User:Horst-schlaemma/New Classical Architecture

New Classical architecture is a contemporary movement in architecture that continues the practice of classical, historicist and traditional architecture, that never ceased during the twentieth century, even as modernist styles became more dominant.

Since it is not a homogeneous architectural style and can appear in various forms, contemporary classical buildings might be also described with the terms Neo-Historism (or Historicism/Revivalism), Traditionalism or simply Neoclassical Architecture as a continuation of the historical style. Some may also perceive it as a part of the Postmodern or New Urbanist movements, although these rather contributed to a general enthusiasm for new classical architecture.

Contemporary buildings that continue the language of early modern movements, such as Art Nouveau, Art Deco, Streamline Moderne and Expressionism, may also be described as New Classical.

Roots in Europe
At the beginning of the 20th century, historicism and Jugendstil were still dominant styles in Germany. The Austrian architect Adolf Loos criticized his time's architecture as too "grandiloquent" and "opulent", and longed for a complete abandonment of architectural ornaments in his 1910 essay Ornament and Crime. Along with the British Arts and Crafts movement, a major clash between "modernist" and "traditionalist" architectural visions loomed. As early as the first major modernist movements like Werkbund and Bauhaus gained momentum in Germany, the desire to continue and develop classical styles sprouted. From 1904 until around 1955 the Heimatschutz style prospered in Germany, which focusses on vernacular traditions and can be roughly translated to cultural protection style. Examples of this early new classical style are the Hamburg Museum, the Prinzipalmarkt in Münster and the market square of Freudenstadt. The 1922-1931 Böttcherstrasse in Bremen is an expressionist approach towards regional Brick Gothic architecture.

In the late 1960s and early 1970s the architect Raymond Erith continued to design classical houses in England despite the Modernist Movement. Quinlan Terry, a New Classical Architect who continues to practice with his son Francis Terry, was an employee, later a partner and now the successor of the late Raymond Erith. In the late 1970s several young architects in Europe began challenging modernist proposals in architecture and planning. To broadcast them, Leon Krier and Maurice Culot founded the Archives d'Architecture Moderne in Brussels and began publishing texts and counterprojects to modernist proposals in architecture and planning. Krier's work and that of others was introduced to America through Andreas Papadakis' editorship of London-based "Architectural Design" and "Academy Editions". In Britain it received a boost from the sponsorship of Charles, Prince of Wales, especially with The Prince's Foundation for Building Community.

In the United States
In the 1940s, and continuing until the 1980s, primarily in the southern region of the United States, but also elsewhere, there continued a demand for traditional and classical designed houses and small commercial buildings that were satisfied by a group of architects that maintained a small practice, and were devoted to classical design despite the influences of Modernism. These architects include Edward Vason Jones (1909-1980), Philip T. Shutze (1890-1982), James Means (1904-1979), Lewis Edmund Crook Jr. (1898-1967), Henry Sprott Long (1915- ), A. Hays Town (1903–2005) and John F. Staub (1892-1981), Allan Greenberg, John Blatteau, John Barrington Bayley In these years Post Modern Architecture developed a critique of Modernist Architecture. Among them were certain influential Post Modernist architects such as Charles Moore, Robert Venturi and Michael Graves who used classical elements as ironic motifs in order to criticize modernism's sterility. A broad spectrum of more than two dozen architects, theorists, and historians presented other alternatives to modernism. Among them were several serious New Classical architects who saw classicism as a legitimate mode of architectural expression, several of whom would later become Driehaus Prize Laureates, including some such as Thomas Beeby and Robert A.M. Stern, who practice both in post modern as well as classical modes.

Thomas Gordon Smith, the 1979 Rome Prize laureate from the American Academy in Rome, was a devotee of Charles Moore. In 1988 Smith Published "Classical Architecture - Rule and Invention" and in 1989 was appointed to be chair of the University of Notre Dame School of Architecture. Smith and colleague Duncan Stroik transformed the program into the only architecture school entirely dedicated to classical architecture. Others joining the faculty had come from Colin Rowe's program at Cornell and Jaquelin Robertson's at University of Virginia. Several architects used their offices to nurture young architects in classicism, among them Allan Greenberg. Michael Lykoudis left Greenberg to join Notre Dame's faculty in 1991 and, in 2004, become its Dean.

Today other programs exist which teach in part New Classical Architecture at the University of Miami, Judson University, Andrews University and beginning in 2013, University of Colorado Denver.

Alongside the academic and scholarly development of the new classicism as a reaction to Modernist hegemony in formal architectural academia, a populist and professional manifestation of contemporary and new classicism has existed and continues to develop. The 1963 demolition of McKim, Meade and White's Pennsylvania Railroad Station in New York City provoked the formation of Classical America and its regional chapters, led by Henry Hope Reed, Jr.. Classical America advocated the appreciation of classically inspired buildings and for the practice of contemporary classical and traditional design by teaching architects to draw the classical orders, hosting walking tours, educational events, conferences and publishing The Classical America Series in Art and Architecture. Its members and proponents carried on the tradition of classicist and traditional architectural design throughout the 1960s and 1970s.

Also through the mid-twentieth century, interior decoration and design offices maintained the practice of traditional and classical design in interior decoration. Most notably, the office of Parish-Hadley fostered the development of an architectural department in the mid-1980s whose members, with others, ultimately formed the Institute for the Study of Classical Architecture in the early 1990s. This new formation attracted proponents and patrons of traditional and classical architectural design, historic preservation and the components of the construction industry geared toward restoration and the creation of new historicist and classically inspired work. Among the individuals from the Parish-Hadley office were Richard Cameron, Gil Schafer, Donald Rattner, Mark Ferguson, Oscar Shamamian and Bunny Williams - and among those from the publishing and construction industry were (Acanthus Press ?) Clem Labine, Kevin and Roy Zeluck, Michael Rielly, Jeff Davis, and Jean Wiart.

The Institute of Classical Architecture and Art currently supports and is supported by regional chapters across the United States, almost all of which host awards programs which recognize significant accomplishments in new classical and traditional design and construction. The ICAA publishes The Classicist, a peer-reviewed journal exclusively dedicated to the theory and practice of contemporary classicism in architecture, urbanism, and the allied arts. The ICAA offers continuing educational programming to architectural professionals and the general public and is host to the Beaux Arts Atelier, a one-year intensive program in the study of design, architecture, and art following the method of the École des Beaux-Arts. It also awards the Rieger Graham Prize for architecture and the Alma Schapiro Prize for fine artists.

Philosophy of New Classical Architecture
Fundamental tenets of the New Classicism is that it is not limited to neoclassical architecture and that "classical" is not a style in itself, but a way of elevating the art of building to the art of architecture. A classical building uses imitation to express its tectonic truth, which is not the same as the facts of its construction, and finds its beauty not in originality and style but in the handling of the traditional forms that have always been its vehicles. Classical buildings also always account for the differences between the public and the private realms in addressing the urban and rural conditions where they are built.

New classical architects also emphasize the awareness of sustainability, the aim is to create long-lasting, well-crafted buildings of great quality, with an efficient use of natural resources.

Driehaus Prize for New Classical Architecture
In 2003, Chicago philanthropist Richard H. Driehaus established a prize in architecture to be given to an architect "whose work embodies the principles of classical and traditional architecture and urbanism in society, and creates a positive, long lasting impact." Awarded by the University of Notre Dame School of Architecture, the Driehaus Architecture Prize is seen as the alternative to the merely modernist Pritzker Prize.

The Driehaus Prize is given in conjunction with the Reed Award, for an individual working outside the practice of architecture who has supported the cultivation of the traditional city, its architecture and art through writing, planning or promotion.

Other high-profiled classical architecture awards are the US-American Palladio Award, the Edmund N. Bacon Prize, and the Rieger Graham Prize  of the Institute of Classical Architecture and Art (ICAA) for architecture graduates.

Education
While modernist teaching remains dominant at universities and architecture faculties around the world, some institutions focus solely, mainly or partly on teaching the principles of traditional and classical architecture. Some of these are:

S.V. Institute of Traditional Sculpture and Architecture in Andhra Pradesh, India
 * In India


 * In the United Kingdom
 * The Prince's Foundation for Building Community in London
 * In the United States
 * Andrews University in Berrien Springs, Michigan
 * New School for Traditional Architecture & Urbanism in Charleston, South Carolina
 * University of Colorado in Denver, Colorado
 * Judson University in Elgin, Illinois
 * University of Miami in Miami, Florida
 * Grand Central Academy of Art by the Institute of Classical Architecture and Art (ICAA) in New York City, New York
 * University of Notre Dame School of Architecture in Notre Dame, Indiana

Organisations in New Classical architecture
Various organisations are engaging to revive the general awareness of classical architecture qualities, provide education and donate to related causes. Many of these have a national or regional focus - and might appear in the form of citizens' groups, that work on a townscape-friendly classical building culture in and around historical town centers.


 * Global/Cross-regional

Europe

 * Pan-European
 * INTBAU - The International Network for Traditional Building, Architecture & Urbanism
 * A Vision Of Europe AVOE
 * C.E.U. Council for European Urbanism / Conseil pour l'urbanisme européen


 * Germany
 * Stadtbild Deutschland - translating to Cityscape Germany (Nation-wide)
 * Berliner Historische Mitte - Berlin's Historical Old Town, initiative for the revival and careful classical redevelopment of Alt-Berlin (Berlin)
 * Gesellschaft Historischer Neumarkt Dresden - shortened to GHND, Association for the Historical Neumarkt Dresden, supported by StadtbilDD (Dresden)
 * Bürgerbegehren Altstadt retten! - Save Frankfurt's old town!, an initiative for either faithful reconstructions or quality classical architecture instead of modernist ones in Frankfurt-Altstadt, referring to the large-scale Dom-Römer reconstruction project; cooperating with Pro Altstadt Frankfurt, Alt-Frankfurt The Golden Book and Stadtbild Deutschland (Frankfurt)
 * Mitteschön! - Beautiful old town!, citizens' initiative for reconstructions and new classical architecture in Potsdam near Berlin, cooperating with the Potsdamer Mitte project of the city (Potsdam)


 * Sweden
 * Nätverket Modern Klassisk Arkitektur
 * Stockholm Skyline


 * United Kingdom
 * The Prince's Foundation for Building Community
 * Traditional Architecture Group

North America

 * Institute of Classical Architecture and Art
 * Vernacular Architecture Forum

New Classical architects
There are numerous architects and firms practicing various styles of New Classical Architecture around the world today, of which this is a partial list (Driehaus winners are bold):

Germany

 * Arno Bonanni Architekten - Berlin
 * Johannes W. Dickel - Düsseldorf
 * Emil von Elling Timbered Homes - Winsen/Luhe
 * Johannes Götz - Köln/Bitburg
 * Georg Graetz - Berlin
 * Fridtjof Felix M. Herzog - Hamburg
 * Hilmer & Sattler & Albrecht - Berlin
 * Stephan Höhne - Berlin
 * Paul & Petra Kahlfeldt - Berlin
 * Marc Kocher - Berlin
 * Christoph Kohl & Krier - Berlin
 * Hans Kollhoff - Berlin
 * Tobias Nöfer - Berlin
 * Jordi & Keller - Berlin
 * Werner Kless - Berlin
 * Ulrike Krages - Hamburg
 * Matthias Ocker - Hamburg
 * Jürgen, Rüdiger & Robert Patzschke - Berlin
 * Albert Ringsletter - München
 * Ralf Schmitz - Kempen
 * Uwe Schröder - Bonn
 * Axel Siemonsen - Hamburg
 * Spieker Timbered Houses - Walsrode
 * Stoeter & Stoeter Villen - Hamburg
 * Axel Stuedel - Köln
 * Stuhlemmer Architekten - Berlin
 * Villa Belavista Homesteads - Radebeul
 * Carsten Vogel - Berlin
 * Weise & Treuner - Dresden
 * Hans Ulrich Zöllner - Hamburg
 * Prof. Ludger Brands Architektur - Potsdam
 * DMW Planungsgruppe - Meerbusch-Strümp
 * Architekten Blanc & Meklenburg - Waltrop
 * Kaspar Kraemer Architekten BDA - Köln
 * Architekturbüro Till Boodevaar - Holzhausen

United Kingdom

 * ADAM Architecture by Robert Adam - Hampshire, Winchester
 * Ian Aburrow - Hampshire, Winchester
 * Nigel Anderson - Hampshire, Winchester
 * John Bulford - Hampshire, Winchester
 * Peter Cooke - London
 * Peter Critoph - Hampshire, Winchester
 * Hartley Davies - Hampshire, Winchester
 * Akos Ginder - Hampshire, Winchester
 * Mark Himmens - London
 * Alex Montague-Smith - Hampshire, Winchester
 * David Myres - Hampshire, Winchester
 * Tom Orr - London
 * Hugh Petter - Hampshire, Winchester
 * Darren Price - London
 * Wayne Reakes - Hampshire, Winchester
 * George Saumarez Smith - Hampshire, Winchester
 * James Armitage - Martock, Somerset
 * Richard Ashby - Greatham Liss, Hampshire
 * Charles Bain-Smith - Ashford, Kent
 * Jeremy Blake - Cambridge
 * Julian Bicknell - London
 * Martin Birkett - Tunbridge Wells, Kent
 * Border Oak Design & Construction - Leominster, Herefordshire
 * Johnston Cave - Oxford
 * Giles Downes - London
 * Richard Elliot - Tunbridge Wells, Kent
 * Robert Franklin - Banbury, Oxfordshire
 * Nicholas Grove-Raines - Edinburgh
 * Craig Hamilton - Llandrindod Wells
 * Digby Harris - Bridlington, East Yorks
 * Jan Hauger (Stanhope Gate Architecture) - London
 * Simon Hurst - London
 * Stephen Langer - Tunbridge Wells, Kent
 * Jan Maciag - Lynch Wood, Peterborough
 * Scot Masker - Ampfield, Hampshire
 * Luke Moloney - Dumfries, Dumfriesshire
 * Duncan Moss - Richmond, Surrey
 * Alex Oliver - Calne, Wiltshire
 * Matthew Pendleton - London
 * Victoria Poole (Poole Phillips Architects) - Pershore, Worcestershire
 * Demetri Porphyrios - London
 * Jeremy Rawlings (Period Home) - Cullompton, Devon
 * Graham Rix - Purley, Surrey
 * Francis Roberts - Preston, Lancs
 * Jonathan Ross - Salisbury, Wiltshire
 * Alireza Sagharchi (Stanhope Gate Architecture) - London
 * Lucy Sheppard - London
 * Giles Shorter (Stephen Langer Associates) - Southsea, Portsmouth
 * John Simpson - London
 * John Smylie (Place Lab) - Belfast
 * Lachie Stewart (ANTA Design) - Fearn, Tain
 * Trevor Sutters - London
 * Russel Taylor - London; Polperro
 * Francis Terry - Colchester, Essex
 * Quinlan Terry - Colchester, Essex
 * Des Ewing - London & Belfast

Others

 * Austria
 * Steirerhaus - Großpesendorf
 * Wagner Projekt GmbH - Windischgarsten


 * Baltic states
 * Kert Kits - Estonia
 * Allan Strus - Estonia


 * BeNeLux
 * Arcas Architecture & Urbanism - Belgium
 * DHR Projects - Belgium
 * Stephane Boens - Belgium
 * Vizzion Architects - Belgium
 * Leon Krier & Rob Krier - Luxembourg
 * Colum Mulhern - Luxembourg
 * Harmonische Architectuur - Netherlands
 * SCALA architecten - Netherlands
 * Friso Woudstra - Netherlands
 * LSWA architecten - Netherlands
 * Mulleners + Mulleners Architecten - Netherlands


 * France
 * 3D Pierre - Nanterre
 * BREITMAN & BREITMAN - Paris
 * Maxime D'Angeac - Paris
 * Cogemad - Le Vésinet, Paris metro
 * Peter Kellow - Beauzelle, Toulouse
 * Greece
 * Alexandros C. Samaras - Athens
 * Hungary
 * Imre Makovecz (passed away 2011)
 * Ireland
 * Dermot Brennan - Dundrum, Dublin
 * Tony Mullen - Dun Laoghaire, Co. Dublin
 * Italy
 * Pier Carlo Bontempi - Collecchio
 * Mario Gallarati - Genoa
 * Andrea Pacciani - Parma
 * Tagliaventi & Associati Architects - Bologna
 * Poland
 * Andrzej Grabowski
 * Jan Mizerski (Polish)
 * Maciej Mazgaj - Warsaw
 * Rudolf Buchalik


 * Portugal
 * José Baganha & Arquitectos Associados


 * Russia
 * Art Klimov Architecture
 * Oleg Carlson
 * Evgeniy Gerasimov & Partners
 * Decorstroy
 * Dmitrij Borisovich Barkhin
 * Maxim Atayants Architects
 * Scandinavia
 * Handkraft Timmerhus - Sweden
 * Södergruppen Arkitekter - Sweden
 * Albert Svensson - Sweden
 * Skavanker AB - Sweden
 * Kruus Byggnads AB - Sweden
 * Retrohus - Sweden
 * KB2 Korsvirkeshus - Sweden


 * Spain
 * Rafael Manzano Martos - Seville


 * Ukraine
 * Baroque Style - Kiev

United States

 * Alabama
 * Gary Justiss Architect - Chelsea, Alabama


 * California
 * Marc Appleton - Los Angeles and Santa Barbara, California
 * Tim Barber - Los Angeles, California
 * Erik Evens (KAA Design) - Los Angeles, California
 * Richard Manion - Los Angeles, California
 * Robertson Partners - Los Angeles, California
 * Andrew Skurman - San Francisco, California


 * Colorado
 * Steve Bass - Denver, Colorado


 * Connecticut
 * John Canning Studios - Cheshire, Connecticut


 * Florida
 * Cooper Johnson Smith - Tampa, Florida
 * Marianne Cusato - Miami, Florida
 * Robert S. Davis (Seaside Institute) - Santa Rosa Beach, Florida
 * De La Guardia Victoria Architects & Urbanists - Coral Gables, Florida
 * Andres Duany & Elizabeth Plater-Zyberk - Miami, Florida
 * Kirchhoff & Associates Architects - Jupiter, Florida
 * Eric Watson - Seagrove Beach, Florida


 * Georgia
 * The S/L/A/M Collaborative - Atlanta, Georgia


 * Indiana
 * Aimee Buccellato - South Bend, Indiana
 * Thomas Gordon Smith - South Bend, Indiana
 * Duncan G. Stroik - South Bend, Indiana
 * David Mayernik - South Bend, Indiana


 * Illinois
 * Thomas Beeby (Hammond, Beeby, Rupert & Ainge) - Chicago
 * HBRA Architects - Chicago
 * Melichar Architects - Lake Forest, Illinois
 * Lucien Lagrange - Chicago


 * Louisiana
 * Ken Tate Architect - Covington, Louisiana


 * Massachusetts
 * Sheldon Richard Kostelecky - Lexington, Massachusetts; New Canaan, Connecticut
 * Sullivan Buckingham Architects - Boston, Massachusetts


 * Mississippi
 * Dale Partners - Jackson, Mississippi


 * New York & New Jersey
 * Atelier & Co - New York, New York
 * Lucinda Ballard - New York, New York
 * Martin Brandwein - New York, New York
 * Brockschmidt & Coleman - New York, New York
 * Clarke Caton Hintz - Trenton, New Jersey
 * Marvin E. Clawson - Maplewood, New Jersey
 * James Collins - New York, New York
 * Cooper, Robertson & Partners - New York, New York
 * Michael Middleton Dwyer - New York City, New York
 * Fairfax & Sammons Architects - New York, New York
 * Ferguson & Shamamian - New York, New York
 * Michael Graves - New York City, New York
 * Allan Greenberg - New York City; Greenwich, CT; Alexandria, VA
 * John Montague Massengale AIA - New York, New York
 * QPK Design Architecture - Syracuse, New York
 * Peter Pennoyer - New York, New York
 * Roman and Williams - New York, New York
 * Jaquelin T. Robertson - New York, New York
 * Richard Sammons - New York, New York
 * Gilbert P. Schafer III - New York, New York
 * Eric J. Smith Architect - New York, New York
 * Robert A.M. Stern - New York, New York
 * Augusta Barone
 * Gary L. Brewer
 * Randy M. Correll
 * Melissa DelVecchio
 * Sargent C. Gardiner
 * Preston J. Gumberich
 * Michael D. Jones
 * Alexander P. Lamis
 * Daniel Lobitz
 * Grant F. Marani
 * Meghan L. McDermott
 * Roger H. Seifter
 * Kevin M. Smith
 * Paul L. Whalen
 * Graham S. Wyatt
 * Stonehill & Taylor - New York City, New York
 * Andre Tchelistcheff - New York City, New York
 * Zivkovich Connolly Architects - New York City, New York


 * North Carolina
 * Shue Design Associates (Gregory Shue) - Holden Beach, North Carolina
 * Sean J. Tobin - Raleigh, North Carolina


 * Pennsylvania
 * John Milner - Philadelphia, Pennsylvania


 * Rhode Island
 * Union Studio - Providence, Rhode Island


 * South Carolina
 * New World Byzantine (George Holt & Andrew Gould) - Charleston, South Carolina


 * Tennessee
 * Eric Stengel Architecture - Nashville, Tennessee
 * Earl Swensson Associates - Nashville, Tennessee


 * Texas
 * Larry E. Boerder - Dallas, Texas
 * Curtis & Windham Architects - Houston, Texas
 * Jackson & Ryan Architects - Houston, Texas
 * Michael G. Imber Architects - San Antonio, Texas


 * Virginia
 * Glave & Holmes - Richmond, Virginia


 * Washington
 * Duncan McRoberts - Seattle, Washington


 * Washington, D.C.
 * Torti Gallas and Partners - Washington, DC
 * Milton Grenfell - Washington, DC
 * Hartman-Cox Architects - Washington, DC
 * Neumann Lewis Buchanan Architects - Washington, DC
 * McCrery Architects - Washington, DC
 * Neumann, Lewis, Buchanan - Washington, DC
 * David M. Schwarz - Washington, DC

Other regions

 * Africa
 * Abdel-Wahed El-Wakil - Cairo, Egypt; London, UK
 * Youssef Melehi - Rabat, Morocco
 * Salima Naji - Morocco


 * Asia
 * Sri Vaidyanatha Sthapati Associates - Chennai, India
 * Karl Bengs - Tōkamachi, Japan
 * Takenaka Corporation - Osaka, Japan


 * Australia
 * Christopher Doyle Architects - South Yarra, Victoria
 * Genworth Homes - City of Adelaide, South Australia
 * Harkaway Homes - Melbourne, Victoria
 * Tweedie Constructions - Adelaide, South Australia


 * New Zealand
 * Greg Noble - Auckland


 * South America / Central America
 * María Fernanda Sánchez - Guatemala City, Guatemala
 * Arosemena & Soundy Arquitectos - Panama, Panama

Examples
Examples of built new classical structures.

Asia

 * The structure plan for Thimphu, Bhutan, follows Principles of Intelligent Urbanism, which share underlying axioms with New Urbanism and New Classical Architecture.

China

 * The Qianmen Street leading to the Zhengyangmen Gate in Beijing is a recent development to implement traditional Chinese architecture.