User:Jts1882/phylogeny/Birds

This page is a resource for the phylogeny of living birds. It contains cladograms of some of the major schemes and comparions of the major competing hypothese. The page is used to develop cladograms that are added to main namespace articles.

Useful references

 * Phylogeny


 * Yury et al. (2013).
 * Jarvis et al (2014)
 * Prum et al (2015)
 * Suh (2016)
 * Reddy et al (2017)
 * Houde et al (2019)
 * Braun et al (2019)
 * Oliveros et al (2019)
 * Kuhl et al (2021)


 * Taxonomy/Checklists


 * Howard & Moore Checklist (4th ed, volume 1, 2013)
 * Howard & Moore Checklist (4th ed, volume 2, 2014)
 * Cracraft (2014)

Comparison of recent phylogenies
Compares the two main large-scale molecular studies with additional notes.

Early divisions
{|

Neoaves overview

 * Source: Neoaves (version of 14 April 2024)

The early diversification of the various neoavian groups occurred very rapidly around the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event. As a result of the rapid radiation, attempts to resolve their relationships have produced conflicting results, some quite controversial, especially in the earlier studies. Nevertheless, some recent large phylogenomic studies of Neoaves have led to much progress on defining orders and supraordinal groups within Neoaves. Still, the studies have failed to produce to a consensus on an overall high order topology of these groups. A genomic study of 48 taxa by Jarvis et al. (2014) divided Neoaves into two main clades, Columbea and Passerea, but an analysis of 198 taxa by Prum et al. (2015) recovered different groupings for the earliest split in Neoaves. A reanalysis with an extended dataset by Reddy et al. (2017) suggested this was due to the type of sequence data, with coding sequences favouring the Prum topology. The disagreement on topology even with large phylogenomic studies led Suh (2016) to propose a hard polytomy of nine clades as the base of Neoaves.

Current: An analysis by Houde et al. (2019) recovered Columbea and a reduced hard polytomy of six clades within Passerea. Possible(down play reduced polytomy): ... although recovered some structure with a polytomy in Passerea.

Despite other disagreements, these studies do agree on a number of supraorderal groups, which Reddy et al. (2017) dubbed the "magnificent seven", which together with three "orphaned orders" make up Neoaves. Significantly, they both include a large waterbird clade (Aequornithes) and a large landbird clade (Telluraves). The groups defined by Reddy et al. (2017) are as follows:

Three more recent genome scale analyses have recovered some higher structure. All three recover Columbaves. An explanation for the previous recovery of Columbea was provided by the finding of ... a 21 Mb outlier region of chromosome 4 with an abnormally strong signal for Columbea. OR a region of chromosome 4 with suppressed recombination that providing a misleading phylogenetic signal. Kuhl et al (2021) and Stiller et al (2024) found Mirandornithes as the earliest diverging Neoavian group, which is consistent with findings of Columbea once the affect of the chromosome 4 anomaly is accounted for. [how to say and source this]
 * The "magnificent seven" supraordinal clades:
 * 1) Telluraves (landbirds)
 * 2) Aequornithes (waterbirds)
 * 3) Phaethontimorphae (sunbittern, kagu and tropicbirds)
 * 4) Otidimorphae (turacos, bustards and cuckoos)
 * 5) Strisores (nightjars, swifts, hummingbirds and allies)
 * 6) Columbimorphae (mesites, sandgrouse and pigeons)
 * 7) Mirandornithes (flamingos and grebes)
 * The three orphaned orders:
 * Opisthocomiformes (hoatzin)
 * Gruiformes (cranes and rails)
 * Charadriiformes (shorebirds, gulls and alcids)

Stiller et al (2024) recovered a clade combining the waterbirds with shorebirds and some landbird groups, which they named Elementaves [=Strisores+Gruimorphae+Opisthocomiformes+Phaethoquornithes]. A clade with the same composition had previously been recovered by Houde et al (2019). Wu el al (2024) found a similar clade, except it also included Mirandornithes. Kuhl et al (2021) also recovered a clade with Strisores and the orphan orders, but grouped with Columbaves rather than Phaethoquornithes. [again how to make these comparison with proper sourcing]

Jarvis et al (2014) phylogeny

 * Whole genome phylogeny of Jarvis et al (2014), with ordinal names after Yury et al. (2013).
 * Cladogram copied from old version of article Bird (5 March 2017)

Prum et al (2015) phylogeny

 * Phylogeny of Prum, R.O. et al. (2015).
 * The cladogram was copied from Birds Neoaves (30 June, 2018)
 * Ordinal names following Yury, T. et al. (2013) and [possibly?] Kimball et al. (2013). Addition information. Extinct forms?

Orders of bird by authority
Orders of birds as defined by various authorities.

Taxonomy in Flux bird families

 * NEORNITHES: 46 Orders (Source: Boyd's Taxonomy in Flux); revised December 15, 2016
 * NEORNITHES: 252 Families (Source: Boyd's Taxonomy in Flux; revised December 15, 2016)

Orders
Cladogram commented out because it exceeds template transclusion limits.

Non-passerines families

 * See User:Jts1882/phylogeny/Non-Passerines for non-passerine tree.

Passerines families

 * See User:Jts1882/phylogeny/Passerines for non-passerine tree.

=References=

See also:


 * OpenWings Project