User:Mtrapuzz/sandbox

 Biomimetics (surface tension) 

One area of heavy biomimetic research is surface tension. Surface tension forces will only begin to dominate gravitational forces below length scales on the order of the fluid's capillary length, which for water is about 2 millimeters. Because of this scaling, biomimetic devices that utilize surface tension will generally be very small, however there are many ways in which such devices could be used.

 Lotus leaf 

Yuan and his colleagues fabricated a negative mold of a from polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) to capture the tiny  integral for the leaf's ability to repel water, known as the lotus effect. The lotus leaf's surface was then replicated by allowing a copper sheet to flow into the negative mold with the assistance of ferric chloride and pressure. The result was a lotus leaf-like surface inherent on the copper sheet. Static water contact angle measurements of the biomimetic surface were taken to be 132° after etching the copper and 153° after a stearic acid surface treatment to mimic the lotus leaf's waxy coating. A surface that mimics the lotus leaf could have numerous applications by providing water repellent outdoor gear.

 Alveoli 

A lung is composed of many small sacks called alveoli that allow oxygen and carbon dioxide to diffuse in and out of the blood respectively as the blood is passed through small capillaries that surround these alveoli. Surface tension is exploited by alveoli by means of a surfactant that is produced by one of the cells and released to lower the surface tension of the fluid coating the inside of the alveoli to prevent these sacks from collapsing. Huh and his fellow researchers created a lung mimic that replicated the function of native alveolar cells. An extracellular matrix of gel, human alveolar epithelial cells, and human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells were cultured on a polydimethylsiloxane membrane that was bound in a flexible vacuum diaphragm. Pressurization cycles of the vacuum diaphragm that simulated breathing showed similar form and function to an actual lung, and the type II cells even emit srfactant to lower the surface of the fluid coating. This research will hopefully some day lead to the creation of lungs that could be grown for patients that need to have a transplant or repair performed.

 Floating fern 

Various species of floating fern are able to sustain a liquid-solid barrier of air between the fern and the surrounding water when they are submerged. Like the lotus leaf, floating fern species have tiny hierarchical structures that prevent water from wetting the plant surface. Mayser and Barthlott demonstrated this ability by submerging different species of the floating fern salvinia in water inside a pressure vessel to study how the air barrier between the leaf and surrounding water react to changes in pressure that would be similar to those experienced by the hull of a ship. Much other research is ongoing using these hierarchical structures in coatings on ship hulls to reduce viscous drag.

 Microvelia 

Biomimetic engineering was used in a creative and fun way to create and edible cocktail boat that mimicked the ability of microvelia to propel themselves on the surface of water with the aid of the marangoni effect. Microvelia exploit surface tension by creating a surface tension gradient that propels them forward by releasing a surfactant through a tongue-like protrusion. Burton and her colleagues created 3-d printed boats that released different types of alcohol behind the boat to lower the surface tension and create a surface tension gradient that propels the boat forward.

 Fern sporangia 

Fern sporangia consist of hygroscopic ribs that extrude from a spine on the part of the plant that encapsulate spores in a sack. A capillary bridge is formed when water condenses on to the surface of these spines. When this water evaporates, surface tension forces between each rib cause the spine to retract and rip open the sack, spilling the spores. Borno and her fellow researchers fabricated a biomimetic device from polydimethylsiloxane using standard photolithography techniques. The devices used the same hygroscopic ribs and spine that resemble fern sporangia. The researchers varied the dimensions and spacing of the features of the device and were able to fine-tune and predict movements of the device as a whole in hopes of using a similar device as a microactuator that can perform functions using free energy from a humid atmosphere.

 Stenocara beetle 

The Stenocara beetle, a native of the Namib Desert has a unique structure on its body that allows it to capture water from a humid atmosphere. In the Namib Desert, rain is not a very common occurrence, but on some mornings a dense fog will roll over the desert. The stenocara beetle uses tiny raised hydrophilic spots on its hydrophobic body to collect water droplets from the fog. Once these droplets are large enough, they can detach from these spots and roll down the beetle's back and into its mouth. Garrod et. al has demonstrated a biomimetic surface that was created using standard photolithography and plasma etching to create hydrophilic spots on a hydrophobic substrate for water collection. Interestingly, the optimal sizing and spacing of these spots that allowed the most water to be collected was similar to the spacing of the spots on the body of the stenocara beetle. Currently, this surface technology is being studied to implement as a lining for the inside of a water bottle the will allow the water bottle to self fill if left open in a humid environment.

 Leaf beetle 

Vogel and Steen designed and constructed a switchable wet adhesion mechanism that mimics the ability of a leaf beetle to adhere to dry surfaces by using numerous capillary bridges between the tiny hair-like setae on its feet. They used standard photolithography techniques to fabricate a switchable adhesion gripper that used a pump driven by electroosmosis to create capillary bridges that would create a suction force on just about any surface. The leaf beetle can also reverse this effect by trapping air bubbles between its setae to walk on wet surfaces or under water. This effect was demonstrated by Hosoda and Gorb when they constructed a biomimetic surface that could adhere objects to surfaces under water.

 Water strider 

Hu and his colleagues used surface tension phenomena found in nature to create various biomimetic devices that mimic the abilities of their natural counterparts to walk on water, jump off the surface of the water, and climb menisci. Two such devices were a rendition of the water strider. Both devices mimicked the form and function of a water strider by incorporating a rowing motion of one pair of legs to propel the device, however one was powered with elastic energy and the other was powered by electrical energy. This research compared the various biomimetic devices to their natural counterparts by showing the difference between many physical and dimensionless parameters.

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