science park on a land owned by the Public Pension Agency. In April 2006, the Royal Commission for Riyadh City and the Riyadh Chamber of Commerce conducted a joint study to establish a science park in Riyadh. The license for the project was approved on 12 June 2006 by the Royal Commission for Riyadh City and by the Saudi Authority for Industrial Cities and Technology Zones on 27 July 2006.

The master plan for ITCC was designed by a joint venture between Saudi-based Zuhair Fayez and Singapore-based Jurong International. In April 2008, Raidah awarded 65 million usd contract to El-Seif Engineering for construction of infrastructure, which included a sewage treatment plant and a concrete-encased optic fiber cable network. The ITCC's four 20-storey towers in the central plaza was designed by Al Rajhi Projects and Dubai-based Al-Habtoor Leighton Group. Construction for the first phase, which included building the four 20-storey towers, began in 2009 and was completed by 2012.

The second phase of the project commenced in 2012. In October 2017, a new passports division was installed. In June 2018, the Saudi Telecom Company inaugurated a data center in the complex. By the end of 2019, the project delivered 2250 residential units. In November 2019, the complex hosted the first edition of an international taste festival that included several restaurants with Michelin star ratings. In December 2020, Spar Saudi Stores Company, a company of Al-Sadhan Group, has opened an express convenience store in Riyadh’s Digital City. In March 2021, the complex hosted the Noor Riyadh events. In April 2022, the General Presidency for the Promotion of Virtue and Prevention of Vices installed over 50 billboards in the complex. In October 2023, the test drive for Chery’s Omoda C5 was conducted in the presence of personnel from the Saudi Ministry of Culture and officials from the Chinese diplomatic mission in Saudi Arabia. In November 2023, The Saudi Health Ministry organized the Walk30 event in the complex.

Souq al-Maigliah
Souq al-Muaykaliyah (سوق المعيقلية) or al-Muʼeiqiliah, also in Najdi vernacular pronunciation as al-Maaghliyah or al-Mugailiyah and officially as al-Maigliah Market Center (مركز المعيقلية التجاري), is a traditional marketplace and a shopping complex in the ad-Dirah neighborhood of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, located in the Qasr al-Hukm District. It emerged from the ruins of the eponymous erstwhile Mugailiyah quarter of the former walled town and was developed by Arriyadh Holding Company in the 1980s as part of the Qasr Al Hukm District Development Project.

Al Sohoom
Al-Sohoom Mosque (مسجد السهوم) is an abandoned low-contour historic mosque currently under rehabilitation in the al-Yamamah neighborhood of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Covering an area of 49 square meters, the mosque approximately dates back to 18th or 19th century when it was situated in the town of Manfuhah. It is built on Najdi architecture using clay and stands on five natural stone pillars extracted from the Tuwaiq mountains. The Saudi authorities began taking steps to protect the mosque in 2020 by halting all excavation activities around the site.

Hotat Khalid
Hotat Khalid (حوطة خالد) was a settlement in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia,   located north of Duhairah and south of al-Murabba. It was named after Prince Khalid bin Abdulaziz, who was allotted several acres of land in the area by his father, King Abdulaziz ibn Saud. It was a residential area inhabited by many prominent figures of that time, like Hafiz Wahba, Hussein Oweini and John Philby and today lies in the north of ad-Dirah neighborhood in the city's downtown. The Khaldia Towers was built in 1983 on the grounds of King Khalid's palace ruins.

Dakhnah Gate
Dakhnah Gate (بوابة دخنة) or Dekhna Gate, alternatively known as al-Darwaza al-Kabirah (الدروازة الكبيرة), is an 18th or 19th-century historic earth-structured fortified gateway in the ad-Dirah neighborhood of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia,   located in the southern part of Qasr al-Hukm District. Named after the erstwhile Dakhna quarter of the former walled town, it was rebuilt from 1988 to 1992 as part of the Qasr Al Hukm District Development Project. The historic structure is one of the two last remaining gates of Riyadh's old city walls and served as the main entrance to the walled town of from the south, until the dismantling of the fortifications in the 1950s.

Margab Fort
Margab Fort (قلعة المرقب), also known as al-Zirin Fort (قلعة الظيرين), was a citadel in the eastern outskirts of the walled town of Riyadh in present-day Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. It is not known when the structure was built and by whom, but the fort functioned as a security checkpoint for travelers passing through the town at the time of Second Saudi State. It was first restored by Turki bin Abdullah and the tradition of Iftar cannon was introduced during the reign of Faisal bin Turki. It was again restored in 1936 by King Abdulaziz ibn Saud and demolished in 1957 when the city underwent expansion. The fort lent its name to the Margab neighborhood in the city's downtown, where it stood.

Musada
Musada (مصدة) was a quarter outside the walls of the fortress-city of Riyadh in present-day Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. The quarter ceased to exist following the demolition of the walls in the 1950s.

Etymology: https://www.alriyadh.com/634397

Bounded by Musada Gate, which was in the past known as Hamoud Gate.

Shalaga cemetery
Shalaga cemetery (مقبرة شلقا), is a public cemetery and a historic burial ground in the ad-Dirah neighborhood of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. It was one of the two main graveyards used by the inhabitants of the old walled town, the other being al-Mughaibrah and is the resting place of Turki bin Abdullah al-Saud, leader of the Second Saudi State from 1824 to 1834.

Al Sharqiyah
Hillat Al-Sharqiyah (حلة الشرقية) was a quarter and a douar within the city walls in the erstwhile fortress-city of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, located west of Dakhna and east of Muraighib in the southwestern part of the walled town. It included the Sharqiyah Mosque, Khalid bin Saud Mosque, Souq Sidrah and al-Jufrah Mosque.

Al-Sharqiyah was named after an old well owned by a family named al-Dhafran and was bounded by Dakhna Street to the east, al-Muraighib Street to the west and al-Hukm Palace to the north.

Muraighib
Hillat al-Muraiqib (حلة المريقب), or in Najdi vernacular pronunciation as al-Muraighib, was a quarter and a douar within the city walls in the erstwhile fortress-city of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, located in the southwestern corner of the walled town. It contained the sub-quarter of Hillat al-Mughaibrah (حلة المقيبرة), which mostly included a cemetery and an eponymous souq.

The al-Mughaibrah sub-quarter hosted one of the two cemeteries that catered the needs of the town's inhabitants, other being Shalaga. It hosted the Muraighib School and Muraighib Mosque.

The quarter's Souq al-Mughaibrah (سوق المريقب) was a traditional market in the Mughaibrah sub-quarter. It was one of the most important trading commercial centers of the walled town. The souq survived following the dismantling of city walls and is today largely situated on the site of Souq al-Tamir. The souq included Qaisiriya al-Hasawiya (قيصرية الحساوية) and Souq al-Jufrah (سوق الجفرة). .

It was bounded by Hillat al-Sharqiyah from the east, al-Ghanaiy quarter from the north and al-Muraighib Gate from the west, which served as the main southwestern entrance to the town.

Al Ghanaiy
Al-Qanaiʼy (حلة القناعي), or in Najdi vernacular pronunciation as al-Ghanaiy, was a quarter and a douar within the city walls in the erstwhile fortress-city of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, located between Mugailiyah and Muraighib in the northwestern part of the walled town.

The quarter was attributed to the family of al-Qanaiʼy, who owned the land in the area and hosted two small markets, Qaisiriya Ibn Qulaib (later Souq al-Ushaiger) and Qaisiriya Prince Saad bin Abdullah.

Mughaibrah
Hillat al-Muqaibrah (حلة المقيبرة), or in Najdi vernacular pronunciation as al-Mughaibrah, was a quarter and a douar within the city walls in the erstwhile fortress-city of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, located south of Mugailiyah and al-Ghanaiy in the northwestern part of the walled town. Its name was derived from maqbarah (مَقْبَرَة), the Arabic word for graveyard since it hosted a large cemetery in the Hillat al-Muraighib.

It hosted the Souq al-Jufrah and the building of the criminal court, next to the al-Hukm Palace.

Mugailiyah
Hillat al-Muʼaykaliyah (حلة المعيقلية) or al-Muʼeiqiliah, and in Najdi vernacular pronunciation as al-Mugailiyah or al-Maigliah, was a residential quarter and a douar within the city walls in the erstwhile fortress-city of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia,  located west of Duhairah in the northwestern corner of the walled town. It contained the sub-quarter of Hillat al-Ata'if (حلة العطايف) and al-Muʼeiqiliah Mosque, al-Ata'if Mosque as well as Ibn Suleiman School. The douar ceased to exist in the aftermath of the demolition of city walls in 1950 and subsequent expansion of Riyadh into a metropolis between the 1950s and 1970s. It is today largely situated on the site of Souq al-Maigliah in the ad-Dirah neighborhood.

The quarter was said inhabited mostly by professionals and craftsmen and was bounded by al-Suwailem Street from the east, al-Ghanaiy quarter from the south and al-Badiʼah Gate from the west, which served as the main entrance to the town of from the northwest.

al-Badiʼah Gate
Al-Badiʼah Gate (بوابة البديعة), also known as al-Mazbah Gate (بوابة المذبح), was the northwestern entrance to the walled town of Riyadh through the Mugailiyah quarter. It was given nickname because of butchers who slaughtered their animals there.

Souq Hillat al-Gusman
Souq Hillat al-Gusman (سوق حلة القصمان) is a marketplace in the Margab neighborhood of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. It emerged prior to the dismantling of the city walls and was built on a settlement that was mostly inhabited by the families of traders from the al-Qassim Province of Saudi Arabia and is today they have been largely replaced by overseas Yemeni nationals.

Souq al-Hillah
Souq al-Hillah (سوق الحلة), also known as Souq al-Mūsīqi (سوق الموسيقى) is a traditional marketplace (souq) and a popular tourist attraction in the al-Oud neighborhood of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, located in the al-Bat'ha commercial area. It emerged in 1955 in the present-day ad-Dirah neighborhood, and was later relocated to Hillat al-Ahrar during the expansion of the metropolis. The souq includes more than 50 shops that specialize in the sale of musical instruments, such as Oud and Rebab and gets flocked by locals during the month of Ramadan to purchase household items for decoration. The souq is also known to be a major wet market.

The souq thrived between the 1960s and 1980s, a time considered to be the golden era for music and singing in Saudi Arabia, but was severely impacted from the 1980s onward when religious clerics were given more authority over public life in the country. The souq used to get visited by artists like Talal Maddah, Naseer Shamma, Taher al-Ahsa'i, Saad Abdullah al-Houti and Mazal bin Farhan.

Major quarters of Riyadh
حلل الرياض (بن نصار وبن دايل والعنوز والأحرار)

حلة الدواسر

الحلة الداخلية

حلة العماج

حلة آل حماد

Hillat al-Ahrar
Hillat al-Ahrar (حلة الاحرار), formerly known as Hillat al-Abeed (حلة العبيد), was a quarter and settlement situated in present-day al-Oud neighborhood of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, located in the al-Bat'ha commercial area. It was mostly inhabited by slaves of African-origin who served the Saudi royal family prior to the abolition of slavery in 1962. The site today is the location of Souq al-Hillah.

It was known as al-Badīʿ (البديع)

Dakhna Square
Dakhna Square (ميدان دخنة). It covers an area of 3.7 acres and lies in almost approximate location of the former Dakhna quarters.

Details of redevelopment of downtown riyadh
https://aawsat.com/home/article/2506136/%D8%AA%D8%B7%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B1-%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AF-%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%84-%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%B7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6-%D8%A5%D9%84%D9%89-%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%82%D8%A9-%D8%AC%D8%B0%D8%A8-%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9

Kuwait Square
roundabout in malazz riyadh built by prince salman https://www.kuna.net.kw/ArticleDetails.aspx?id=2156026&language=ar

Rise Tower
Rise Tower (برج رايز) is a skyscraper construction project proposed in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. It is planned to be the first 2 km (6,562 ft) tall building and would be the world's tallest building or structure upon completion, standing 1180 m (3872 ft) taller than the Burj Khalifa and surpassing the Jeddah Tower by almost 1000 m. It was conceived in December 2022 by the Public Investment Fund and its designs were announced in August 2023 as the centerpiece of the North Pole project.

Overview
In December 2022, MEED reported that the Public Investment Fund of Saudi Arabia is considering a plan to build the world's tallest skyscraper on an 18 square kilometers area in northern Riyadh, located in close proximity to the King Khalid International Airport with an estimated budget of US$5 billion.

In August 2023, almost six months after the announcement of New Murabba project, the designs of Rise Tower were unveiled by Mohammed al-Qahtani, the CEO of Saudi Arabia Holding Company. The skyscraper is set to be build on the site of 306 square meters North Pole project, a planned mixed-use real estate development dubbed as 'city of the future'.

SEVEN Al Hamra
SEVEN Al Hamra is an entertainment complex under construction in the al-Hamra neighborhood of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Elegance Tower, Al Saedan Towers, Tijan Plaza, Hamad Tower, Tatweer Tower

https://seven.sa/entertainment-destinations/al-hamra/

Rafal Living Tower
https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/id/22620

Vertical Medina
https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/vertical-medina/17018

Abraj Atta’awuneya
Abraj Atta’awuneya (أبراج التعاونية), or NCCI Towers South, is an interlinked pair of 21-floor high-rise commercial buildings in the al-Olaya district of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, located in close proximity to the Faisaliah Tower and King Fahd National Library. Constructed from 1997 to 1999, it was designed by Omrania & Associates and serves as the corporate headquarters of Cooperative Real Estate Investment Company (CREIC) besides hosting offices of multinational firms like Microsoft, Hitachi and Cequens. With a height of 100.6 meters (330 ft), it is the 38th tallest building in Riyadh and 64th tallest in Saudi Arabia.

Al Waseel Tower
Al Waseel Tower is a commercial skyscraper in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. With a height of 163.2 meters, it is the 19th tallest building in Riyadh and 33rd tallest in Saudi Arabia.

Moon Tower
Moon Tower (برج القمر) is 27-floor skyscraper in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. It was built from 2010 to 2013. With a height of 133 meters (436 ft), it is the 50th tallest building in Saudi Arabia and the 31st tallest in Riyadh. The tower was auctioned in 2023.

Riyad Bank Tower
Riyad Bank Tower (برج بنك الرياض) is a 53-floor commercial skyscraper in the King Abdullah Financial District of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, located in close proximity to the PIF Tower. With a height of 264 meters (866 ft), it is the 10th largest building in Saudi Arabia and the 6th largest in Riyadh. It was built between 2010 and 2023 and is owned by Riyad Bank.

Tamkeen Tower
Tamkeen Tower (برج تمكين), also known as ARIJ Tower, is a 58-floor commercial skyscraper in the al-Yasmeen neighborhood of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. With a height of 258.2 meters (847 ft), it is the 11th tallest building in Saudi Arabia and 7th tallest in Riyadh. Tamkeen Tower was built between 2009 and 2012 and is owned by Al Rajhi Group.

City Center Ishbiliyah
City Center Ishbiliyah is a project by Majid al Futtaim, proposed in 2016.

Mall of Saudi
Mall of Saudi (مول السعودية) is a shopping mall under construction in the al-Narjis neighborhood of northern Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. The project was announced in 2016 by the Dubai-based Majid Al Futtaim Group and is slated to complete by 2026. As of 2023, the project is on hold.

Alnama Smart City
Alnama Smart City, also stylized as AlNama, is a planned mixed-use real estate development in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. It was introduced in 2022.

The Avenues Riyadh
The Avenues Riyadh a shopping mall under construction in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. It was introduced in 2013 and is slated to complete by 2025. The project is handled by Shomoul Holding Company.

Nemar suburb
Nemar suburb, named after Wadi Nemar (ضاحية نمار)

King Saud University District
King Saud University District (حي جامعة الملك سعود) is a district in northern Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. It contains the main campus of King Saud University.

Prince Turki al-Awwal Road
Prince Turki bin Abdulaziz al-Awwal Road (طريق الأمير تركي بن ​​عبد العزيز الأول), shortened to Prince Turki al-Awwal Road (طريق الأمير تركي الأول), is a 23.26 km thoroughfare in northwestern Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. It emerges from al-Malqa district and terminates at al-Ma'adhar neighborhood. The street recently became a major tourist attraction, especially since 2019, when it began hosting numerous leisure and commercial destinations, including Boulevard City, Boulevard World and U Walk. It is named after Prince Turki bin Abdulaziz, the eldest son of King Abdulaziz ibn Saud.

Forming intersections with:

Makkah al-Mukarramah Road,

Northern Ring Road

U Walk
U Walk (يو ووك), formerly University Avenue (جادة الجامعة), is a shopping complex in the King Saud University district of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, owned by Arabian Centres Company. Opened in 2019, it covers an area of almost 30 acres and assumed its current name for its flagship feature, a 900-metre long walkway.

Overview
The project was launched by Arabian Centres Company in 2016 and was expected to be completed by 2018. U Walk was officially inaugurated in September 2019. It contains several high-end retail outlets and other luxury destinations. The complex hosted the promotional events for Diriyah ePrix in January 2022. In March 2022, the Ministry of Defense held one of the 8 exhibitions within the complex.

Hittin (Riyadh)
Hittin (حطين) is a neighborhood in northwestern Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, located in the sub-municipality of al-Shemal. It emerged in the 1980s and is named after the erstwhile Palestinian village of Hittin, the site of the famous 12th century battle between theCrusaders and Ayyubids which was depopulated in 1948 during the Arab–Israeli War. It popularly hosts the Boulevard Riyadh City and the Boulevard World as well as other leisure destinations.

In 1998, the second model plan for the Hittin neighborhood was unveiled.

Al-Taawun
Al-Taawun (التعاون) is a neighborhood in northern Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

King Fahd District
King Fahd District (حي الملك فهد), formerly Prince Fahd District (حي الأمير فهد), is a commercial and residential neighborhood in northern Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, located east of al-Muhammadiyah and north of al-Wurud in the sub-municipality of al-Ulaya. King Fahd District originated as an extension of the al-Mursalat neighborhood in the 1970s, acquiring its present name in 1982 with the ascent of Fahd bin Abdulaziz to the throne following the demise of King Khalid bin Abdulaziz.

Al Mursalat
Al-Mursalat (المرسلات) is a neighborhood in northern Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, located west of al-Nuzha and north of the King Salman Neighborhood in the sub-municipality of al-Ulaya. It was named after the telecommunication poles in the locality that were built in the 1960s and 1970s by the German multinational conglomerate Siemens AG. The neighborhood was officially established in 1974 when Saudi real estate magnate Ibrahim Saeedan purchased almost 25 acres of land in the area. The district hosts the head office of the Saudi Telecom Company.

Al Mursalat slum
Al-Mursalat slum (عشوائية المرسلات), was a densely populated ungoverned shanty settlement in the al-Mursalat neighborhood of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. It emerged alongside of al-Mursalat neighborhood in the 1980s and was inhabited mostly by. The Saudi authorities issued an evacuation notice, requesting residents to vacate the premises, and subsequently, in 2017, undertook the demolition of the settlement. It was known by several other names, such as Haara al-Shaʼbiyah (حارة الشعبية), Haara al-Masrouqah (حارة المسروقة), Haara al-Ghalabah  (حارة الغلابة), Haara al-Mughtasabah (حارة المغتصبة) and Haara al-Mahroomah (حارة المحرومة).

In 1988, a royal decree issued by King Fahd bin Abdulaziz deemed the informal settlements constructed within the al-Mursalat neighborhood as unlawful, citing their establishment on government-owned land. The royal decree additionally stipulated that the government would provide compensation to the proprietors of the affected structures, offering them an alternative plot of land and a residential building in a different location, each measuring 625 square meters.

In 2009, King Abdullah bin Abdulaziz paid 50 million riyals to the residents of Shabiya in compensation to the evacuation orders by the state.

maybe located in southwest mursalat

maybe original name, al-ghalaba (حارة «الغلابة»)

https://www.alriyadh.com/753139

Al-Jibs
Al-Jibs, is a shanty settlement in al-Mansouriyah neighborhood of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

الجبس في جنوب الرياض

https://www.alriyadh.com/104774

Talha ibn Abdullah al-'Abdari
Talha ibn Abdullah ibn Abd al-Uzza (طلحة بن عبد الله بن عبد العزى) was an Arab polytheistic leader from the Banu Abd al-Dar clan of the Quraysh tribe who opposed the Islamic prophet Muhammad. He was the great-grandson of Abd al-Dar ibn Qusai, whose descendants were entrusted with the keys to the Kaaba in Mecca. He was the father of Uthman ibn Talha, who converted to Islam following the Conquest of Mecca in 630 when his family was reaffirmed as the rightful possessors of the keys to the Kaaba in Surah an-Nisa chapter of the Quran. Talha was killed by Zubayr ibn al-Awwam while engaging against the Muslims in the Battle of Uhud in 625 CE.

Crown Prince Park
Crown Prince Park (حديقة سمو ولي العهد) is a public park located in the southernmost extreme of al-Maʼdhar neighborhood in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Covering an area of 12.3 acres, it was opened in 2009, when Sultan bin Abdulaziz was the Crown Prince of Saudi Arabia.

Almaarefa University
Almaarefa University (UM) (جامعة المعرفة) is a private university in northwestern Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. It was established in 2008.

King Saud Palace
A palace in zahra neighborhood of riyadh, near badiah.

Al-Nassiriyah
Al-Nassiriyah (الناصرية), also known as Hayy al-Maliki, is a neighborhood in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. It was developed in the 1950s alongside the al-Malazz district during the reign of King Saud bin Abdulaziz. It was built on the grounds of orchards owned by a local farmer named Ibn Nassir. It emerged from the settlement of al-Fawwarah (الفوارة).

https://kingsaud.org/ar/archives/press/851/

Al Fawwarah
Al-Fawwarah (الفوارة) is a historic neighborhood in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

Al Shamsiyah Palace
Al-Shamsiyah Palace (قصر الشمسية) is a ruined earth-structured palace in the al-Fouta neighborhood of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. It belonged to Princess Noura bint Abdul Rahman, the elder sister of King Abdulaziz ibn Saud.

Bujairi Terrace
Bujairi Terrace is a high-end food court and an upscale dining destination in the Turaif district of Diriyah, Saudi Arabia,Wadi al-Aysin

Wadi al-Aysin (وادي الليسن), historically known as Wadi al-Aysan (وادي الايسن) is an is an ancient river valley in the Najd region of Riyadh Province, Saudi Arabia. The valley once traversed from northeast to south, cutting through town of Riyadh before meeting Wadi Hanifa in the southeast.

Al Gadimah
Al-Qadimah (حلة القديمة), or in Najdi vernacular pronunciation as al-Gadimah and originally known as Hayy al-Aamir (حي عامر), was a settlement and a douar within the city walls in the erstwhile fortress-city of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, located in the southeastern corner of the walled town. It was owned by a farmer called Ibn Issa and was later incorporated into the capital metropolis of Riyadh following the dismantling of the city walls in 1950. The area today forms part of the Qasr al-Hukm District in the ad-Dirah. The settlement hosted the al-Hilla Mosque.

The settlement hosted the palaces of Imam Abdul Rahman bin Faisal al-Saud, Prince Abdullah bin Abdul Rahman al-Saud, Prince Muhammad bin Abdul Rahman al-Saud, Prince Faisal bin Abdulaziz, Prince Muhammad bin Abdulaziz al-Saud, Prince Mansour bin Abdulaziz al-Saud, Prince Musaid bin Abdul Rahman Al Saud, Prince Khalid bin Abdulaziz, and Prince Fahd bin Abdulaziz.

Al Ajnab
Al-Ajnab (حلة الأجناب) was a settlement and a douar within the city walls in the erstwhile fortress-city of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, located in the northeastern corner of the walled town. It was situated east of Masmak Fortress, at the entrance of Bab al-Thumairi. The ruins of the settlement today include most of Souq al-Suweigah in the ad-Dirah neighborhood and its name was derived from al-ājānib (الأَجانِب), the Arabic word for outsiders as most of its residents where foreigners who were given accommodation as guests or advisors of King Abdulaziz ibn Saud, such as John Philby and Muhammad Asad.

The settlement shared close proximity with the Duhairah settlement from the east and al-Gadimah settlement from the south and following the dismantling of the city walls and subsequent expansion and modernization of Riyadh in the 1970s, the settlement evolved into Souq al-Suweigah and assumed most of its current form during the Qasr Al-Hukm District Development Project between 1983 and 1992.

The settlement once hosted a garage that belonged to the future monarch of Saudi Arabia, Saud bin Abdulaziz and also hosted the residence of Princess Noura bint Abdul Rahman al-Saud, elder sister and adviser of King Abdulaziz ibn Saud and the eldest daughter of Abdul Rahman bin Faisal al-Saud, the the last emir of the Second Saudi State.

Souq al-Suwaiqah
Souq al-Suwaiqah (سوق السويقة), or in Najdi vernacular pronunciation as Souq al-Suweigah and officially as Swaigah Trade Center (مركز سويقة التجاري), is a historic traditional marketplace (souq) in the ad-Dirah neighborhood of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Covering an area of 6.2 acres, it emerged from the settlement of Ajnab and is situated east of the Masmak Fortress in the Qasr al-Hukm District. It includes more than 260 shops that specialize in the trading of traditional perfumes, cosmetics and abayas.

Safat Square
Safat Square (ساحة الصفاة) is a public space in the ad-Dirah neighborhood of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, sandwiched between Imam Turki bin Abdullah Grand Mosque and the al-Hukm Palace compound.

al-Kharab
Hillat Al-Kharab (حلة الخراب) is a village and settlement situated south of ad-Dilam in Riyadh Province, Saudi Arabia. It emerged from the ruins of Hajr al-Yamamah. It was the site where Egyptian troops led by Mehmet Ali under the command of Khurshid Pasha faced-off with forces of Faisal bin Turki al-Saud in 1838. and is also rumored to be the temporary residence of Khalid bin Waleed.

https://www.alriyadh.com/1974006

http://www.al-jazirah.com/1999/19990105/p111.htm

Historical landmarks of Riyadh from 70s and 80s
وأشار إلى أن من أبرز معالم الشارع مسجد الأميرة الجوهرة بنت عبدالله بن جلوي، وعمارة الباخرة وعمارة النور وعمارة الزهرة وأيضاً أبراج الخالدية، وكذلك حديقة ابن فوطة ومستوصف الفوطة الذي كان أول مستوصف أهلي وافتتح عام 1388هـ

Four Points by Sheraton Riyadh Khaldia
Four Points by Sheraton Riyadh Khaldia, formerly Mena Grand Khaldia Hotel (فندق مينا جراند الخالدية) and Khaldia Towers (أبراج الخالدية), is a 33-floor mixed-use skyscraper in the ad-Dirah neighborhood of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Built in 1984, it is named after King Khalid bin Abdulaziz and was bought by Starwood Hotels and Resorts in 2013,   which itself got acquired by Marriott International in 2016. It is one of the most popular landmarks in Riyadh and is situated in the al-Batʼha commercial area.

Overview
Khaldia Towers was built between 1976 and 1983 and was named after King Khalid bin Abdulaziz, whose sons had donated the land of his ruined palace situated in Hotat Khalid for the construction of the mixed-use development. It was designed by Dr. Nasser bin Ibrahim al-Rasheed through his engineering consultant firm, who was a former professor at the King Fahd University for Petroleum and Minerals.

It is owned by Khaldia Towers Company, a partnership between Al-Jedaie Group and Al-Hokair Group. It has 376 rooms in total and 138 suites.

In 2007, the King Khalid Charitable Foundation put the Khaldia Towers on sale and began inviting investors to acquire the property.

In 2013, it was bought by Starwood Hotels and Resorts from Mena Hotels & Resorts and was rebranded as Four Points by Sheraton Riyadh Khaldia. It was inaugurated by Prince Khalid bin Bandar, the-then governor of Riyadh Province.

2014 fire accident
In September 2014, an unexpected fire broke out in the building of the hotel, resulting in three dead, including an Egyptian national and seven injured. The Saudi Red Crescent Authority dispatched 10 paramedic teams and 4 advance response teams towards the site, after which the injured were sent to the King Saud Medical City and al-Iman Hospital following their rescue.

Qurayshiyyah
Qurayshiyyah neighborhood in Riyadh.

حي "القريشية"

https://alriyadh.com/897991

Fakhiriyah neighborhood
Al-Fawwarah neighborhood, which is part of the current Al-Fakhriya neighborhood

24°38'26"N 46°40'58"E

https://www.alriyadh.com/634397

Downtown Riyadh
Downtown Riyadh (وسط الرياض) is a term used for a group of 20 neighborhoods in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Covering an area of more than 3700 acres, it hosts some of the city's most important cultural and commercial districts, such as the King Abdulaziz Historical Center, the al-Batʼha commercial area and the Qasr al-Hukm District, while simultaneously overlapping with many of the old city areas of the capital metropolis. The first downtown development plan was introduced in 2013 by the Royal Commission for Riyadh City.

The downtown is bounded by Al-Washm Street and Omar bin Al-Khattab Street in the north, Al-Kharj Road in the east, Ammar bin Yasir Street and Al-A’sha Street in the south, and Imam Abdulaziz bin Muhammad Street in the west.

Qasr al-Hukm District
Qasr al-Hukm District is a term used to define the perimeters of the erstwhile fortress-city of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia in present-day districts of ad-Dirah and ad-Daho, encompassing several extinct douars that once fell within the enclosure of the gates of old city walls prior to its demolition in 1950. Named after the eponymous al-Hukm Palace, it is widely considered to be the antecedent to modern Riyadh since the metropolis outgrew as an offshoot of the walled town in the 1950s. Owing to its historical and architectural significance, it was rebuilt by the Saudi government between 1970s and 1990s and is situated southwest of al-Batʼha commercial area.

Deera Square
Deera Square is a public space in the ad-Dirah neighborhood of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, located adjacent to the al-Hukm Palace compound and Imam Turki bin Abdullah Grand Mosque in the Qasr al-Hukm District. It is known as the historic site of public executions, where those sentenced to death in Saudi Arabia are publicly beheaded.

Al Hukm Palace
Al-Hukm Palace, so called from the public square it overlooks from the south, is a historic palace and a popular cultural heritage landmark in the ad-Dirah neighbourhood of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, located directly opposite to Imam Turki bin Abdullah Grand Mosque in the Qasr al-Hukm District.

Masmak Fortress
Masmak Fort is a clay and mudbrick fort in the al-Dirah neighborhood of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, located in close proximity to the al-Hukm Palace in the Qasr al-Hukm District. It was the site of the Battle of Riyadh in 1902, that paved the way for the establishment of the Emirate of Riyadh, the first iteration of modern Saudi Arabia. The fortress was converted into a museum in 1995, showcasing one of the most important landmarks of Saudi heritage.

Imam Turki bin Abdullah Grand Mosque
Imam Turki bin Abdullah Grand Mosque is a congregational mosque in the ad-Dirah neighborhood of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, located adjacent to Qasr al-Hukm while it overlooks the Deera Square. It was established during the reign of Turki bin Abdullah bin Muhammad al-Saud, the founder and Imam of the Second Saudi State and was later named after him. Seating 17,000 worshippers and measuring 16,800 m2, it is one of the largest mosques in Saudi Arabia.

King Abdulaziz Historical Center
King Abdulaziz Historical Center (KAHC) is a cross-district heritage complex in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, covering south of al-Murabba and north of al-Futah. It includes the al-Murabba Palace, the National Museum, King Abdulaziz Foundation for Research and Archives, King Abdulaziz Public Library, King Abdulaziz Auditorium, Red Palace and Riyadh Water Tower besides six municipal parks and gardens, namely the National Museum Park, al-Watan Park, the Palm Oasis and al-Yamamah Park. It was inaugurated in January 1999 by King Fahd bin Abdulaziz to mark the centenary year of Ibn Saud's takeover of Riyadh in 1902, that paved the way for the establishment of the Emirate of Riyadh, the first iteration of modern Saudi Arabia.

Al Murabba Palace
Al Murabba Palace is a palace museum in the al-Murabba district of Riyadh. It was built in 1938 and was one of the first buildings erected outside the walls of the old city and was the last workplace of King Abdulaziz ibn Saud until his death in 1953. It was renovated by the Saudi government and was later incorporated into the King Abdulaziz Historical Center in 1999.

National Museum of Saudi Arabia
National Museum of Saudi Arabia was inaugurated in 1999 as part of the King Abdulaziz Historical Center that exhibits several artifacts belonging to the First and Second Saudi States.

Al Hamra Palace
Al-Hamra Palace, or the Red Palace, was built in the 1940s by King Abdulaziz ibn Saud for his son, Saud bin Abdulaziz in the al-Fouta neighborhood of Riyadh. It was incorporated into the King Abdulaziz Historical Center in 1999, when it served as the headquarters of Saudi Board of Grievances. It was the first reinforced concrete structure in the history of Saudi Arabia and was opened to the general public in 2019.

Riyadh Water Tower
Riyadh Water Tower is a 61-meters tall conical-shaped cylindrical water tower and a prominent cultural landmark in the al-Futah neighborhood of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Designed by Swedish architect Sune Lindström and modeled after the Svampen water tower in Örebro, Sweden, it was the tallest structure in the country at the time of its inauguration in 1971 and is today located within the precincts of al-Watan Park in the King Abdulaziz Historical Center.

National Museum Park
National Museum Park is an umbrella term used for the agglomeration of 5 out of 8 municipal parks and gardens in the al-Murabba neighborhood of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, namely al-Haras, al-Soor, al-Wadi, al-Jisr and al-Madi   that adjoin the Murabba Palace compound and the premises of National Museum as well as the King Abdulaziz Foundation for Research and Archives in northern section of the King Abdulaziz Historical Center.

Al-Batʼha commercial area
Al-Batʼha, also simply romanized as Batha,  is a colloquial umbrella term used for the agglomeration of certain parts of neighborhoods in downtown Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, that are primarily situated along the al-Batʼha Street on the either edge of the now-dried up stream of Wadi al-Batʼha, located between al-Murabba and the Qasr al-Hukm District. It is one of the oldest commercial districts in Riyadh and the financial nerve center of the city's downtown area, covering east of al-Futah and al-Dirah whereas west of al-Amal, Margab and Thulaim. It emerged in the 1940s during World War II when a number of Kuwaiti merchants and traders chose to set up an auction market just outside the northeastern fringes of the city walls.

Besides being a open-air marketplace that hosts a number of large and medium-scale trading centers, the surrounding locality has been the heart of the city's Bangladeshi community since the oil boom of the 1970s, alongside Indians, Pakistanis, Filipinos and Sri Lankans, who altogether contribute in almost 70% of the economic activity in the area.

Abu Nawwas Restaurant
Abu Nawwas Restaurant is a restaurant in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. It is the first shawarma shop in Riyadh

Princess Latifa bint Sultan Mosque
Princess Latifa bint Sultan bin Abdulaziz Mosque (جامع الأميرة لطيفة بنت سلطان بن عبد العزيز) is a congregational mosque and an active place of worship in the al-Rahmaniyah neighborhood of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Inaugurated in 2013, it is named after Princess Latifa bint Sultan al-Saud, the daughter of late Saudi crown prince Sultan bin Abdulaziz and granddaughter of King Abdulaziz ibn Saud, the founder of Saudi Arabia.

7633, 3185 Takhassusi St, Rahmaniyah District, Riyadh 12343, Saudi Arabia

Saudi Entertainment Ventures
Saudi Entertainment Ventures (مشاريع الترفيه السعودية), stylized as SEVEN (سڤن), is a wholly owned subsidiary of Saudi Arabia's Public Investment Fund that offers services in the entertainment and recreation industry.

Al Madi
A large basin

keywords to type:   حوض كبير على سبعة أعمدة يسمى "المدي"

King Abdulaziz Project for Riyadh Public Transport
King Abdulaziz Project for Riyadh Public Transport (مشروع الملك عبدالعزيز للنقل العام بمدينة الرياض), simply Riyadh Public Transport Project (RPTP), is a $22.5 billion transport infrastructure project by the Royal Commission for Riyadh City to build a 176-kilometer mass rapid transit system and a 1184-mile comprehensive public bus service network for Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Launched in 2014, the project commenced operations in September 2021 with the Saudi Public Transport Company (SAPTCO) rolling out a fleet of buses. It was however replaced by Riyadh Bus in March 2023.

REF: https://www.alriyadh.com/856165 (RIYADH PUBLIC TRANSPORT MAYBE EXISTED BEFORE, IT WAS RENAMED AFTER ABDULAZIZ)

United Tower
United Tower, popularly known as Twisting Tower, is 50-storey, 200 m tall skyscraper in Bahrain Bay in north-eastern Manama, Bahrain. Built in 2014, it is the country's sixth largest structure and was developed by Cooperation Investment House and Ahmed al-Qaed Construction. It houses the Wyndham Grand Manama Hotel.

ref: https://www.constructionweekonline.com/projects-tenders/168345-twisted-wyndham-grand-manama-tower-in-bahrain-gets-thyssenkrupp-lifts

Walled town of Riyadh
The walled town of Riyadh was the original core of Riyadh, the present-day capital of Saudi Arabia. The town emerged from the ruins of Migrin in 1746 when Daham bin Dawwas erected a wall around it and built a palace for himself and ruled as the settlement's chieftain until his overthrow by the First Saud State in 1773. It was later the center of power of the Second Saudi State for most of 19th century following brief Ottoman presence in Najd. Ibn Saud captured the town in 1902 and made it the base for his 30-year long unification wars that led to the establishment of Saudi Arabia in 1932. The town served as the administrative headquarters of the Saudi government until 1938, when Ibn Saud moved his workplace and residence to Murabba Palace. In 1950, he ordered the dismantling of the fortifications in order to expand the settlement into a metropolis and subsequently, the walled town ceased to exist. The area covering the perimeters of the erstwhile town was renamed as the Qasr al-Hukm District in 1973 in order to preserve its historical and architectural significance, which today encompasses south of ad-Dirah and entirety of ad-Doho in downtown Riyadh.

History
The walled town of Riyadh succeeded from the town of Migrin in the 1740s, when Daham bin Dawwas, a tribal leader from Manfuhah, consolidated his rule by constructing an earth-structured fortified wall that encircled the town and building a palace for himself, which was later known as the al-Hukm Palace. He reigned as the town's chieftain until his overthrow by by the forces of Muhammad ibn Saud, the leader of the First Saudi State.

The town was later occupied by the Ottoman-backed Egyptian forces led by Muhammad Ali Pasha and Ibrahim Pasha launched a retaliatory offensive into Najd, pressing hard and subsequently laying siege to Diriyah and vanquishing the First Saudi State in the process in the aftermath of the Najd expedition and Wahhabi War of 1818. In 1824, Turki bin Abdullah al-Saud regained control of Najd and shifted the royal family's center of power to the walled town, in the al-Hukm Palace as the infrastructure in Diriyah was razed to the ground. The House of Saud continued to control the town until the Ha'il-based Rashidi Emirate deposed the royal family in the 1880s. Its last emir, Abdul Rahman bin Faisal al-Saud and his family, were sent to exile and later settled themselves in Kuwait.

Almost ten years later in 1901, Ibn Saud, the son of the exiled emir Abdul Rahman al-Saud, embarked on a raiding spree into Nejd where he began targeting tribes associated with the Rashidis in an attempt to avenge his father's exile. Within months, he was able to capture Riyadh in January 1902 and subsequently establish the Emirate of Riyadh. Ibn Saud would go on to reclaim the territories of his ancestors, launching offensives into Hasa in 1913, Ḥa'il in 1921, Hejaz in 1924, and Yemen in 1934 as part of his unification campaigns and establishing several iterations of the Third Saudi State. In 1932, he renamed his annexes and dependencies by unifying them under the name of Saudi Arabia with Riyadh at its capital.

Urbanization around the walled town 1930s-1940s
Ibn Saud's consolidation of power following the takeover of Hejaz brought unprecedented stability to the major settlements within his territory. The defensive fortifications built around various towns to ward off external and internal threats slowly turned out to be redundant. Following the establishment of Saudi Arabia in 1932, Prince Muhammad bin Abdul Rahman al-Saud, the brother of Ibn Saud commissioned the Atiqah Palace, the first building constructed outside the city walls.

Between 1936 and 1938, Ibn Saud built the Murabba Palace out of the walls of Riyadh as the town had started to become unprecedently congested and almost uninhabitable. Ibn Saud also built the Thulaim Palace between 1936 and 1939, that served as one of the quarantine facilities for treating patients during the smallpox epidemic of the 1940s. In 1943, the Red Palace was built for Saud bin Abdulaziz, the first structure erected using reinforced concrete in the history of Saudi Arabia.

Settlements like Hillat al-Gusman emerged in the 1930s, which was inhabited mostly by traders who came from Qassim. In the 1940s, several Kuwaiti merchants and traders set up an auction market just outside the northeastern fringes of the city walls, that later got evolved into the al-Batʼha commercial area. In 1948, Ibn Saud established the Memorial School in the present-day Margab neighborhood, the first public school established in Riyadh to provide formal education to the city's residents.

In 1950, Ibn Saud ordered the dismantling of the city walls and the city began to rapidly urbanize in the aftermath, especially between 1950s and 1970s. As a result, several quarters and neighborhoods such as Duhairah and Dakhna were abandoned by its residents in pursuit of better opportunities in the north of the capital metropolis.

Qasr al-Hukm District
The surrounding area of the al-Hukm Palace had slowly begun to decline in importance. In March 1973, King Faisal bin Abdulaziz issued directives to Sheikh Abdulaziz Thunayyan, then mayor of Riyadh to conduct an extensive study of the area surrounding the al-Hukm Palace and implementing the project of its renovation the following year. In 1976, the High Commission for the Development of Arriyadh commissioned the Qasr Al-Hukm District Development Project and agreed on developmental programs that were prepared to transform the Qasr al-Hukm District into a cultural center. The designs were completed by 1979 and the construction lasted between 1983 and 1992 in broadly two phases, costing around US$500 million. The project was overseen by Prince Salman bin Abdulaziz al-Saud, the-then governor of Riyadh and was completed between 1983 and 1992.

Duhairah
Hillat al-Duhairah was a neighborhood and a douar partially within the former city walls. The ruins of the area today constitute a large chunk of ad-Dirah neighborhood. Bordered by al-Suwailem Street to the west and ad-Duhairah Street to the east, most of its residents abandoned the area during Riyadh's multiple phases of expansion and modernization, especially between 1950s and 1970s.

Ajnab
Hillat Al-Ajnab (حلة الأجناب) was a quarter and a douar within the city walls located in the northeastern corner of the walled town. It was situated east of Masmak Fortress, at the entrance of Bab al-Thumairi. The ruins of the settlement today include most of Souq al-Suweigah in the ad-Dirah neighborhood and its name was derived from al-ājānib (الأَجانِب), the Arabic word for outsiders as most of its residents where foreigners who were given accommodation as guests or advisors of King Abdulaziz ibn Saud, such as John Philby and Muhammad Asad.

Gadimah
Hillat al-Gadimah (حلة القديمة), originally known as Hayy al-Aamir (حي عامر), was a settlement and a douar within the city walls, located in the southeastern corner of the walled town. It was built on a farm owned by a farmer named Ibn Issa and was later incorporated into the capital metropolis of Riyadh following the dismantling of the city walls in 1950. The quarter hosted the al-Hilla Mosque.

Mugailiyah
Hillat al-Mugailiyah (حلة المعيقلية) was a residential quarter and a douar within the city walls, located west of Duhairah in the northwestern corner of the walled town. . It contained the sub-quarter of Hillat al-Ata'if (حلة العطايف) and al-Muʼeiqiliah Mosque, al-Ata'if Mosque as well as Ibn Suleiman School. The douar ceased to exist in the aftermath of the demolition of city walls in 1950 and subsequent expansion of Riyadh into a metropolis between the 1950s and 1970s. It is today largely situated on the site of Souq al-Maigliah in the ad-Dirah neighborhood.

Muraighib
Hillat al-Muraighib (حلة المريقب) was a quarter and a douar within the city walls, located in the southwestern corner of the walled town. It contained the sub-quarter of Hillat al-Mughaibrah (حلة المقيبرة), which mostly included a cemetery and an eponymous souq. The al-Mughaibrah sub-quarter hosted one of the two cemeteries that catered the needs of the town's inhabitants, other being Shalaga. It hosted the Muraighib School and Muraighib Mosque.

Al Ghanaiy
Hillat al-Ghanaiy (حلة القناعي) was a quarter and a douar within the city walls located between Mugailiyah and Muraighib in the northwestern part of the walled town. The quarter was attributed to the family of al-Qanaiʼy, who owned the land in the area and hosted two small markets, Qaisiriya Ibn Qulaib (later Souq al-Ushaiger) and Qaisiriya Prince Saad bin Abdullah.

Al Sharqiyah
Hillat Al Sharqiyah (حلة الشرقية) was a quarter and a douar within the city walls, located west of Dakhna and east of Muraighib in the southwestern part of the walled town. It included the Sharqiyah Mosque, Khalid bin Saud Mosque, Souq Sidrah and al-Jufrah Mosque.

Dakhna
Hillat al-Dakhna (حلة دخنة), alternatively transliterated as Dekhna or Dukhnah, was a quarter and a douar within the former city walls, located west of al-Gadimah and south of al-Duhairah in southern part of the walled town. . The quarter contained the 18th century Dakhna Grand Mosque, due to which it was nicknamed as Hayy al-ʿUlamāʾ (حي العلماء) and was located in close proximity to the Dakhna Gate. It was a prominent settlement and a major commercial center until the early 1960s and was incorporated into the metropolis of Riyadh between the 1950s and 1970s.

It was named after Dakhna well  and was itself attributed to a tribe from Asir named Bani Sharif. In 1773, following the House of Saud-led takeover of the walled town, Abdullah bin Muhammad bin Abd al-Wahhab built a mosque in the area, which later became a center of learning for Hanbali Sunni scholars and was dubbed as Hayy al-Ulama.

Hillah, apart from major settlements


Haara al-Hanbali, located south of mueqilliah, الحنبلي

Haara Heza, located south of Masmak Palace حيزا

Mosques
Imam Turki Mosque (Jami Kabeer)

Sheikh Abdullah bin Muhammad bin Abdul Wahab, Dekhna

Al-Hilla, Gadimah

Ahmad bin Abeed, south of Masmak

al-Diwaniyah Mosque, (entrance of imam abdul rahman bin faisal palace)

Duhairah mosque

Mueqiliah mosque

muraiqib mosque,

Jufrah mosque

sedrah mosque, (khalid bin saud mosque)

imam turki mosque and thumairi mosque

masjid ibn shilwan

masjid sharqiyah (ibn mahmud mosque)

Interests surrounding the walled town
NEEDS TO BE VERIFIED ACCURATELY:

Following the establishment of Saudi Arabia in 1932, the walled town functioned as its administrative headquarters until 1938.

Souq Hillat al-Gusman (check when established)

early 1930s - some palaces being built in outskirts of town, badiah or atiqah

1938 - Murabba Palace

1943 - Red Palace

1940s - Batha commercial area develops

1948 - Memorial School established

Haji's Cafe
Haji's Cafe (مقهى حاجي) is a traditional restaurant in Manama Souq, Manama, Bahrain, located in close proximity to the Bab al-Bahrain. It was established in 1950 and is popular for offering breakfasts in Bahraini cuisine.

.

OTHER GUESTHOUSES:

https://www.alriyadh.com/335537

Khuraimas Guesthouse
Khuraimas Guesthouse (مضيف خريمس) was a quarantine facility

New Murabba
New Murabba will be situated at northwest of Riyadh. Al-Shemal: al-Qirawan (القيروان) and Malqa (الملقا) neighborhood (south)

Al-Salmaniyah ( السلمانية) and malqah (الملقاﻩ)

Riyadh metropolitan area
Riyadh metropolitan area is the largest metropolitan area in the Riyadh Province of Saudi Arabia, containing the city of Riyadh and encompassing

Iskan
Iskan is a residential area in southern Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, in the sub-municipality of Aziziyah.

Al Bakheerah
Building in a shape of a ship عمارة الباخرة شارع الخزان

Al-Bakheerah (الباخرة) is a three-storey mixed-use condominium in northwestern al-Dirah, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Built in 1966, the structure is made to look like a replica of steamship. The building is said to have hosted the city's first private clinic as well as the first pharmacy and was once a popular architectural landmark among the city's residents during the 1970s and 1990s. It was owned by Princess Seeta bint Abdulaziz al-Saud, the daughter of Ibn Saud and once also served as the residence of Princess al-Anood bint Abdulaziz al-Saud, the wife of King Fahd.

Al Rajhi Mosque
OTHER MOSQUES:
 * King Khalid Grand Mosque
 * King Khalid Airport mosque
 * Princess Latifa bint Sultan Mosque
 * Prince Fahd bin Muhammad Mosque
 * Safarat Mosque (جامع حي السفارات)
 * Jawharah Mosque
 * Sheikh Muhammad bin Ibrahim Mosque
 * KAFD Grand Mosque
 * King Abdulaziz Mosque (KAHC)
 * Al Midi Mosque (KAHC)
 * King Fahd Mosque, Malazz
 * King Saud Mosque, Nasiriyah
 * Al Hikmah Mosque, Httin
 * Sheikh Fahd al-Owaidah Mosque (جامع الشيخ فهد العويضة)
 * Ghadah Ibrahim Mosque (غادة البراهيم)
 * Princess al-Anood Mosque (جامع الأميرة العنود)
 * Abu Abdullah al-Haidan (أبي عبد الله اللحيدان)
 * Al-Qibli Mosque, located south of Manfuhah.
 * Al-Rumailah Mosque, also known as Al-Salamah Mosque
 * other mosques
 * https://sabq.org/saudia/shegde-6

Riyadh Cultural Palace
Riyadh Cultural Palace (قصر الثقافة) is a double-storey edifice in Diplomatic Quarter, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, located next to the al-Kindi Plaza. Established in the 1980s during the emergence of the Diplomatic Quarter, it is one of the architectural landmarks of the city is known for hosting notable events that are attended by several foreign diplomats, government officials and businessmen.

It includes main foyer, the main ceremonial hall, conference hall, the art and craft workshops and public library. 83 seat indoor theater. underground car parking.

total area of building: 32,328 sq m

132,212,927 riyals

It hosted an exhibition of arts and technology organized by the Royal Commission for Riyadh City in late 1987, that showcased a collection of armors and weapons pertaining to Islamic military history.

Najd Village
Najd Village is a chain of two local themed restaurants in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia that offer culinary traditions from Najd. Established in 1996.

Saudi Journalists Association
Saudi Journalists Association (SJA) is an association of journalists and media professionals based in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Arriyadh Gate
Arriyadh Gate (بوابة الرياض)

509 road (Saudi Arabia)
509 road (طريق ٥٠٩) is a major road in Riyadh Governorate, Riyadh Province, Saudi Arabia. It stretches from Banban and terminates in the town of Haʼir, straddling through the city of Riyadh where it assumes various alternate names —King Abdulaziz Road (previously the Old Airport Road) in the north, al-Batʼha Street in downtown and al-Haʼir Road in the south.

Al-Batʼha Street (شارع البطحاء) is a thoroughfare in downtown Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, that runs parallel to the now dried up stream of Wadi al-Batʼha

140 kilometer road in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. It begins from al sulaimaniyah

It begins from the southern tip of the al-Murabba neighborhood and terminates at the intersection between Southern Ring Road and al-Haʼir Road in Manfuhah. it ends at howtat bani tamim

Souq al-Batʼha
Souq al-Batʼha (سوق البطحاء) is a term used collectively for markets and trading centers situated in the al-Bat'ha commercial area of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

situated east of the batha street (marqab, thulaim and amal).

Saudi government only recognizing trading centers located in the boundaries:

al-Bat'ha Street from west

Ibn al-Anbari Street from north

Muhammad al-Shibl from east

Al-Madinah al-Munawwarah Road from south

it also includes hamidiyah souq, aswaq al-riyadh hadeethah, aswaq marqab, hillat qasman, hillat al abeed

situated primarily along the al-Batʼha Street in downtown Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, located between al-Murabba and the Qasr al-Hukm District.

https://alsauditoday.com/%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%82-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B7%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6/ (complete tour inside the market)

Al Batʼha Commercial Center
Al Batʼha Commercial Center (مركز البطحاء) in Futah

Neighborhoods:

Al-Amal (west)

Al-Futah (east)

Al-Marqab (west)

Thulaym (west)

Al-Salihiyah (probably)

keywords for surfing: خريطة سوق البطحاء  الرياض

Important Streets:
Al-Bat'ha Street

Al Ghurabi Street (شارع الغرابي), Al Amal

Abi Ayoub Al-Ansari Street (شارع أبي أيوب الأنصاري) (named after Abu Ayyub al-Ansari) or Imam Faisal bin Turki bin Abdullah Street (شارع الإمام فيصل بن تركي بن عبد الله) (named after Faisal bin Turki) (separates Thulaim and Margab)

Al Rail Street (شارع الريل) or Omar al-Mukhtar (شارع عمر المختار), named after Omar al-Mukhtar (separates Thulaim and Al-Amal)

Al Ras Street (شارع الرس), Margab

Al Qabah Street (شارع القبه), Margab

شارع الدركتر (recheck which neighborhood it belongs to)

Al Farazdaq street, Margab (to be checked whether part of batha or not)

Souq al-Kuwaitiyyah
Souq al-Kuwaitiyyah (سوق الكويتية) or Haraj al-Kuwaitiyyah (حراج الكويتية) was an auction marketplace in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. It was established in the 1940s by a couple of Kuwaiti merchants in the northeastern fringes of the erstwhile city walls, resulting in the direct development of the al-Batha commercial area in downtown Riyadh. It relocated to and was replaced by Souq al-Owais in 1986.

In the 1940s, Souq Haraj al-Kuwaitiyyah emerged

Important name: Fahd al owaidah (refer his interview in the al-jazirah newspaper

Souq al-Owais
Souq al-Owais (سوق العويس) is a souq in King Fahd District of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, located next to Souq Taibah. Established in 1986, it emerged from the ruins of Souq al-Kuwaitiyyah.

Istiraha
Istiraha (اِسْتِرَاحَة), is a variant of caravansary found in Saudi Arabia and the wider Gulf region in the form of private and commercial rest houses or traditional meeting rooms, usually in the urban fringes of metropolises. Commercial istirahas are largely rented as retreat houses and holiday camps by individuals, bachelors and families for various purposes, like organizing events, leisure or personal gatherings.

In 2011, the Saudi municipal and rural affairs ministry introduced certain building regulations pertaining to constructing istirahas in the country, like site location, architecture and obtaining a prior license from authorities.

Al Sameeh
Al-Sameeh (السميح) is a village in the Emirate of Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates, located in close proximity to the Zayed Military City. It is situated almost 85 kilometers north of Abu Dhabi and 75 kilometers south of Dubai.

Secrets and Deals: How Britain Left the Middle East
Secrets and Deals: How Britain Left the Middle East is a 2022 one-part documentary aired by BBC about the British withdrawal from the Middle East in 1971.

Riyadh Sky
Riyadh Sky is one of the zones of Riyadh Season. Restaurants located on rooftop of Majdoul Tower, Riyadh Water Tower and Boulevard Riyadh City.

''Riyadh Sky is a unique idea that lives up to its name. The events of the entertainment activity are held in the sky of Riyadh in restaurants located on the roofs of 3 of the capital’s famous landmarks. “Clap” restaurant with its distinctive Japanese dishes in Majdoul Tower, the Hellenika restaurant In Riyadh Water Tower with its modern designs and traditional Greek dishes, and the Anghami Lap restaurant it provides a unique experience by serving a range of Arabic and international dishes to the tune of music at “Merwas”, the art and entertainment factory in Boulevard Riyadh City.''

Declaration of Independence of Bahrain
The Declaration of Independence of Bahrain was officially proclaimed on 15 August 1971 by Isa bin Salman al-Khalifa. The proclamation was made in less than a month following the signing of the constitution of the United Arab Emirates on 18 July 1971, marking the

Abu Dhabi Centre for Technical and Vocational Education and Training
Abu Dhabi Centre for Technical and Vocational Education and Training (ACTVET).

Subsidiaries: Institute of Applied Technology (IAT)

Abu Dhabi Vocational Education and Training Institute (ADVETI)

was established in 2007 and has seven (7) entities: Al Jazirah Institute of Science and Technology in Abu Dhabi, Al Jaheli Institute of Science and Technology in Al Ain, Baynounah Institute of Science and Technology in Al Gharbia, Al Reef Institute of Logistics and Applied Technology in Al Shahama, Sharjah Institute of Science & Technology in Sharjah, Secondary Technical School (STS) and Vocational Education Development Center (VEDC).

Abu Dhabi–Dubai War
The Abu Dhabi–Dubai War was a minor armed conflict between the Emirate of Abu Dhabi and the Emirate of Dubai in 1948. A Dubai-based raiding group killed 52 members of the Manasir tribe that were allied with Abu Dhabi's royal family. (Peck 1986: 41) British intervention later helped reduce tensions.

The conflict was a result of the ongoing border dispute between two emirates when the oil concession agreement was signed in 1930s.

Trucial States Council
Trucial States Council was the sole advisory body in the British protectorate of the Trucial States that was established in 1952 by the British Foreign Office with aims of bringing the disparate sheikhdoms of Abu Dhabi, Dubai, Sharjah, Ajman, Fujairah, Umm al-Quwain and Ras al-Khaimah under a single umbrella in order to set up a common framework of cooperation. The council laid the foundation for the United Arab Emirates almost 19 years later by serving as the first such entity of its kind that enabled the rulers a platform to address their issues of common concern. It acted as an interim government during the formation of the United Arab Emirates and was dissolved and replaced by the Federal Supreme Council following the proclamation of the country on 02 December 1971.In April 1961, George Middletown argued that the federation remained doubtful and the council was unlikely to achieve its goal.

Ras al khaimah was the first non british leader of the trucial states council, followed by sheikh zayed

Trucial Coast Development Council
Trucial Coast Development Council was a subsidiary entity of the Trucial States Council in the British protectorate of the Trucial States. Later, the Abu Dhabi Fund for Development would evolve from TCDC.

Flag of the trucial states council
Flag included a nine-pointed star, federation of arab emirates

Al Manhal Palace
Al-Manhal Palace (قصر المنهل) is a former presidential palace and a heritage landmark in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates that served as the official residence of the country's founding father, Sheikh Zayed between 1966 and 1972. It was built to replace the Qasr al-Hosn and was once the center of power and influence in Abu Dhabi. The palace was the second site after the Al-Diyafah Palace where Sheikh Zayed hoisted the flag of the United Arab Emirates subsequently after the country's proclamation on December 02, 1971. Zayed later shifted to Qasr al-Bahar.

Qasr al-Batiniyah
Qasr al-Bateeniyah (قصر البطينة) in Abu Dhabi

Abu Dhabi and Dubai Union Agreement
Abu Dhabi and Dubai Union Agreement was a pact signed on February 18, 1968 between the ruler of Abu Dhabi Sheikh Zayed and the ruler of Dubai Sheikh Rashid in Argoub el-Sedirah in al-Sameeh. The agreement marked the official commencement of the formation of the United Arab Emirates

outlined the idea of a federal union between the two independent emirates and is regarded as a prelude to the unification of the United Arab Emirates.

October 1970 draft
October 1970 constitutional draft United Arab Emirates

Signing of the United Arab Emirates Constitution
The Signing of the United Arab Emirates Constitution occurred on July 18, 1971, at Dubai by the six members of the Trucial States Council. The signing ceremony marked the culmination of major political and diplomatic efforts for the unification of the United Arab Emirates led primarily by Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan al-Nahyan and the formal dissolution of the Federation of Arab Emirates.

Federation of Arab Emirates
The Federation of Arab Emirates (FAE; اتحاد الامارات العربية), also sometimes Union of Arab Emirates, was a proposed federal union of nine sheikhdoms of Britain's Persian Gulf Residency, comprising Bahrain, Qatar and the rest of seven emirates of the Trucial States, namely Abu Dhabi, Dubai, Umm al-Quwain, Ajman, Sharjah, Ras al-Khaimah and Fujairah. The union came into being as a semblance of a transitional government in February 1968 following a meeting between the leaders of these emirates in less than two months after the British decision of withdrawal was announced. However, several disagreements between the leaders due to political and economic reasons led to the dissolution of the union when Bahrain and Qatar announced their respective independence by August and September of 1971 whereas the rest of the Trucial States (with the temporary exception of Ras al-Khaimah) went on to form the United Arab Emirates in December 1971.

According to Dr. Emile Nakhleh, the-then associate professor of political science at Mount Saint Mary's College and Seminary, in his book Arab-American Relations in the Persian Gulf, said several factors led to its disintegration.


 * 1) The proposed federal structure was a hurried reaction to the announced British withdrawal, and the call for federation  was prompted by leaders of the individual emirates determined to preserve their rule.
 * 2) Several border disputes were still outstanding, the most important of which was the one between Saudi Arabia and Abu Dhabi over the Buraimi oasis.
 * 3) The relations between the different ruling families were charged with traditional jealousies and suspicions.
 * 4) The disparities in wealth, education and population among the emirates added fuel to the fire.
 * 5) Iran's long-standing territorial claim to Bahrain, which was resolved in 1970-1971, kept Bahrain from pushing for a federation which Iran at that time opposed.

Qatari khalifa bin hamad elected leader of the federation in July 1968

All the nine rulers met four times.

feb 1968 in dubai (Dubai Accord)- choosing leaders in a system of annual rotations

jul 1968 in abu dhabi

may 1969 in doha

oct 1969 in abu dhabi

Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan, 7 July 1968 - 25 October 1969, Chairman of the Supreme Council of FAE

25 October 1969 - 18 July 1971, President of the Federation of Arab Emirates

NOTE:

The April 1970 provisional constitution of Qatar

The April 1970 constitution committed Qatar to joining Bahrain and the Trucial States in forming the proposed Federation of the Arab Emirates. However, Qatar amended the constitution in 1972 after gaining complete independence.

Within the federation, there were two camps, one comprising Abu Dhabi, Bahrain, Ajman, Fujairah and Umm al-Quwain and other side consisting of Dubai, Qatar and Ras Al Khaimah.

1968
REFER: https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/The_Establishment_of_the_United_Arab_Emi/7eyoDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=federation+of+arab+emirates+nine+9+qatar+bahrain&pg=PT100&printsec=frontcover

Iran fiercely opposed the union upon its inception due to Bahrain's membership, given that Tehran had pressed claims over the Gulf island. Countries like Syria, Algeria and South Yemen also opposed the federation.

Following the visit of the emir of Qatar Ahmad al-Thani to Saudi Arabia, King Faisal stated in April 1968 that the kingdom is prepared to increase economic, technical and cultural cooperation with the member states of the federation.

In May 1968, the representatives and advisers of the emirates gathered to address fundamental issues and adopt resolutions to implement the Dubai Accord.

The Qatari delegation put forward certain proposals, like the election of the first union president before the drawing up of a permanent charter, something which was being opposed by Abu Dhabi and Bahrain and supported by Dubai and Ajman while Ras Al Khaimah opted neutrality. The delegation also proposed the choice of a permanent seat for the union and the formation of a union council.

25-26 May 1968, first meeting of the Supreme Council of the Federation of Arab Emirates in Abu Dhabi. Meeting ends in failure and Qatari proposals rejected.

22-27 June 1968, the Kuwaiti foreign minister visits to Qatar, Bahrain, Abu Dhabi and Dubai, trying to bridge the gap between the parochial sheikhdoms and persuading them to bury their differences. He pushed for the establishment of a federal court, federation council

As a result of Kuwaiti diplomacy, supreme council convenes again in Abu dhabi between 6 and 7 july 1968.

Result of the meeting:

Federal resolution No. 1, 1968, on engaging the services of an Arab expert in common law to draw up a draft for the General Charter of the Federation of Arab Emirates.

(writing concisely)- Zayed appointed as the chairman of supreme council

formation of a provisional federal council and appointment of khalifa bin hamad al thani as its chairman

So as per the resolution, the delegation led by Ahmed Khalifa al-Suwaidi contacted Abd al-Razzaq al-Sanhuri in Cairo, an Egyptian law professor and judge for the same. Sanhuri chose two lawyers to assist him, one of the being Hassan al-Turabi. Turabi toured the Gulf between September and October 1968 in order to assess the situation and realities on the ground.

Turabi drew up a questionnaire that dealt with the political, financial, economic, social, development and external conditions of the emirates. One of the primary questions was whether the Dubai Accord the fundamental basis of the permanent complete charter or will it nullify the accord before becoming a full-fledged constitution.

The second session of supreme council in Doha appointed three-member committee comprising reps from bahrain, qat and abu dhabi. The answer given by most of the emirates was that the dubai accord was actually fundamental basis of the charter.

Sheikh Zayed's visit to Britain (9 September 1968). Quote by The Times that he favored a 'a close union to include all nine-states - in the end, a single foreign policy should be the first aim. If it should prove impossible to work out a close union of all nine states for the present, then he would support a union of seven Trucial Sheikhdoms alone, or failing that, a union of Abu Dhabi with three or four of them as the nucleus of something bigger.'

Ruler of dubai visits tehran. iranian pm says it wants to coexist peacefully, contradicting his country's earlier threats to the federation. Indicating the bahrain issue was about to be resolved.

Second meeting of the supreme council was convened in doha b/w 20-22 oct 1968. ahmad bin ali thani elected chairman for the session. Qatar's proposed agenda unanimously accepted.

1971
March 1971 - William Luce tours the Gulf and informs the rulers of the withdrawal by end of 1971

1 July 1971 - Zayed established the first cabinet of Abu Dhabi.

10 July 1971 - Trucial States Council met to address the issue.

18 July 1971- provisional constitution signed in dubai. the constitution was somewhat a revised document which was the basis for the FAE.

1971 (ig)
When the Iranian claim on Bahrain was settled, Bahrain demanded a representational position based on population within the Provisional Federal Council. When rejected, bahrain declared independence.

Important years
Important happenings before unification


 * Abu Dhabi Dubai War (1947-1948)
 * Abu Dhabi Dubai boundary dispute (1949-1952)
 * Discussions on Abu Dhabi's and Dubai's internal affairs (1954, 1955)
 * Discussions on inter-state boundaries (1956-1958)
 * Oil discovered in Abu Dhabi, 1958
 * Discussions of the Trucial States Council, an economic and political federation (1958-1959)
 * Discussions on internal frontiers (1958-1959)

Unification of the United Arab Emirates
The Unification of the United Arab Emirates (توحيد دولة الإمارات العربية المتحدة) was a political and diplomatic campaign essentially led by the ruler of Abu Dhabi Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan al-Nahyan in the British protectorates of the Persian Gulf Residency primarily from February 1968 to July 1971 where he successfully convinced the rulers of the emirates of Dubai, Sharjah, Ajman, Fujairah and Umm al-Quwain to form an independent sovereign federal union with Abu Dhabi, initially known as the Federation of Arab Emirates and later as the United Arab Emirates on the eve of Britain's withdrawal and anticipated dissolution of the Persian Gulf Residency in December 1971. The period may also include the two months between the federation's proclamation in December 1971 and up until the accession of Ras al-Khaimah in February 1972 which temporarily resisted the union upon its inception due to several geopolitical and economic reasons.

The campaign is considered to have commenced with the union agreement between Abu Dhabi and Dubai on February 18, 1968 and came to a formal close on December 1, 1971, when Britain's official deadline of the withdrawal expired and Sheikh Zayed signed the termination of the special treaty relations that were previously concluded between the British government and the leaders of the Trucial States since 1820.

A subsequent proclamation was made the very next day by the leaders of the six emirates under the auspices of Sheikh Zayed that officialized the transfer of power to the Trucial States Council from the Persian Gulf Residency of the British Foreign Office on December 2, 1971, formally renaming the territories of the Trucial States as the United Arab Emirates. Ras al-Khaimah, while initially opposing the union and refusing to join it, finally acceded in February 1972 whereas Qatar and Bahrain went on to choose independent statehood.

Although Ras al-Khaimah initially resisting to join the union on grounds of purported inequality with its Qasimi counterpart, Sharjah, it however joined the federation in February 1972 following the assassination of Sharjah's emir Sheikh Khalid al-Qasimi and upon the assurance of equal treatment among the northern emirates, making it the seventh and final emirate to accede to the union.

Historical background
Prior to the formation of the United Arab Emirates, the area was termed as the Trucial Coast by the British.

IDEA OF FEDERATION
The idea of a federation between the Trucial States was first floated in the late 1950s by Michael Wright, the British ambassador to Iraq. However, it was rejected as 'fanciful' by Bernard Burrows, the political resident.

Some of the other players
Michael Wright, the british ambassador to iraq who first floated the idea of a federation

Ahmed al Suwaidi Sheikh Zayed's chief adviser, he became the first Foreign Minister.

Adnan Pachachi Iraq's ambassador to the UN moved to Abu Dhabi in 1968, where he advised Sheikh Zayed. He became the UAE's first ambassador to the UN.

Mohammed Habroush al Suwaidi Another key adviser to Sheikh Zayed; currently an adviser to Sheikh Khalifa.

Dr Mana Saeed al Otaiba Another key adviser to Sheikh Zayed, he became Minister of Petroleum and is now an adviser to Sheikh Khalifa.

Sheikh Maktoum bin Rashid Son of Sheikh Rashid bin Saeed Al Maktoum and first Prime Minister of the UAE. Died January 2006.

Mahdi al Tajir A wealthy Dubai businessman who was Sheikh Rashid's key adviser in negotiations. A former UAE ambassador to the UK.

Adi Bitar A Palestinian lawyer and judge who wrote the constitution of the UAE. Died 1973.

Sir Geoffrey Arthur The British political resident in the Gulf (1970 to 1971) handled negotiations between the UK and the future UAE and a Treaty of Friendship. Died 1984.

James Treadwell A political agent who worked closely with Sheikh Zayed on talks for the federation and was the first British ambassador to the UAE. Died April 2010.

Julian Walker A political agent in Dubai in 1971 who resolved many boundary issues of the future UAE. He now lives in London.

Sir William Luce Britain's special envoy to the Gulf negotiated with Iran over Abu Musa, the Greater and Lesser Tunbs and Bahrain. Died 1977.

''Saqr nigga refused to join the uae cuz he literally thought he could discover oil just like abu dhabi. well after the iranian seizure of the islands and the assassination of Sheikh Khalid by the former ruler in late jan 1972, the new ruler acceded to the union in feb 1972.''


 * one more reason RAK was given 6 seats in parliamentary assembly while abu dhabi and dubai were given 8 seats besides having joint veto.

October 1969 meeting
October 21-25 1969 meeting in Abu Dhabi

Treadwell's remarks, Qatar and RAK walkout. Politically, rak and qatar didn't want to upset riyadh over agreeing abu dhabi as the capital of the union as saudis still held grudges over buraimi.

SAUDI ABU DHABI BORDER DISPUTES
Treadwell closely followed the negotiations between Sheikh Zayed and Saudi officials over the latter's territorial claims on some of Abu Dhabi's lands.

In May 1970, King Faisal offered to resolve the dispute with Abu Dhabi by dropping some claims on Al Ain and al-Buraimi in exchange for exercising Riyadh's sovereignty in south of Liwa Oasis and Khor al-Udaid. Zayed subsequently said that he would "not reject the proposal out of hand". He was expected to meet the king in Riyadh where he was supposed to discuss the issue with him. Zayed eventually recruited Kuwaiti negotiators without informing the British as he perceived the latter insisted on a more persuasive approach from his side in the discussions. After the British government learnt of it through the its diplomatic mission in Kuwait, London instructed Zayed not to discuss the territorial disputes with Faisal but instead use the meeting to talk about the proposed federation of nine emirates. Zayed adhered, however, Faisal said that he would not discuss any federation without settling the disputed areas.

faisal requested zayed to halt drilling by ADPC in Zararah in southern Liwa.

In June 1970, Treadwell informed the Foreign Office in London that his

In early April 1971, C. J. Treadwell, the Political Resident, informed the Foreign Office that: “[ Sheikh Zayed] thought that our advice to him on settling [south of Liwa] was colored by our wish to protect our own political as well as British commercial interests.”

However, he agreed on Shaikh Zayid had offered to concede access rights to Khor al- Udaid to the Saudis

In late April 1971, at a meeting with British officials in Al Ain, Treadwell told them that "(Shaikh Zayed), said and repeated several times that the people of Abu Dhabi now and history itself would blame him if he gave away too much (of Abu Dhabi’s territories)".

“[Shaikh Zayid] was in an emotional state throughout and criticized HMG, though more in sorrow than anger, for giving notice of withdrawal of their protection when the difficult boundary question was still on his hands, also, as he put it, for failing to push the Saudis as well to make sacrifices.

on 28 October 1971, Sir William Luce wrote to I. S. Winchester in Jeddah to say that Shaikh Zayid had told him that: “the most he was prepared to offer the Saudis was an oil profit sharing zone, with joint sovereignty, and a strip of his southern border twenty kilometres wide at its widest point.

November 1971 Treadwell letter to the Bahrain Residency

"Shaikh Zayid has not made ‘no effort’, but his effort has not been serious. While our mediation has been part stalling and part serious, [Shaikh Zayid] has been playing for time all the way… I am content that Zayid should be left to go on stringing King Faisal along as he judges best on the clear understanding that he is now on his own but I am opposed to causing further damage to our interests by saying anything to King Faisal bluntly on the subject"

Proclamation of the United Arab Emirates
The union and independence of the United Arab Emirates was formally proclaimed by Sheikh Zayed al-Nahyan and was read out by Ahmed bin Khalifa al-Suwaidi on December 2, 1971, at 10:00 am from the Union House (now Etihad Museum) in Jumeirah, Dubai, a day after the termination of the special treaty relations and the official expiration of the British deadline to withdraw from the Persian Gulf. The declaration formally culminated the transfer of power from the Political Residency of the British Foreign Office to the Trucial States Council, thereby renaming the territories of the Trucial States as the United Arab Emirates before the signing of a provisional constitution by the emirs of Abu Dhabi, Dubai, Sharjah, Ajman, Fujairah and Umm al-Quwain that officially acceded these emirates into the new federal union. The only singled-out emirate was Ras al-Khaimah, that initially resisted the union and refused to join, however later acceded in February 1972.

WHAT ALL HAPPENED ON 02 DECEMBER 1971
https://www.thenationalnews.com/uae/heritage/2021/12/02/december-2-1971-what-happened-on-the-uaes-first-national-day/

https://www.thenationalnews.com/uae/heritage/2021/12/02/national-day-2021-who-was-there-the-day-the-uae-was-born/

Declaration
At exactly 10:00 am Dubai Time on December 02, 1971, Ahmed bin Khalifa al-Suwaidi announced from the Union House on behalf of Sheikh Zayed al-Nahyan, "وبفضل الله عز وجل، واستجابة لرغبات شعبنا العربي، قررنا نحن حكام إمارة أبوظبي ودبي والشارقة وعجمان وأم القيوين والفجيرة إقامة دولة اتحادية تحت اسم (الإمارات العربية المتحدة). وإذ نتوجه بهذه الأخبار السارة إلى الشعب العربي ، نصلي إلى الله تعالى أن هذا الاتحاد يمكن أن يكون نواة اتحاد شامل يستوعب بقية أفراد الأسرة في الإمارة الشقيقة التي لم تسمح ظروفها الحالية التوقيع على هذا الدستور With the help of the Almighty Allah, and in response to the wishes of our Arab people, we, the rulers of the emirates of Emirate of Abu Dhabi, Dubai, Sharjah, Ajman, Umm Al Quwain and Fujaira, have decided to establish a federal state under the name of (The United Arab Emirates). As we extend this pleasant news to the honorable Arab people, we pray to the Almighty Allah that this Federation can be the nucleus of a comprehensive union that accommodate the rest of the family members of the brotherly emirate whose present circumstances didn’t enable it to sign this Constitution"

Treaty of Friendship between the United Arab Emirates and the United Kingdom
Treaty of Friendship between the United Kingdom and the United Arab Emirates (معاهدة الصداقة بين دولة الإمارات العربية المتحدة والمملكة المتحدة) was a bilateral treaty signed between the United Kingdom and the embryonic nation of the United Arab Emirates on December 2, 1971 that guaranteed 10 years of friendship and cooperation between the two states. The agreement was signed a day after the termination of the special treaty relations and a series of earlier protection treaties that were concluded between the British government and various leaders of Trucial States since 1820.

THIS RARE PIECE OF INFO SAYS THE UAE ENTERED FORMAL FEDERATION ON APRIL 01, 1972

https://llmc.com/titledescfull.aspx?type=2&coll=300&div=718&set=09649

Declaration of Independence of Qatar
The declaration of the independence of Qatar was announced on September 1, 1971 by Qatar Radio. Two days later, on September 3, 1971, Qatar officially became an independent state. September 3 was commemorated as Qatar's national day until 2007.

British withdrawal from the Middle East and North Africa
Definition 1: The British withdrawal from the Persian Gulf took place in the 1960s and 1970s when the country began terminating its series of protectorate treaties it had signed with the Arab states in Eastern Arabia following the decline of London's political and economic influence in the aftermath of the Suez Crisis. It was part of the larger decolonization period. Kuwait was the first state among the Persian Gulf Residency to gain independence in 1961, followed by Oman in 1962, Bahrain Qatar and lastly the Trucial States by the end of 1971 (renamed as the United Arab Emirates the following day).

Definition 2: The British withdrawal from the Arab world was a decolonization period that roughly lasted between 1920s and 1970s whereby the United Kingdom withdrew most of its political and military presence from a number of colonial and suzerain protectorates across the Middle East and North Africa, resulting in the independence of numerous nation-states. Early stages of the decolonization began soon after the end of World War I, when Egypt got independence in 1922, followed by Iraq in 1932. It was reinvigorated following World War II that resulted in Jordan's independence in 1946, Israel in 1948 and Anglo-Egyptian Sudan in 1956 and reached its last stages in the aftermath of the Suez Crisis, leading to the freedom of Somaliland in 1960, Kuwait in 1961, Oman in 1962, South Yemen in 1967 and Bahrain, Qatar and the United Arab Emirates in 1971.

Jordan in 1946 in the aftermath of World War II, Israel in 1948, Anglo-Egyptian Sudan in 1956, Kuwait in 1961, Oman in 1962 and lastly Bahrain, Qatar and the United Arab Emirates in 1971.


 * 1) Jordan gains independence, 1946
 * 2) India gains independence following the partition 1947
 * 3) UK gives Oman the control of its own foreign policy, 1951
 * 4) Suez Crisis marked the beginning of the end of the British Empire in 1956
 * 5) Kuwait gains independence, 1961
 * 6) Oman declared an independent nation by the British, 1962
 * 7) Bahrain becomes independent, 1971 august
 * 8) Qatar becomes independent, 1971 September
 * 9) Trucial States becomes independent and renamed as UAE, December 1971

Oman
1951 Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation between Britain and Oman

List of Anglo-Oman treaties

https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/anglo-omani-treaties

Wahhabi expedition of Haʼil (Jabal Shammar)
Wahhabi expedition of Haʼil took place in 1786.

Wahhabi conquest of Eastern Arabia
The Wahhabi conquest of Eastern Arabia was a military expedition led by the First Saudi State under Imam Abdulaziz ibn Saud from 1792 to 1798 against the Hasa-based Bani Khalid tribe following the House of Saud's takeover of Haʼil in 1786. The campaign began by the annexation of the Hasa region and culminated with the invasion of the tribe's last stronghold in the Qatari peninsula. The campaign was further extended to the seaport city of Zubarah when members of the Bani Khalid tribe fleeing from Wahhabi onslaught were granted asylum by the al Khalifa family that administered the city. The al-Khalifa family was expelled from Qatar and remained in exile for almost 13 years when the Omani Empire

Background
After capturing Riyadh in around 1774 and forcing its chieftain Deham bin Dawas to flee, Abdulaziz embarked on a military campaign on the east of Arabian Peninsula to incorporate more towns and estates into his expanding emirate. He conquered Sudayr in 1781, al-Kharj and Haʼil by 1784 and 1786 respectively and would now set his eyes on the Bani Khalid Emirate that ruled the al-Hasa region. It was the leader of the Bani Khalid tribe that ordered the expulsion of Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab during the early days of his preaching in Najd and with enormous political and military power, Abdulaziz sought to avenge the humiliation of his muse. He kicked-off his campaign in around 1792 and captured the town of Hasa. His Wahhabi troops chased

Second Khalidi Emirate
The Second Bani Khalid Emirate (الإمارَة الخالِدية الثَانِية) was a vassal state of the Ottoman Empire's Egypt Eyalet and later an independent sheikhdom that came into being as a successor of the First Khalidi Emirate (1669–1796) in the aftermath of the destruction of First Saudi State during the Ottoman–Wahhabi War (1811–1818). It existed between 1819 and 1830 in the al-Hasa region of Eastern Arabia, until the Second Saudi State under Imam Turki bin al-Saud retook al-Hasa in the Battle of Subia, bringing the rule of the Bani Khalid tribe to a close.

Defeat of the First Saudi State, 1818

Establishment of the Second Bani Khalid Emirate, 1819

Khalidi takeover of Riyadh, 1820

Diriyah invasion of Ahsa, 1830

BANI KHALID EMIRATE MAPS:

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Second_Bani_Khalid_Emirate

NOTE: For the period between the Muammarid Imamate between 1818 and 1820 and its (probable) tussle with the second khalidi emirate, refer the arabic article of the first saudi state

Emergence of the gulf states ( i think a chronological list of emirs of different sheikhdoms in arabia, verify): https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/The_Emergence_of_the_Gulf_States/TtE4DAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=al+ahsa+1787&pg=PA72&printsec=frontcover

Wahhabi invasion of Qatar
The Wahhabi invasion of Qatar was a military campaign by the First Saudi State from 1793 to 1798, whereby it invaded and subsequently annexed the last stronghold of the Bani Khalid Emirate in present-day Qatar before expelling the Bahrain-based al-Khalifa family by besieging the town of Zubarah in 1795 as part of Imam Abdulaziz ibn Saud's al-Hasa campaign. The Saudi rule effectively lasted for almost 13 years until the Said bin Sultan of the Omani Empire attacked the Wahhabi garrisons in Bahrain and Zubarah in around 1811, paving the way for the al-Khalifa family to retain power.

Saudi general Ibrahim Ibn Ufaisan and Sulayman ibn Ufaisan

Bani Khalid tribe
Al-Ainain, a branch of the Bani Khalid tribe, controlled Doha until 1820s before their expulsion in 1820s, later settled in Wakrah.

Some relevant personalities
Faisal al-Dwaish

Arabic wiki article: https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B5%D9%84_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D9%88%D8%B7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B4

Majed al Urayrhttps://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%AF%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%A2%D9%84_%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AF

Najdi architecture
Najdi architecture (العمارة النجدية) is a medieval desert adaptive style of architecture found in the Najd region of central Saudi Arabia.

https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9

Salmani architecture
Salmani architecture (العمارة السلمانية) or Salmani style (الطراز السلماني), is an (architectural movement) neo-Najdi style of architecture developed in Riyadh Province of Saudi Arabia during the reign of Prince Salman bin Abdulaziz al-Saud as the province's governor between 1963 and 2011. There are two types of Salmani architecture, classical salmani and modern salmani. The term was coined by Riyadh's mayor Prince Abdulaziz Ayyaf al-Muqrin

an architectural movement which outwardly resembles Najdi-style construction but relies on modern techniques. The architectural movement has flourished since the 1960s, under the supervision of Prince Salman bin Abdulaziz, the governor of Riyadh Province until 2011.

Makkah Municipality
Makkah Municipality, officially the Holy Makkah Municipality (HMM) (أمانة العاصمة المقدسة), is a municipal body which has jurisdiction upon overall city services and the upkeep of facilities in Mecca, Saudi Arabia. It was established in 1926 following Abdulaziz's takeover of the city during his unification campaign. It oversees the city's 14 sub-municipalities.

Source: https://www.holymakkah.gov.sa/Static/Pages/Municipalities.aspx

Sub-municipalities: 14

Ajyad


 * Ajyad
 * Al-Tandabawi
 * Al-Shubaikah (https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%A9_(%D9%85%D9%83%D8%A9) )
 * Al-Hajlah

Al-Sharaea'

Al-Gaza

Al-Masfala

Al-Shawqiah

Al-Utibiah

Al-Mabeda

Al-Azizia

Al-Omrah

Al-Bahrah

Al-Janoob (Southern Makkah)

Al-Jamom

Al-Asfan

Al-Madrak

Saudi Police Force brief history
https://www.alayam.com/Article/courts-article/417041/Index.html

Council of Higher Education (Saudi Arabia)
The Council of Higher Education replaced the Higher Council for Universities. It was established in 1993.

Al-Muʼeiqiliah
Al-Muʼeiqiliah (حلة المعيقلية), locally pronounced as al-Mugailiya, was a settlement within the former city walls of the walled town of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. It was located west of Qasr al-Hukm and later got evolved into al-Muʼeiqiliah market in today's ad-Dirah neighborhood.

Al Gadimah
Al Gadimah (حي عامر)

FURTHER INFO OF MORE NEIGHBORHOODS: https://fieda.net/%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A9/

Deirah market
Jufrah market (الجفرة) was a market in Riyadh. Located north of al-Muqaybirah. For rice and dates

Refer: https://www.alriyadh.com/656228

More details of its location:

حي «الجفرة» الواقع بين الشوارع: الشميسي الجديد والقديم والعطايف وساحة الصفاة وتبلغ مساحته 3 هكتارات

Somewhat detailed info of old markets: https://www.al-jazirah.com/culture/2013/21092013/read36.htm

describing the area of each market, refer: http://www.al-jazirah.com/2002/20021028/hv1.htm

Deirah markets (أسواق الديرة)
Deirah markets (أسواق الديرة), is an umbrella term used for the agglomeration of several traditional marketplaces and shops in the ad-Dirah neighborhood of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia that are in close proximity to the Qasr al-Hukm, Masmak Fortress and the Imam Turki bin Abdullah Grand Mosque in the Qasr al-Hukm District. The term is interchangeably used for the Ushaiger market. (maybe the articles dont have strong basis)

Al-Muʼeiqilia market (أسواق المعيقلية), also known as Al-Maaghliyah Commercial Center, more appropriate spelling al-Mugailiyah

Awqaf al-Khairia Souq - Gold shops (أسواق الأوقاف الخيرية)

Souq al-Takhfizaat (سوق التخفيضات). An annual temporary open market held in the Justice Square.

Deirah markets
Souq Ushaiger (سوق أشيقر), formerly known as Qasiriya Ibn Qulaib. It is named after the town of Ushaiger. Also called Deirah markets

Souq al-Suwailem (سوق السويلم)

Souq al-Khazzaan

Souq Owais (سوق العويس). existence to be verified

Souq Taybah (سوق طيبة)Souq Al Thumairi

Souq al-Thumairi (السوق الثميري) is a traditional marketplace in ad-Dirah, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, located in close proximity to the Qasr al-Hukm in the Qasr al-Hukm District. It is also known as clocktower souq.

Souq al atayef: https://www.alriyadh.com/958486

https://aawsat.com/home/article/2960

Nabd al-Riyadh (نبض الرياض) RIYADH SEASON

Markets that no longer exist
Markets in Justice Square

Souq Al Hareem (سوق الحريم)

Souq al-Hasawiyah (سوق الحساوية)

Souq al-Siyarifah (سوق الصيارفة)

Souq al-Hadm (سوق الهدم)

Souq Kharazeen (سوق الخرازين), in front of Turki mosque

Souq al-Hafrah (سوق الحفرة), located in Qanaai

Souq al-Sanaaniya (سوق الصنانيع), located south backyard of the court, the court is located west of qasr al hukm and sout-west of grand mosque

Vanished places
قيصرية أبا عود - Qasr aba Ood, the place in front of Grand Mosque

Hillat Qanaai (حلة القناعي), an area located in the trijunction between Mueqilliah, muqbiriah and qasr al hukm

Muhammadiyah Elementary School
Muhammadiyah Elementary School, fourth school established in riyadh المحمدية الابتدائية الأولى المدرسة الرياض

https://archive.aawsat.com/details.asp?article=351985&issueno=9963#.Y850N3ZBzIU

Dahham ibn Dawwas
Dahham ibn Dawwas ibn Abdullah al-Shalaan (دهام بن دواس بن عبد الله الشعلان) was an 18th century Arab tribal and political leader from Manfuhah who ruled as the first chieftain of the walled town of Riyadh from 1745 until his overthrow by the First Saudi State in 1773. He previously reigned as the regent for Ibn Zaid. He is widely credited with laying the foundation of the town by constructing a mudbrick palace and erecting an earth-structured defensive wall to safeguard it from outside invaders, that led to the enclosed area being called Riyadh and the names Hajr and Migrin began to fade. He rose through the ranks of the House of Zaraʽah soon after being granted asylum by Zaid ibn Musa. Due to the strategic and diplomatic failure, his name became eventually became synonymous with acts of foolishness in Najd for several years.

He previously ruled as the regent of Ibn Zaid al-Zaraʽah, the underaged son of Zaid ibn Musa, from 1740 to 1745. His ascent to power was marked by disestablishment of the city-state of Migrin and the beginning of the Riyadh-Diriyah conflict that lasted between 1746 and 1773.

prior to the town's takeover by the forces of Muhammad ibn Saud, the leader of the First Saudi State. Known for his opposition to the nascent Wahhabi movement, Deham laid the foundations of the walled town of Riyadh when he constructed a palace. credited with laying the foundations of modern Riyadh by constructing an earth-structured fortified wall that encircled the oasis. (verify)

July 05, 1773.

Following the takeover of Riyadh, Dawwas fled to Hasa.

Background
Mansour bin Marawi Al-Shatri, the uncle of Dawwas, expelled his sons, including Daham, to Riyadh during the reign of Zaid ibn Musa.

Maybe 5 out of 9 gates

First library in Riyadh

refer: https://www.alriyadh.com/26711

Beneyah
Al-Beneyah (البنية) was a settlement in Najd, situated north of Migrin in present-day Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. It was one of the settlements that came into being in the aftermath of Hajr al-Yamamah's disintegration in late 16th century.

Al Kharab
Al-Kharab was a settlement in Riyadh, located east of Migrin and Beneyah.

Jabal Abu Makhruq
Jabal Abu Makhruq is a historic conical hill in the ad-Dhubbat neighbourhood of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. The hill overlooks the district ofal-Malazz and lent its name

الحبونيه
الحبونيه research required, related to a site of hajr al yamama

Shuaib abu Rufi'ah
Another (ig almost dried up valley in Riyadh)

refer: https://www.al-jazirah.com/2014/20140109/fe30.htm

Futah neighborhood
Futah neighborhood emerged in the 1940s when King Abdulaziz's sons began building palaces in the area following the construction of Murabba Palace.

Atiqah Palace
Palace of Muhammad bin Abdul Rahman Al Saud built after 1932 in Utayqah neighborhood of Riyadh. The first palace (reportedly) to be built beyond city walls. Followed by Prince Saud Al-Kabeer with the construction of Al-Shamsiah Palace. Another palace built in the same period was Al-Badiah Palace as a guesthouse for visiting dignitaries.

Riyadh Safari
Riyadh Safari (رياض سفاري) is a perennial desert safari held in the Nofa Wildlife Park, located approximately 80 km from Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

SAMA Money Museum
SAMA Money Museum (متحف العملات بالبنك المركزي السعودي), simply shortened to the Currency Museum (متحف العملات), is a currency museum in the al-Mutamarat neighborhood of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, located in the compound of the head office of Saudi Central Bank. Established around 1990s, the museum is dedicated to exhibit the country's history of currency use, including coins from medieval and pre-Islamic periods.

The museum has five halls:

National Museum Park citations and references
located adjacent to the Murabba Palace compound and the National Museum in the King Abdul Aziz Historical Center in al-Murabba, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. It is popular among locals as an outdoor recreational spot and gets flocked mostly by families during weekends. The park was named after the National Museum that began surrounding it following its inauguration in 1999 during the reign of King Fahd.

Riyadh Season (2019)
The 2019 Riyadh Season was the inaugural edition of the annual Riyadh Season entertainment festival that was held for almost four months during the winter of 2019 and early 2020 in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. First scheduled till mid-December right after its commencement in October, it was later extended till January 2020 by crown prince Mohammed bin Salman with some exceptional zones allowed to receive visitors till March 2020. It featured 100 events across 12 zones in total that brought unprecedented sports and entertainment themes in the history of Riyadh and saw more than 10 million venue visits at the time.

Riyadh Season (2021)
The 2021 Riyadh Season was the second edition of the annual Riyadh Season entertainment festival held for almost six months during the winter of 2021 and early 2022 in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Originally scheduled for 2020, it was suspended due to the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic in the country. It kicked-off in October 2021 and culminated by the end of March 2022.

GAYA
The Collector of Gaya is the district magistrate of Gaya district in the Indian state of Bihar. The origin of the position can be traced back to colonial India during Company rule when Thomas Law was appointed as the first collector for the town of Gaya in 1784 by the British East India Company, which then served as the administrative headquarters of the newly-created Rohtas district in the Bengal Presidency  and had jurisdiction over southern portion of the erstwhile modern Shahabad district (Sasaram, Chainpur and Rohtas parganas), two parganas now in Palamau (Japla and Belaunja) and a portion of the present-day Gaya district. Gaya as an independent district came into being on October 03, 1865 when it was carved out of Behar and Ramgarh district by the British government.

https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Systems_of_Rural_Settlements_in_Developi/TEdpwKpTYqsC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=ganj+gaya+bihar&pg=PA134&printsec=frontcover

Mohammed Abdu Arena
Mohammed Abdu Arena (مسرح محمد عبده) is a 22,000 seat multipurpose arena at The Boulevard complex in the Hittin neighborhood of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Named after the Saudi singer Mohammed Abdu Othman, it was established following the inauguration of Boulevard Riyadh City in October 2019 during the beginning week of the first edition of Riyadh Season entertainment festival and has hosted events like The Filipino Night, WWE's Super Showdown and Crown Jewel.

gl bajaj
Ganeshi Lal Bajaj Institute of Technology and Management (GLBITM) is a private engineering college in Knowledge Park 3, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India. Established in 2005 by R.K. Group, it is affiliated to Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Technical University (AKTU) and is approved by the All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE), Ministry of Education, Government of India.

Star City
Star City Park, formerly known as Al-Hamra Entertainment Village (قرية الحمراء السياحية), was an amusement park in al-Hamra district of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, located adjacent to Al Hokair Land. Inaugurated in 2002, it was owned by the Al-Mojel Group. It was closed down in 2019.

https://rcdb.com/5260.htm

https://archive.aawsat.com/details.asp?issueno=8435&article=95964#.Ytvwr3ZBzIU

Hyderabadi poets
Sarwar Danda, Himayatullah, Talib Khumdmiri and Mustafa Ali Baig