User:Krutoi dezigner/sandbox

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Agriculture and biotechnology
1814. By Petro Prokopovych Beehive frame 1881–88. The credit is due to Fyodor Blinov. The first steam-powered tractor on continuous tracks. Caterpillar farm tractor 1924–28. Raphanobrassica. The credit is due to Georgy Karpechenko. Rabbage (or Raphanobrassica), was the first ever non-sterile hybrid obtained through the crossbreeding, which was an important step in biotechnology. Fertile hybrid 1868. By Andrei Famintsyn Grow light 1951–54. The credit is due to (Терентий Мальцев) Terenty Maltsev. A method of loosening the soil with implements which do not turn over a furrow; it is used during primary deep and shallow fall soil cultivation, during the cultivation of fallow lands, and during preplanting preparation of the soil in the spring. Nonmoldboard soil cultivation Безотвальная обработка почвы A type of ard (plough) Sokha 1829–30s. By (Даниил Бокарев) Daniil Bokarev Sunflower oil industry The credit is due to Sergei Vinogradsky. The Vinogradsky column is a simple device for culturing a large diversity of microorganisms. Invented in the 1880s by Sergei Vinogradsky, the device is a column of pond mud and water mixed with a carbon source such as newspaper (containing cellulose), blackened marshmallows or egg-shells (containing calcium carbonate), and a sulfur source such as gypsum (calcium sulfate) or egg yolk. Incubating the column in sunlight for months results in an aerobic/anaerobic gradient as well as a sulfide gradient. These two gradients promote the growth of different microorganisms such as Clostridium, Desulfovibrio, Chlorobium, Chromatium, Rhodomicrobium, and Beggiatoa, as well as many other species of bacteria, cyanobacteria, and algae. Vinogradsky column
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Arts and music
The credit is due to Vasily Kandinsky Pure abstract art 1937–58. By Yevgeny Murzin ANS synthesizer Birch bark art Bone watch Constructivism (art) was an artistic and architectural philosophy, which was a rejection of the idea of autonomous art. The movement was in favour of art as a practice for social purposes. Constructivism 1931. Rhythmicon. The credit is due to Lev Termen Drum machine ... Kuleshov Effect The credit is due to Lev Kuleshov. Montage 1801. By Yegor Kuznetsov Musical carriage 1916–24. By Vladimir Baranov-Rossine Optophonic Piano Socialist realism is a style of realistic art which was developed in the Soviet Union and became a dominant style in other socialist countries. Socialist realism 1911–16. By Konstantin Stanislavsky. The Stanislavsky's system is a progression of techniques used to train actors to draw believable emotions to their performances. The method that was originally created and used by Konstantin Stanislavsky from 1911 to 1916 was based on the concept of emotional memory for which an actor focuses internally to portray a character's emotions onstage. Stanislavsky's system 1918–20. By Lev Termen. Theremin is an early electronic musical instrument controlled without physical contact by the thereminist (performer). Theremin 1937. Worker and Kolkhoz Woman. Welded sculpture is an artform in which sculpture is made using welding techniques. The first such sculpture was the famous Rabochiy i Kolkhoznitsa by Vera Mukhina. Initially it was placed atop the Soviet pavilion at the 1937 World's Fair in Paris. The choice of welding method was explained by a giant size of the sculpture, and also was intended to demonstrate the innovative Soviet technologies. Welded sculpture 1837. By Semyon Bronnikov Wooden watch
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Chemistry and metallurgy
1859–65. The credit is due to Nikolai Beketov Aluminothermy 1989–91. BARS apparatus 1838. Modern rediscovery. By (Павел Аносов) Pavel Anosov Bulat steel 1900. The credit is due to Mikhail Tsvet Chromatography 1902. The credit is due to Aleksandr Loran. Fire fighting foam is a foam used for fire suppression. Its role is to cool the fire and to coat the fuel, preventing its contact with oxygen, resulting in suppression of the combustion. Fire fighting foam was invented by the Russian engineer and chemist Aleksandr Loran in 1902. He was a teacher in a school in Baku, which was the main center of the Russian oil industry at that time. Impressed by the terrible and hardly extinguishable oil fires that he had seen there, Loran tried to find such a liquid substance that could deal effectively with the problem, and so he invented his fire fighting foam. Fire fighting foam 1831. The credit is due to (Павел Аносов) Pavel Anosov Metallographic microscopy BN-350 reactor Nuclear desalination 1869. By Dmitry Mendeleyev. The periodic table is a tabular display of the chemical elements, organized on the basis of their properties. Elements are presented in increasing atomic number. Using the table, Mendeleyev predicted the properties of elements yet to be discovered. Current periodic table
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By Pyotr Sobolevsky  and  Vasily Lyubarsky, simultaneously with William Wollaston Modern powder metallurgy 1913. The credit is due to Grigory Petrov. The Petrov contact liquor is a surface-active agent (detergent) consisting of a mixture of naphthene sulfonic acids and alkyl-aryl sulfonic acids. Widely used around the world under various marketing brands. Synthetic detergent 1910. The first commercially viable form of production. The credit is due to Sergei Lebedev. Due to his discoveries, the Soviet Union became the first country to achieve a substantial industrial production of the material in the late 1930s. Synthetic rubber – Polybutadiene By Aleksandr Butlerov, one of the principal creators of the theory of chemical structure, the first to incorporate double bonds into structural formulas. The theory stated that the chemical compounds are not a random cluster of atoms and functional groups but structures with definite order formed according the valency of the composing atoms. Theory of chemical structure The credit is due to Igor Gorynin Weldable titanium alloys
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Communications
1907–11. The credit is due to Boris Rozing and Vladimir Zvorykin. In 1911, they created a television system that used a mechanical mirror-drum scanner to transmit still images over wires to the cathode ray tube in the receiver. It was one of the first experimental demonstrations where the cathode ray tube was employed for the purposes of television. CRT television 1923. By Oleg Losev. In the early 1920s, Oleg Losev was experimenting with applying voltage biases to various kinds of crystals for manufacture of radio detectors. With a zinc oxide crystal he gained amplification. This was negative resistance phenomenon, decades before the tunnel diode. He then built regenerative and superheterodyne receivers, and even transmitters. However, this discovery was not supported by authorities and only a few examples for research was produced. Crystodine 1925. The credit is due to Lev Termen. Interlaced video is a technique of doubling the perceived frame rate introduced with the composite video signal used with analog television without consuming extra bandwidth. In the domain of television, it was first demonstrated by Leon Theremin in 1925 starting with 16 lines resolution and eventually 64 in 1926. Interlaced video 1794. By Ivan Kulibin. In 1794, Ivan Kulibin created a semaphore that employed his earlier invention, searchlight, as means of sending messages. This allowed the use of semaphore at night and during light fog, and extended the range between intermediate stations. Optical telegraph 1958. By Leonid Kupriyanovich Pocket phone 1957. By Leonid Kupriyanovich Early portable mobile phone device 7 May 1895. The first practical device. The credit is due to Aleksandr Popov Radio receiver By Lev Termen. The Thing was one of the first "bugs" to use passive techniques to transmit an audio signal. Because it was energized and activated by electromagnetic energy from an outside source, it is considered a predecessor of RFID technology. Thing (listening device)
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Computing and information technology
1999. The credit is due to Igor Pavlov 7z Russian Wikipedia article Acmeology 1967. By (Михаил Карцев) Mikhail Kartsev Computer for operations with functions MIR Desktop workstation By Mikhail Bonch-Bruyevich, independently from William Eccles & Frank Jordan Flip-flop (electronics) 1880. By Bruno Abakanowicz, independently from Charles Boys Integraph 1832. The first application in informatics. The credit is due to Semyon Korsakov. Korsakov announced his new method and machines in September 1832, and rather than seeking patents offered the machines for public use. Punched card 2009. Chatroulette. The credit is due to Andrei Ternovsky Randomized webcam chat room 1993. The credit is due to Yevgeny Roshal RAR The Russian abacus or schyoty (literally "counts") is a decimal type of abacus that has a single slanted deck in a unique vertical layout, with ten beads on each wire (except one wire which has four beads, for quarter-ruble fractions, that is usually near the user). It was developed in Russia since the late 16th century, at the time when abacus already was falling out of use in the Western Europe. However, the decimality of the Russian abacus (explained by Russian ruble's being the world's first decimal currency) and its simplicity (compared to the previous European and Asian versions) led to the wide use of this device in Russia well until the advent of electronic calculators in the late 20th century. Russian abacus 1962. AVL tree. The credit is due to Yevgeny Landis and Georgy Adelson-Velsky Self-balancing binary search tree 1956–59. Setun. The credit is due to Sergei Sobolev and Nikolai Brusentsov Modern ternary computer Was proposed in 1997 by Aleksei Kitayev Topological quantum computer 1946–56. The credit is due to Genrikh Altshuller TRIZ
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Energy
1932. The credit is due to (Алексей Бахмутский) Aleksei Bakhmutsky Cutting-loading machine – Coal cutter-loader Горный комбайн – Комбайн очистной 1969. Severnoye Siyaniye  barge. The credit is due to (Николай Кухто) Nikolai Kukhto Floating power station 1926. Ramzin boiler. The credit is due to Leonid Ramzin Flow-through boiler 1970s?. The credit is due to Aleksandr Kalina Kalina cycle 1958. The credit is due to Aleksandr Klimenko Klimenko cycle 1888–91. The cell based on the outer photoelectric effect. The credit is due to Aleksandr Stoletov Solar cell 1888. The synthesis through electrolysis. The credit is due to Dmitry Lachinov Synthesis of hydrogen and oxygen 1934–39. The credit is due to Pyotr Kapitsa Current turboexpander
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Oil and gas
1878–83. The credit is due to Vladimir Shukhov Cylindric oil depot 1914. The credit is due to Mikhail Tikhvinsky Gas lift 1846. By Nikolai Voskoboinikov  and  Vasily Semyonov Modern oil well Was proposed in 1863 by Dmitry Mendeleyev Pipeline transport 1891. The credit is due to Vladimir Shukhov Thermal cracking 1922. The credit is due to Matvei Kapelyushnikov Turbodrill
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Nuclear energy
Russian Wikipedia article BREST reactor ... Fast-neutron reactor International cooperation GT-MHR reactor ... Lead-cooled fast reactor ... Nuclear power plant Mass-produced Nuclear power station barge ... RBMK reactor ... Traveling wave reactor ... VVER reactor
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Everyday life
1876. The credit is due to Pavel Yablochkov AC transformer 1372. The first written Uralic language (after Hungarian) Anbur script Banya 1704. The Russian ruble Decimal currency 1878. Yablochkov candle. The credit is due to Pavel Yablochkov Electric street lights 1927. By Oleg Losev Light-emitting diode 1802. The credit is due to Osip Krichevsky Modern powdered milk
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Housing

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Water-based central heating 1795. By Nikolai Lvov Early HVAC system ... Izba 1721–45. Leaning Tower of Nevyansk Lightning rod Russian oven 1795. By Ivan Kulibin Screw drive elevator
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Architecture

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Forms and structural engineering
The bochka roof or simply bochka is the type of roof in the traditional Russian architecture that has a form of half-cylinder with elevated and sharpened upper part, resembling the sharpened kokoshnik. Typically made of wood, bochka roof was extensively used both in the church and civilian architecture in the 17th-18th centuries. Later it was sometimes used in the Russian Revival style buildings. Bochka roof 1896. Shukhov Rotunda. The credit is due to Vladimir Shukhov Gridshell 1896. Shukhov tower in Polibino. The credit is due to Vladimir Shukhov Hyperboloid structure The kokoshnik is a semicircular or keel-like exterior decorative element in the traditional Russian architecture, a type of corbel blind arch. The name was inspired by the traditional Russian women's head-dress. Kokoshniks were used in the Russian church architecture in the 16th century, while in the 17th century their popularity reached the highest point. Kokoshniks were placed on walls, at the basement of tented roofs or tholobates, or over the window frames, or in rows above the vaults. Kokoshnik The multidomed church is a typical form of Russian church architecture, which distinguishes Russia from other Orthodox nations and Christian denominations. Indeed, the earliest Russian churches, built just after the Christianization of Kievan Rus', were multi-domed, which led some historians to speculate what Russian pre-Christian pagan temples might have looked like. Namely, these early churches were 13-domed wooden Saint Sophia Cathedral in Novgorod (989) and 25-domed stone Desyatinnaya Church in Kiev (989-996). The number of domes typically has a symbolical meaning in Russian architecture, for example 13 domes symbolize Christ with 12 Apostles, while 25 domes mean the same with additional 12 Prophets from the Old Testament. Multiple domes of Russian churches were often made of wood and were comparatively smaller than the Byzantine domes. Multidomed church 1164. Dobrila Evangeliary. The earliest depiction. The onion dome is a dome whose shape resembles an onion, after which they are named. Such domes are often larger in diameter than the drum upon which they are set, and their height usually exceeds their width. The whole bulbous structure tapers smoothly to a point. The so-called onion dome is the dominant form for church domes in Russia, and though the earliest preserved Russian domes of such type date from the 16th century, the illustrations of the old chronicles indicate that they were used since the late 13th century. Onion dome The tented roof masonry was a technique widely used in the Russian architecture in the 16th-17th centuries. Before that time tented roofs (conical, or actually polygonal roofs) were made of wood and used in the wooden churches. These hipped roofs are thought to have originated in the Russian North, as they prevented snow from piling up on wooden buildings during long winters. Wooden tents also were used to cover towers in kremlins, or even applied in some common buildings, like it was in Western Europe, but the thin, pointed, nearly conical roofs of the similar shape made of brick or stone became a unique form in Russian church architecture. Some scholars, however, argue that hipped roofs have something in common with European Gothic spires, and even tend to call this style 'Russian Gothic'. The Ascension church of Kolomenskoye, built in 1532 to commemorate the birth of the first Russian Tsar Ivan IV, is often considered the first tented roof church, but recent studies show that the earliest use of the stone tented roof was in the Trinity Church in Aleksandrov, built in 1510s. Tented roof masonry 1721–45. Leaning Tower of Nevyansk. A rebar or reinforcing bar is a common metal bar (typically made of steel), used in reinforced concrete and reinforced masonry structures. Rebars were known in construction well before the era of the modern reinforced concrete, since some 150 years before its invention rebars were used to form the carcass of the Leaning Tower of Nevyansk in Russia, which was built on the orders of the industrialist Akinfy Demidov. The purpose of such construction is one of the many mysteries of the tower. The cast iron used for rebars was of very high quality, and there is no corrosion on them up to this day. Rebar All-Russia Exhibition 1896. The credit is due to Vladimir Shukhov Tensile structure All-Russia Exhibition 1896. The credit is due to Vladimir Shukhov Thin-shell structure ... Vysotka A zvonnitsa is a large rectangular structure containing multiple archs or beams that carry bells, where bell ringers stand on its basement level and perform the ringing using long ropes, like playing on a kind of giant musical instrument. It was an alternative to bell tower in the medieval architecture of Russia and some Eastern European countries. Zvonnitsa appeared in Russia in the 14th century and was widely used until the 17th century. Sometimes it was mounted right atop the church building, resulting in the special type of church called pod zvonom ("under ringing") or izhe pod kolokoly ("under bells"). The most famous example of such kind of a church is the Church of St. Ivan of the Ladder adjacent to Ivan the Great Bell Tower in the Moscow Kremlin. Zvonnitsa
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Native styles
... Constructivism ... Early Russian architecture Neo-Russian Developed Neo-Byzantine ... Late Muscovite ... Russian Revival ... Stalinist Empire Russian Wikipedia article Siberian Baroque ... Middle Muscovite ... Naryshkin Baroque ... Postconstructivism North Caucasus architecture Russian Wikipedia article Russian wooden architecture
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Mechanical engineering
1832. The credit is due to Aleksandr Sablukov Centrifugal fan 1811. The credit is due to (Иван Неведомский) Ivan Nevedomsky Lever press Машина для чеканки с коленчатым рычагом 1718. The credit is due to Andrei Nartov Mechanic slide rest Refer to for inventions listed below Welding: ... Arc welding Automatic arc welding ... Carbon arc welding ... Manual metal arc 1905. The credit is due to (Владимир Миткевич) Vladimir Mitkevich Three-phase arc welding Underwater welding
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Medicine
The credit is due to (Сергей Соколов) Sergei Sokolov Acoustic microscope Chizhevsky Chandelier. The credit is due to Aleksandr Chizhevsky Air ioniser 1990s. The credit is due to Anatoly Kaplunov,  Mikhail Yegorov  and others Anthropometric cosmetology 1905. The credit is due to Nikolai Korotkov Auscultatory blood pressure measurement By Vladimir Bekhterev Bekhterev's mixture 1930. The credit is due to Sergei Yudin Blood bank 1928–30. The credit is due to (Владимир Шамов) Vladimir Shamov  and Sergei Yudin Cadaveric blood transfusion 1901–03. The credit is due to (Иван Толочинов) Ivan Tolochinov  and Ivan Pavlov Classical conditioning The credit is due to Gavriil Ilizarov Distraction osteogenesis The credit is due to Nikolai Devyatkov, Mikhail Golant and others EHF therapy By Gavriil Ilizarov External fixation 1847. The credit is due to Nikolai Pirogov Field anesthesia The first head transplant with full cerebral function. The credit is due to Vladimir Demikhov Head transplant 1952. By Gavriil Ilizarov Ilizarov apparatus ... MM-wave therapy 1963. The credit is due to (Николай Сиротинин) Nikolai Sirotinin Oxygen cocktail 1854. By Nikolai Pirogov Pirogov amputation Операция Пирогова By (Вадим Юревич) Vadim Yurevich Plasmapheresis 1974. The credit is due to Svyatoslav Fyodorov Radial keratotomy 1875. By Nikolai Sklifosovsky Russian lock (Sklifosovsky lock) Русский замо́к (Замо́к Склифосовского) The credit is due to (Сергей Соколов) Sergei Sokolov Ultrasonic testing By (Александр Вишневский) Aleksandr Vishnevsky Vishnevsky liniment Линимент бальзамический (по Вишневскому)
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Physics
By Yefim Berkovich Berkovich tip ... Cherenkov detector By Gersh Budker (co-inventor) Collider The credit is due to Nikolai Basov and Aleksandr Prokhorov Continuous-output maser 1962. The credit is due to Yevgeny Zababakhin, K. V. Volkov, Vyacheslav Danilenko, V. I. Yelina Detonation nanodiamond 1802. By Vasily Petrov Electric arc 1966. The credit is due to Gersh Budker Electron cooling 1944. The credit is due to Yevgeny Zavoisky EPR spectroscopy By Zhores Alfyorov (co-developer) Heterotransistor 1950. The credit is due to Andrei Tikhonov Magnetotellurics 1944. The credit is due to Vladimir Veksler Microtron By Yevgeny Zavoisky (co-developer) NMR spectroscopy Nuclotron The credit is due to Aleksandr Makarov Orbitrap 1930–34. By Leonid Kubetsky Photomultiplier ... Reflectron 1939. By Nikolai Devyatkov Reflex klystron ... Shashlik (physics) 2001. Superconducting nanowire single-photon detector ... Synchrophasotron By Vladimir Veksler (co-inventor) Synchrotron ... Tokamak ... Voitenko compressor
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Printing
1866–67. The credit is due to (Пётр Княгининский) Pyotr Knyagininsky Automatic typesetter 1869. The credit is due to Mikhail Alisov Hectograph 1890. The credit is due to (Иван Орлов) Ivan Orlov Orlov printing By (Иван Орлов) Ivan Orlov Iris printing (rainbow printing) Ирисовая печать (радужная печать) 1870s. The credit is due to (Иосиф Ливчак) Iosif Livchak Slug-casting typesetter 1870. The credit is due to Mikhail Alisov Typewritter-typesetter Наборно-пишущая машина
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Recording
1962. The credit is due to Yury Denisyuk 3D holography 1926, 1927. The credit is due to (Павел Тагер) Pavel Tager  and (Александр Шорин)  Aleksandr Shorin Graphical sound The credit is due to Lev Termen Light beam microphone 1925. The credit is due to Sergei Rzhevkin Piezoelectric microphone 1933. The credit is due to Fyodor Leontovich Underwater movie camera
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Photography
1840. The credit is due to Aleksei Grekov Electroplated daguerreotype 1882. The credit is due to Sigizmund Yurkovsky Instant focal-plane shutter 1891. 1939. The credit is due to (Яков Наркевич-Иодко) Yakov Narkevich-Iodko  and Semyon Kirlian Kirlian photography 1852. The credit is due to (Иван Александровский) Ivan Aleksandrovsky Stereo camera
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By Vyacheslav Sreznevsky (a prolific inventor in the field of photography): 1875 Portable photographic studio 1882 Expeditional photocamera 1886 Aerial camera and photographic plates 1886 Watertight marine camera 1887 Camera for solar eclipses
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Space exploration

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