User:Mr. Ibrahem/Teenage pregnancy
| Teenage pregnancy | |
|---|---|
| Other names | Teen pregnancy, adolescent pregnancy |
 | |
| Drawing of a young poverty-stricken girl clutches her child, Boston, 1884. | |
| Specialty | Obstetrics |
| Symptoms | Pregnancy under the age of 20[1] |
| Complications | Mother: Eclampsia, anemia of pregnancy, postpartum infection, obstetric fistula[2][3] Baby: Preterm birth, low birth weight, stillbirth[3] |
| Risk factors | Lower education, poverty, child marriage, lack of access to birth control, foster care, substance misuse, religion, sexual abuse[4][3][5] |
| Prevention | Comprehensive sex education, birth control, not having sex[6][5] |
| Frequency | 21 million per year (developing world)[4] |
| Deaths | Leading cause of death (15 to 19 year old females)[2] |
Teenage pregnancy, also known as adolescent pregnancy, is pregnancy in a female under the age of 20.[1] Pregnancy can occur with sexual intercourse after the start of ovulation, which can be before the first menstrual period (menarche).[7] In well-nourished girls, periods usually start around the age of 12 or 13 while in low income countries onset is typically slightly later around 14.[1][8]
There is a higher risk of eclampsia, anemia of pregnancy, preterm birth, postpartum infection, obstetric fistula, and stillbirth.[4][3][2] Complications of pregnancy are a leading cause of deaths in 15 to 19 year old girls.[9][2] In those under the age of 15 the risk of maternal death may be fives times greater.[10] While not having sex has resulted in lower rates in the United States, abstinence education programs are not effective.[5][11]
Teenage pregnancies are associated with lower education and poverty.[4] Other risks include child marriage, lack of access to birth control, living in foster care, substance misuse, religion, and sexual abuse.[4][3][5] When used in combination, educational interventions and access to birth control reduce unintended teenage pregnancies.[6][12]
About 20% of teenagers have children.[3] In 2023 alone, 43 females per 1,000 had children well under the age of 20.[4] Rates are higher in Africa at 97 and lower in Europe at 13 per 1,000.[4] Rates have been declined in the United States since 1990.[5] In the developing world about 21 million 15 to 19 year olds get pregnant and 12 million have children each year.[4] Another 6 million have abortions, many of which are unsafe.[3] Other negative effects for the mother can include social stigma, financial problems, and stopping education.[3][5]
References[edit]
- ^ a b c Adolescent Pregnancy (PDF). World Health Organization. 2004. p. 5. ISBN 978-9241591454. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 February 2018. Retrieved 28 July 2017.
- ^ a b c d "Early childbearing and teenage pregnancy rates by country". UNICEF DATA. Archived from the original on 26 January 2024. Retrieved 31 March 2024.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Maheshwari, MV; Khalid, N; Patel, PD; Alghareeb, R; Hussain, A (June 2022). "Maternal and Neonatal Outcomes of Adolescent Pregnancy: A Narrative Review". Cureus. 14 (6): e25921. doi:10.7759/cureus.25921. PMID 35844352.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ a b c d e f g h "Adolescent pregnancy". www.who.int. Archived from the original on 18 October 2018. Retrieved 31 March 2024.
- ^ a b c d e f "About Teen Pregnancy | CDC". www.cdc.gov. 7 September 2023. Archived from the original on 30 November 2021. Retrieved 31 March 2024.
- ^ a b Oringanje, Chioma; Meremikwu, Martin M; Eko, Hokehe; Esu, Ekpereonne; Meremikwu, Anne; Ehiri, John E (3 February 2016). "Interventions for preventing unintended pregnancies among adolescents". Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2016 (2): CD005215. doi:10.1002/14651858.cd005215.pub3. PMC 8730506. PMID 26839116.
- ^ "Can a Girl Get Pregnant if She Has Never Had Her Period?". Archived from the original on 2009-07-11. Retrieved 2022-01-26.
- ^ Ibitoye, Mobolaji; Choi, Cecilia; Tai, Hina; Lee, Grace; Sommer, Marni (7 June 2017). "Early menarche: A systematic review of its effect on sexual and reproductive health in low- and middle-income countries". PLOS ONE. 12 (6): e0178884. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0178884.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ "Adolescent and young adult health". www.who.int. Archived from the original on 11 April 2020. Retrieved 31 March 2024.
- ^ Mayor S (2004). "Pregnancy and childbirth are leading causes of death in teenage girls in developing countries". BMJ. 328 (7449): 1152. doi:10.1136/bmj.328.7449.1152-a. PMC 411126. PMID 15142897.
- ^ Ott, Mary A; Santelli, John S (October 2007). "Abstinence and abstinence-only education". Current Opinion in Obstetrics and Gynecology. 19 (5): 446–452. doi:10.1097/GCO.0b013e3282efdc0b. PMC 5913747. PMID 17885460.
- ^ International technical guidance on sexuality education: An evidence-informed approach (PDF). Paris: UNESCO. 2018. p. 18. ISBN 978-92-3-100259-5. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-11-13. Retrieved 2022-01-26.