User:Mr. Ibrahem/Urethral cancer
| Urethral cancer[1] | |
|---|---|
| Other names | Primary urethral cancer |
 | |
| Micrograph of urethral cancer, urothelial cell carcinoma, found on a prostate core biopsy. H&E stain. | |
| Specialty | Oncology urology |
| Symptoms | Blood in the urine, lump at end of penis, bloody urethral discharge[1][2] |
| Complications | Urinary retention, priapism[1][3] |
| Usual onset | 73 years[4] |
| Types | Urothelial carcinoma, squamous cell cancer, adenocarcinoma[1] |
| Risk factors | Prolonged urinary catheterization, chronic infection, radiation, diverticula of the urethra, urethral strictures[1] |
| Diagnostic method | Transurethral biopsy[1] |
| Treatment | Surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy[1] |
| Prognosis | Often poor[4] |
| Frequency | Rare[1] |
Urethral cancer is cancer originating from the urethra.[1] Symptoms may include blood in the urine, lump at end of penis, pain with sex, or bloody discharge.[1][2] Complications may include urinary retention and priapism.[3]
Risk factors may include prolonged irritations from urinary catheterization, chronic inflammation due to infection, radiation, diverticula of the urethra, or urethral strictures.[1] The most common types are urothelial carcinoma, squamous cell cancer, and adenocarcinoma.[1] Diagnosis is established by transurethral biopsy.[1] The disease is classified by the TNM staging system and the World Health Organization.[1][5]
Treatment may include a combination of surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy.[1] Outcomes are often poor with a five-year survival rate of 46%.[4] Urethral cancer is rare, representing less than 1% of cancers.[1] About 4.3 cases occur per million males and 1.5 cases per million females in the United States.[4] The typical age at diagnosis is 73.[4]
References[edit]
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Janisch, Florian; Abufaraj, Mohammad; Fajkovic, Harun; Kimura, Shoji; Iwata, Takehiro; Nyirady, Peter; Rink, Michael; Shariat, Shahrokh F. (1 September 2019). "Current Disease Management of Primary Urethral Carcinoma". European Urology Focus. 5 (5): 722–734. doi:10.1016/j.euf.2019.07.001. ISSN 2405-4569.
- ^ a b Kahan, Scott; Miller, Redonda; Smith, Ellen G. (2008). "126. Penile Discharge". Signs and Symptoms. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 978-0-7817-7043-9.
- ^ a b Nargund, Vinod H.; Raghavan, Derek; Sandler, Howard M. (2015). Urological Oncology. Springer. p. 174. ISBN 978-0-85729-482-1.
- ^ a b c d e Grivas, PD; Davenport, M; Montie, JE; Kunju, LP; Feng, F; Weizer, AZ (December 2012). "Urethral cancer". Hematology/oncology clinics of North America. 26 (6): 1291–314. doi:10.1016/j.hoc.2012.08.006. PMID 23116581.
- ^ Compérat, Eva; Varinot, Justine (2016). "Immunochemical and molecular assessment of urothelial neoplasms and aspects of the 2016 World Health Organization classification". Histopathology. 69 (5): 717–726. doi:10.1111/his.13025. ISSN 1365-2559.