User:Jamesrudolph77

History is the discovery, collection, organization, and presentation of information about past events. History can also mean the period of time after writing was invented. Scholars who write about history are called historians. It is a field of research which uses a narrative to examine and analyse the sequence of events, and it sometimes attempts to investigate objectively the patterns of cause and effect that determine events. Historians debate the nature of history and its usefulness. This includes discussing the study of the discipline as an end in itself and as a way of providing "perspective" on the problems of the present. The stories common to a particular culture, but not supported by external sources (such as the legends surrounding King Arthur) are usually classified as cultural heritage rather than the "disinterested investigation" needed by the discipline of history. Events of the past prior to written record are considered prehistory. Amongst scholars, the fifth century BC Greek historian Herodotus is considered to be the "father of history", and, along with his contemporary Thucydides, forms the foundations for the modern study of history. Their influence, along with other historical traditions in other parts of their world, have spawned many different interpretations of the nature of history which has evolved over the centuries and are continuing to change. The modern study of history has many different fields including those that focus on certain regions and those which focus on certain topical or thematical elements of historical investigation. Often history is taught as part of primary and secondary education, and the academic study of history is a major discipline in University studies. More about History... Show new selections edit Selected article Ancient Egypt was an ancient civilization of Northeastern Africa, concentrated along the lower reaches of the Nile River in what is now the modern country of Egypt. Egyptian civilization coalesced around 3150 BC (according to conventional Egyptian chronology) with the political unification of Upper and Lower Egypt under the first pharaoh. The history of ancient Egypt occurred in a series of stable Kingdoms, separated by periods of relative instability known as Intermediate Periods: the Old Kingdom of the Early Bronze Age, the Middle Kingdom of the Middle Bronze Age and the New Kingdom of the Late Bronze Age. Egypt reached the pinnacle of its power during the New Kingdom, in the Ramesside period, after which it entered a period of slow decline. Egypt was conquered by a succession of foreign powers in this late period. In the aftermath of Alexander the Great's death, one of his generals, Ptolemy Soter, established himself as the new ruler of Egypt. This Ptolemaic Dynasty ruled Egypt until 30 BC, when it fell to the Roman Empire and became a Roman province. The success of ancient Egyptian civilization came partly from its ability to adapt to the conditions of the Nile River Valley. The predictable flooding and controlled irrigation of the fertile valley produced surplus crops, which fueled social development and culture. With resources to spare, the administration sponsored mineral exploitation of the valley and surrounding desert regions, the early development of an independent writing system, the organization of collective construction and agricultural projects, trade with surrounding regions, and a military intended to defeat foreign enemies and assert Egyptian dominance. Motivating and organizing these activities was a bureaucracy of elite scribes, religious leaders, and administrators under the control of a Pharaoh who ensured the cooperation and unity of the Egyptian people in the context of an elaborate system of religious beliefs. ...Archive/Nominations Read more... edit Selected biography Jovan Vladimir or John Vladimir (Serbian Cyrillic: Јован Владимир; died 22 May 1016) was ruler of Duklja, the most powerful Serbian principality of the time, from around 1000 to 1016. He ruled during the protracted war between the Byzantine Empire and the First Bulgarian Empire. His close relationship with Byzantium did not save Duklja from the expansionist Tsar Samuel of Bulgaria, who conquered the principality in around 1010 and took Jovan Vladimir prisoner. A medieval chronicle asserts that Samuel's daughter, Theodora Kosara, fell in love with Vladimir and begged her father for his hand. The tsar allowed the marriage and returned Duklja to Vladimir, who ruled as his vassal. Vladimir was acknowledged as a pious, just, and peaceful ruler. He took no part in his father-in-law's war efforts. The warfare culminated with Samuel's defeat by the Byzantines in 1014; the tsar died soon afterward. In 1016 Vladimir fell victim to a plot by Ivan Vladislav, the last ruler of the First Bulgarian Empire. He was beheaded in front of a church in Prespa, the empire's capital, and was buried there. He was soon recognized as a martyr and saint; his feast day is celebrated on 22 May. His widow, Kosara, reburied him in the Prečista Krajinska Church, near his court in southeastern Duklja. In 1381 his remains were preserved in the Church of Saint Jovan Vladimir near Elbasan, and since 1995 they have been kept in the Orthodox cathedral of Tirana, Albania. The saint's remains are considered relics, and attract many believers, especially on his feast day, when the relics are taken to the church near Elbasan for a celebration. ...Archive/Nominations Read more... edit Did you know...

... that on 26 April 1881 HMS Doterel (pictured) exploded, killing 143 of the 155 crew members? ... that causes of the deaths at the Berlin Wall included shooting, drowning, suffocation, suicide, and falling from a balloon? ... that the 19th-century swindler Bertha Heyman, known as "The Confidence Queen," conned men by pretending to be a wealthy woman who was unable to access her fortune? ... that only four great uncial codices have survived until the present day? ... that after World War II, Polish resistance organizer and Warsaw Uprising fighter Jan Mazurkiewicz was brutally tortured by the authorities in communist Poland? ... that tiny Paederus beetles may have caused some of the ten Plagues of Egypt? ... that the only known report of bloodshed during the simulated Nazi invasion of Winnipeg was from a woman who cut her thumb while preparing toast? ... that Dacian bracelets were used as currency and votive offerings? ...Archive/Nominations More... edit Selected picture

An attack on Beijing Castle during the Boxer Rebellion, September 1900. The Boxer Rebellion was a nationalist movement by "Righteous Harmony Society" against European and Christian influence; it failed, and China was forced to pay an incremental reprimand of 67 million pounds to the European countries that put it down. ...Archive/Nominations Read more... edit On this day January 23: Lunar New Year (Chinese calendar, 2012)

3102 BCE – According to Hindu scriptures, Kali Yuga, the last of the four stages that the world goes through as part of the cycle of yugas, began. 1570 – James Hamilton shot and killed James Stewart, 1st Earl of Moray, in the first recorded assassination using a firearm. 1719 – Emperor Charles VI established Liechtenstein, the only principality in the Holy Roman Empire still remaining today. 1849 – Elizabeth Blackwell (pictured) received her M.D. from Geneva Medical College in New York, making her the first female physician in the United States and the first openly identified woman to graduate from medical school. 1960 – The bathyscaphe Trieste reached the record depth of 10,916 m (35,814 ft) in the Challenger Deep of the Mariana Trench. More anniversaries: January 22 – January 23 – January 24 Archive – By email – List of historical anniversaries It is now January 23, 2012 (UTC) – Refresh this page edit Selected quote Those who would give up Essential Liberty to purchase a little Temporary Safety, deserve neither Liberty nor Safety. —Benjamin Franklin, American statesman ...Archive More... edit Selected portal

History of science "Fortunately science, like that nature to which it belongs, is neither limited by time nor by space. It belongs to the world, and is of no country and of no age." — Sir Humphry Davy ...Archive/Nominations Read more... edit Things you can do The Premier Source for Jobs in London London Office Jobs has many London jobs for you to search. We have permanent, temporary, part-time and contract work in London. Search for jobs in London by either location, employment sector or job title. Our job categories include Banking, Finance, Accounting, Administration, Secretarial, HR and IT | Welcome to London Office Jobs By Job SectorBy Job LocationBy Job Type Accounting (6,987)Administration (457)Advertising (0)Architects (0)Banking and Finance (363)Buyer Purchasing (0)Career Launch Pad (0)Catering (0)Customer Services (307)Dental Nurse (0)Design and Graphics (0)Education (667)Engineering (617)Hotel (100)Human Resources (701)Insurance (4)Information Technology (IT) (3,493)Knowledge Management (0)Legal (Qualified) (418)Library (0)Manager (64)Media (717)Media online (0)Media print (0)Motor Trade (0)Multi Lingual (0)Charity / Non Profit (0)Office (General) (0)Office Services (0)Plumber (0)Property (Qualified) (28)Reception and Switchboard (0)Recruitment Consultancy (0)Retail (196)Sales and Marketing (2,689)Secretarial (0)Telecoms (0)Training (0)All Sectors (17,808) Wikify: Merge: More... Requests:, More... Stubs: Greco-Roman, Java War, Leopold II of Austria, Panhellenic Liberation Movement, Rio Protocol, Social history, Golden Age of Piracy, More... Requested pictures - of history topics Are you a historian, i.e. one who studies and writes history, and who has a keen interest in writing outstanding articles? Join our fine group by adding to the bottom of your user page.

edit WikiProjects

History Ancient Near East • Australian History • Former countries • History of Canada • Chinese history • European history • Heraldry and vexillology • History of India • Jewish history • Medieval Scotland • Mesoamerica • Military history • Middle Ages • History of Science Time Days of the Year • Years Biography Composers • Political figures • Saints • United States PresidentsBold text