User:Nautas99/groupsandbox

= Brooke =

Week 13
Quick additions for Gnathostomata article: The entire fourth paragraph has no citations at all, and seems to be plagiarized. I copied and pasted the paragraph into google and found it was directly taken from this text book (https://cnx.org/contents/Mw1rkOh8@17.1:siK94-GI@1/Vertebrates). I will instead delete this paragraph and replace it with cited, paraphrased information. My edit: " Jaw development in vertebrates is likely a product of the supporting gill arches. This development would help push water into the mouth by the movement of the jaw, so that it would pass over the gills for gas exchange. The repetitive use of the newly formed jaw bones would eventually lead to the ability to bite in some gnathostomes."

My citations should be in order now!

I will also add my edits from previous weeks to the Odd toed Ungulates pages as well as include my picture inn the limbs section

Illustrating my article and posting to talk pages
I already have found an image that is public domain for my media contributions to the article I am working on. After taking a look at some of the media contribution examples provided, I found they look quite similar to the image I found of a horses lower limb.

I have begun adding my proposals to the talk page on Odd toed Ungulates

This is one of my entries :

"Under the reproduction and development section I saw that there is a citation needed tag on the last sentence. I propose this slight change to the sentence structure as well as this source: "The young are nursed for a relatively long time, often into their second year, reaching sexual maturity around eight or ten years old. Perissodactyls are long-lived, with several species, such as rhinos, reaching an age of almost 50 years in captivity.[1]" --Blfaubion (talk) 23:36, 7 May 2021 (UTC)


 * 1) Ballenger, Liz; Myers, Phil. "Rhinocerotidae (rhinoceroses)". Animal Diversity Web. Retrieved 2021-03-27."Ballenger, Liz; Myers, Phil. "Rhinocerotidae (rhinoceroses)". Animal Diversity Web. Retrieved 2021-03-27.

Edited the article and added a link to the word mandible and keratin in the skull and teeth section to promote better understanding.

I also added this proposed edit to the talk page "Under the Reproduction and development section: "Newborn perissodactyls are precocial; meaning offspring are born already quite independent, young horses can begin to follow the mother after a few hours."

Expanding my Draft (#2)


I will insert image proposal into talk page under the Limbs section of the Odd-toed ungulates page. "The article discusses the ulnae and fibulae being reduced in horses so I feel a visual aid, such as this one, showing some of the lower leg bones will be beneficial."

Bold = my edits "The young are nursed for a relatively long time, often into their second year, reaching sexual maturity around eight or ten years old. Perissodactyls are long-lived, with several species, such as rhinos, reaching an age of almost 50 years in captivity. " (I found and added citation because the "citation needed tag was used) I will propose this source on the talk page.

Went ahead and directly added a wiki link to the words "white rhino" under Lifestyle and Diet because I thought it would be useful for readers to go directly to that animal if they are curious about it.

Direct additions to the Limbs section:


 * "Ungulates have stances that require them to stand on the tips of their toes. Equine ungulates with only one digit or hoof have decreased mobility in their limb allows for faster running speeds and agility "
 * "Differences in limb structure and physiology between ungulates and other mammals can be seen in the shape of the humerus. For example, often shorter, thicker bones belong to the largest and heaviest ungulates like the Rhinoceros.
 * Under the Reproduction and development section: "Newborn perissodactyls are precocial; meaning offspring are born already quite independent, young horses can begin to follow the mother after a few hours."

Planned implementations
- Begin to use this text to provide citations for the limbs, skull and teeth and gut sections of the Odd-toed ungulates page. A lot of these will have to be completely rewritten to avoid plagiarism but for now I am going to start with the limb section first. add in text citations and more wiki links


 * "Ungulates have stances that require them to stand on the tips of their toes. Equine ungulates with only one digit or hoof have decreased mobility in their limb allows for faster running speeds and agility"
 * "Differences in limb structure and physiology between ungulates and other mammals can be seen in the shape of the humerus. For example, often shorter, thicker bones belong to the largest and heaviest ungulates like the Rhinoceros. " *** the citations didn't transfer over to the group sandbox when i copied the text from my own but they should be there this week!
 * Publish the image in my section of the hoof
 * cut the original paragraphs that are uncited in the limbs section and begin to formulate my own
 * added more wikilinks in my work but will continue to do so throughout
 * cut the original paragraphs that are uncited in the limbs section and begin to formulate my own
 * added more wikilinks in my work but will continue to do so throughout

Some feedback responses

 * Taylor's peer review had some great suggestions. She copy edited some of my work and suggested I link pages like Limbs, which I will do. However she also suggested some grammatical changes to just notes that I made for the sake of explanation and not anything I was actually going to publish on an article, so I will leave those as is.
 * Curtisag had some great recommendations for new sources that I am currently looking into.
 * Jack had some edits to help with the flow of my work which I have implemented A lot of the other suggestions were to add in text citations, which were in my individual sandbox but unfortunately I did not catch that they did not paste properly into the group sandbox.

Draft of edits:
After getting feedback took a look at a higher taxonomic order, Perissodactyla, instead of just looking at horse skeletal systems.


 * Focus on hooves and limbs of horses and other one toes ungulates instead of the entire skeletal system or body of one species
 * under the anatomy section of Odd-toed ungulates there are not a lot of sources and the information is not properly cited so I am going to work on the Limbs section and the Skull and teeth  section first
 * Note** I am having a really hard time finding sources for the information that isn't cited (Limbs, skull and teeth and Gut section) It isn't directly word for word plagiarized, so ill have to keep digging and see if I can find something similar, if not ill just have to delete the sections and begin to rewrite them because they are no good without citations.
 * Sources for Limb information:  Polly, Paul & Hall, Brian. (2007). Limbs in Mammalian Evolution. Fins into Limbs: Evolution, Development and Transformation. 245-268.

Proposed additions/edits:

 * "Ungulates have stances that require them to stand on the tips of their toes. Equine ungulates with only one digit or hoof have decreased mobility in their limb but this allows for faster running speeds and agility"
 * "Differences in limb structure and physiology between ungulates and other mammals can be seen in the shape of the humerus, often shorter, thicker bones of the limbs belong to the largest and heaviest ungulates like the Rhinoceros for example. " Figure 15.4 looks really good as a reference/comparison image for humerus types I just need to see if I can use it.***

Grammatical edits/ edits for clarity (my edits in bold):

 * Under the Reproduction and development section: "Newborn perissodactyls are precocial; meaning offspring are born already quite independent, young horses can begin to follow the mother after a few hours."
 * The section on lifespan of Perissodactyls needs a citation; potentially this source

Game plan:
- we will all choose an article to get started on. I am going to start with Skeletal system of the horse

Things to add/improve:

 * Seven figures showing the bones, blood vessels, ligaments and arteries of the hoof and pastern. Find and add more sources ( there's only three total references for the article)
 * Add more visuals (pictures, diagrams) to help show what the skeletal system looks like. Right now the page is mostly just a list of bones and parts that do not link to any references or sources that people could use to find out more detail about a certain part of the skeletal system.
 * A photo of some gross horse anatomy would be interesting, perhaps in the ligaments section if I could find one
 * Addition of an evolution section
 * I could find resources that discuss the ancestry of horses and any vestigial features they once had/ the advantageous uses for features they retainedAnatomy of the horses foot.jpg

Rough Bibliography:
This book discusses abnormalities of horse skulls :


 * Anthony Paul Pease, Chapter 13 - The Equine Head, Editor(s): Donald E. Thrall,

Textbook of Veterinary Diagnostic Radiology (Seventh Edition), W.B. Saunders,

2018, Pages 230-248, ISBN 9780323482479 ,

''' https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-48247-9.00025-5. ( https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780323482479000255 ''') N. C. Leone, J. L. Shupe, E. J. Gardner, E. A. Millar, A. E. Olson, E. C. Phillips, Hereditary multiple exostosis: A comparative human–equine–epidemiologic study, Journal of Heredity, Volume 78, Issue 3, May 1987, Pages 171–177, https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a110351 = McKenzie =

Week 11 Drafts:
Characteristics: "Camelids do not have hooves; rather, they have two-toed feet with toenails and soft foot pads (Tylopoda is Greek for "padded foot"). Most of the weight of the animal rests on these tough, leathery sole pads. The South American camelids have, adapted to the steep and rocky terrain by adjusting the pads on their toes to maintain grip. The surface area of Camels foot pads will can increase with increasing velocity in order to reduce pressure on the feet and larger members of the camelid species will usually have larger pad area to help distribute weight across the foot.  Many fossil camelids were unguligrade and probably hooved, in contrast to all living species.

&

Camelids are behaviorally similar in many ways, including their walking gait, in which both legs on the same side are moved simultaneously. '''While running, camelids engage a unique "running pace gait" in which limbs on the same side move simultaneously, this ensures that the fore and hind limb will not collide while in fast motion. During this motion there is a moment where all four limbs are off the ground at the same time.''' Consequently, camelids large enough for human beings to ride have a typical swaying motion.

Post Peer Review Draft
Camel Foot stuff:

https://www.idosi.org/gv/gv6(4)11/14.pdf

http://www.jofamericanscience.org/journals/am-sci/am0809/075_10676am0809_549_556.pdf

Camel Locomotion! https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228948123_Locomotor_evolution_in_camels_revisited_A_quantitative_analysis_of_pedal_anatomy_and_the_acquisition_of_the_pacing_gait

https://www.jstor.org/stable/4524199?seq=1#metadata_info_tab_contents

https://zslpublications.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1974.tb03144.x

Overall notes:
People overall liked the first version of the statements but there were also a few drafts changing the wording which I think will help a lot, there are some tings there asking me to cite that I would have to ask the original poster to cite because I don't know where the information came from.

- Foot pad image has been added but I could use some advice on captioning it

- I have added some of my peer review edits into a new draft of my additions

Next steps:

- Review this paper: (looking for functional explanetions

Clemente, C. J., Dick, T. J., Glen, C. L., & Panagiotopoulou, O. (2020). Biomechanical insights into the role of foot pads during locomotion in camelid species. Scientific reports, 10(1), 1-12.:

Foot Pads:
Camelidae

Characteristics: "Camelids do not have hooves; rather, they have two-toed feet with toenails and soft foot pads (Tylopoda is Greek for "padded foot"). Most of the weight of the animal rests on these tough, leathery sole pads. The South American camelids, adapted to steep and rocky terrain, can move the pads on their toes to maintain grip. The surface area of Camels foot pads will can increase with increasing velocity in order to reduce pressure on the feet Many fossil camelids were unguligrade and probably hooved, in contrast to all living species.

Or

Characteristics: "Camelids do not have hooves; rather, they have two-toed feet with toenails and soft foot pads (Tylopoda is Greek for "padded foot"). Most of the weight of the animal rests on these tough, leathery sole pads. The South American camelids, adapted to steep and rocky terrain, can move the pads on their toes to maintain grip. In these species there is a strong relationship between body mass and surface area, meaning larger members of the species will have larger pad area. Many fossil camelids were unguligrade and probably hooved, in contrast to all living species.

Topics
- The anatomy introduction is WEAK, only talks about hooves, teeth, and cranial appendages.

Could absolutely rewrite the introduction to the anatomy section

- Could add a section for comparative anatomy across ungulates

- Found an interesting article about antlers that I could add from

- Some of the ungulate links don't work (2)

- There is also a ton of information in here with no citations at all

Economic Significance
Deer have long had economic significance to humans. Deer meat, known as venison, is highly nutritious. Due to the inherently wild nature and diet of deer, venison is most often obtained through deer hunting. In the United States, it is produced in small amounts compared to beef but still represents a significant trade. Deer hunting is a popular activity in the U.S. that provides the hunter's family with high quality meat and generates revenue for states and the federal government from the sales of licenses, permits and tags. The 2006 survey by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service estimates that license sales generate approximately $700 million annually. This revenue generally goes to support conservation efforts in the states where the licenses are purchased. Overall, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service estimates that big game hunting for deer and elk generates approximately $11.8 billion annually in hunting-related travel, equipment and related expenditures. Conservation laws prevent the sale of unlicensed wild game meat, although it may be donated.

Deer have long been bred in captivity as ornaments for parks, but only in the case of reindeer has thorough domestication succeeded. The Sami of Scandinavia and the Kola Peninsula of Russia and other nomadic peoples of northern Asia use reindeer for food, clothing, and transport. Deer bred for hunting are selected based on the size of the antlers. By 2012, some 25,000 tons of red deer were raised on farms in North America. The major deer-producing countries are the market leader, New Zealand, with Ireland, Great Britain and Germany. The trade earns over $100 million annually for these countries. Automobile collisions with deer can impose a significant cost on the economy. In the U.S., about 1.5 million deer-vehicle collisions occur each year, according to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Those accidents cause about 150 human deaths and $1.1 billion in property damage annually. In Scotland, several roads including the A82, the A87 and the A835 have had significant enough problems with deer vehicle collisions (DVCs) that sets of vehicle activated automatic warning signs have been installed along these roads.

The skins make a peculiarly strong, soft leather, known as buckskin. There is nothing special about skins with the fur on since the hair is brittle and soon falls off. The hoofs and horns are used for ornamental purposes, especially the antlers of the roe deer, which are utilized for making umbrella handles, and for similar purposes; elk horn is often employed in making knife handles. In China, a medicine is made from stag horn, and the antlers of certain species are eaten when "in the velvet". Velvet antlers in medicine have been shown to have health benefits including an enhanced immune system and athletic performance, as well as being effective treatment for arthritis. Antlers can also be boiled down to release the protein gelatin, which is used as a topical treatment for skin irritation and is also used in cooking. Among the Inuit, the traditional ulu women's knife was made with an antler, horn, or ivory handle.

Since the early 20th century, deer have become commonly thought of as pests in New Zealand due to a lack of predators on the island causing population numbers to increase and move closer, and even into, the cities. They compete with livestock for resources, as well as cause excess erosion and wreak havoc on wild plant species and agriculture alike. They can also have an effect on the conservation efforts of other plant and animal species, as they can critically offset the balance within an environment by drastically depleting diversity within forests.

Week 9: Peer Review Feedback

 * Start looking for images to contribute to my section
 * Possibly an image of a buckskin for the economic significance section
 * Maybe an image of deer antlers as food/medicine
 * Add links to other wikipedia pages
 * Beef
 * Reindeer
 * Antlers
 * Bovine tuberculosis
 * US Fish & Wildlife Service
 * Move the automobile collisions paragraph before the hunting paragraph
 * Make the section more concise overall
 * Fix a few of the original sections where the wording might be veering away from neutrality

Draft: Deer
For my draft I decided to focus on the economic significance section of the deer article. It is very all over the place as it is, jumping around a lot, so I restructured it, grouping the relevant sections together and removing a section about disease that was already discussed in a previous section. I also added a little bit more info about the way deer antlers are used in medicine, and added a small section about deer as pests at the end, as this was suggested to me by another editor on the talk page. Most sections are missing references because those sections were copied over from the original article. Sections I added in are underlined and have references, but most of my edits focused on restructuring this entire section. The original section is pasted below my draft.

Economic Significance (draft)
Deer have long had economic significance to humans. Deer meat, known as venison, is highly nutritious. Due to the inherently wild nature and diet of deer, venison is most often obtained through deer hunting. In the United States, it is produced in small amounts compared to beef but still represents a significant trade. Deer hunting is a popular activity in the U.S. that provides the hunter's family with high quality meat and generates revenue for states and the federal government from the sales of licenses, permits and tags. The 2006 survey by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service estimates that license sales generate approximately $700 million annually. This revenue generally goes to support conservation efforts in the states where the licenses are purchased. Overall, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service estimates that big game hunting for deer and elk generates approximately $11.8 billion annually in hunting-related travel, equipment and related expenditures. Conservation laws prevent the sale of wild game meat, although it may be donated.

Deer have long been bred in captivity as ornaments for parks, but only in the case of reindeer has thorough domestication succeeded. The Sami of Scandinavia and the Kola Peninsula of Russia and other nomadic peoples of northern Asia use reindeer for food, clothing, and transport. Deer bred for hunting are selected based on the size of the antlers. In North America, the reindeer, known there as caribou, is not domesticated or herded, but it is important as a quarry animal to the Caribou Inuit. By 2012, some 25,000 tons of red deer were raised on farms in North America. The major deer-producing countries are New Zealand, the market leader, with Ireland, Great Britain and Germany. The trade earns over $100 million annually for these countries.

The skins make a peculiarly strong, soft leather, known as buckskin. There is nothing special about skins with the fur on since the hair is brittle and soon falls off. The hoofs and horns are used for ornamental purposes, especially the antlers of the roe deer, which are utilized for making umbrella handles, and for similar purposes; elk horn is often employed in making knife handles. In China, a medicine is made from stag horn, and the antlers of certain species are eaten when "in the velvet". Velvet antlers in medicine have been shown to have health benefits including enhancing immunity and athletic performance, as well as effective treatment for arthritis. Antlers can also be boiled down to release the protein gelatin, which is used as a topical treatment for various skin irritations and is also used in cooking. Among the Inuit, the traditional ulu women's knife was made with an antler, horn, or ivory handle.

Automobile collisions with deer can impose a significant cost on the economy. In the U.S., about 1.5 million deer-vehicle collisions occur each year, according to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Those accidents cause about 150 human deaths and $1.1 billion in property damage annually. In Scotland, several roads including the A82, the A87 and the A835 have had significant enough problems with deer vehicle collisions (DVCs) that sets of vehicle activated automatic warning signs have been installed along these roads.

Since the early 20th century, deer have become commonly thought of as pests in New Zealand due to a lack of predators on the island, causing population numbers to increase and move closer to the cities. They compete with livestock for resources, as well as cause excess erosion and wreak havoc on wild plant species and agriculture alike. They can also have an effect on the conservation efforts of other plant and animal species, as they can critically offset the balance within an environment by drastically depleting diversity within forests.

Economic Significance (original)
Deer have long had economic significance to humans. Deer meat, known as venison, is highly nutritious. Due to the inherently wild nature and diet of deer, venison is most often obtained through deer hunting. In the United States, it is produced in small amounts compared to beef but still represents a significant trade. Conservation laws prevent the sale of wild game meat, although it may be donated. By 2012, some 25,000 tons of red deer were raised on farms in North America. The major deer-producing countries are New Zealand, the market leader, with Ireland, Great Britain and Germany. The trade earns over $100 million annually for these countries.

The skins make a peculiarly strong, soft leather, known as buckskin. There is nothing special about skins with the fur on since the hair is brittle and soon falls off. The hoofs and horns are used for ornamental purposes, especially the antlers of the roe deer, which are utilized for making umbrella handles, and for similar purposes; elk horn is often employed in making knife handles. In China, a medicine is made from stag horn, and the antlers of certain species are eaten when "in the velvet". Among the Inuit, the traditional ulu women's knife was made with an antler, horn, or ivory handle.

Deer have long been bred in captivity as ornaments for parks, but only in the case of reindeer has thorough domestication succeeded. The Sami of Scandinavia and the Kola Peninsula of Russia and other nomadic peoples of northern Asia use reindeer for food, clothing, and transport. Deer bred for hunting are selected based on the size of the antlers. In North America, the reindeer, known there as caribou, is not domesticated or herded, but it is important as a quarry animal to the Caribou Inuit.

Automobile collisions with deer can impose a significant cost on the economy. In the U.S., about 1.5 million deer-vehicle collisions occur each year, according to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Those accidents cause about 150 human deaths and $1.1 billion in property damage annually. In Scotland, several roads including the A82, the A87 and the A835 have had significant enough problems with deer vehicle collisions (DVCs) that sets of vehicle activated automatic warning signs have been installed along these roads.

In some areas of the UK, deer (especially fallow deer due to their gregarious behaviour), have been implicated as a possible reservoir for transmission of bovine tuberculosis, a disease which in the UK in 2005 cost £90 million in attempts to eradicate. In New Zealand, deer are thought to be important as vectors picking up M. bovis in areas where brushtail possums Trichosurus vulpecula are infected, and transferring it to previously uninfected possums when their carcasses are scavenged elsewhere. The white-tailed deer Odocoileus virginianus has been confirmed as the sole maintenance host in the Michigan outbreak of bovine tuberculosis which remains a significant barrier to the US nationwide eradication of the disease in livestock. In 2008, 733,998 licensed deer hunters killed approximately 489,922 white-tailed deer to procure venison, control the deer population, and minimize the spread of disease. These hunters purchased more than 1.5 million deer harvest tags. The economic value of deer hunting to Michigan's economy is substantial. For example, in 2006, hunters spent US$507 million hunting white-tailed deer in Michigan.

Deer hunting is a popular activity in the U.S. that provides the hunter's family with high quality meat and generates revenue for states and the federal government from the sales of licenses, permits and tags. The 2006 survey by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service estimates that license sales generate approximately $700 million annually. This revenue generally goes to support conservation efforts in the states where the licenses are purchased. Overall, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service estimates that big game hunting for deer and elk generates approximately $11.8 billion annually in hunting-related travel, equipment and related expenditures.

Chinchilla

 * Anatomy is completely missing
 * Section about diet
 * Add conservation efforts to the conservation section
 * Source
 * The Viscacha page, closest relative to Chinchillas is extremely lacking
 * Fur is a C rated article

Deer
Plan for Deer article: I would like to add a section about their hooves to the description section and link it to the hoof wikipedia article, using these sources. I would also like to add some information into the antler section about how humans use deer antlers using this source. It might make sense to break up the section titled economic significance into two subsections, such as hunting and car accidents. The discussion about diseases transmitted to humans in this section is already mentioned in the disease section above and seems repetitive.
 * Felt removal of antlers
 * Antlers is a C rated article
 * Add more specifics to the development section
 * Source
 * Break down the economic significance section
 * Into sections of hunting & car accidents
 * Tuberculosis is already mentioned in disease section. Maybe expand on that there and remove it from this section
 * Add more physical features to the description sections
 * Only two current categories are antlers and teeth
 * Hooves? Tails?
 * Source
 * Source
 * Deer antler uses
 * Source

Feedback: Discussion and Adding to an Article
Editing of the Ungulate page may not be the best bet, at least not as a main edit. You may need to link from the Ungulate page to edits in Artiodactyla or Perissodactyla. We can discuss this during our meeting. Chinchilla and Deer: these all look like really great proposed edits. If they start to get too large/comprehensive, we may need to discuss narrowing them down a bit. Still looks good though Horse skeleton: this looks good and for the evolution/ancestry section, you may find that going up a level to the family or order that horses belong to (Perissodactyla) is a good bet...just to make sure this work has not already been done.
 * This sandbox is VERY well organized and I think you have all put yourselves in a very good spot to produce your first draft. I know what you are editing, I have an idea of your sources and I know who is working on what section.
 * A few reminders: 1. Start actually citing in your pages and making live links. A few of you are doing this in your sections, but a few are not and the practice is critical. In particular, those in-text citations are super important to practice,
 * I REALLy appreciate that for the most part you are all drafting in your own sandbox and then moving to the group sandbox. This is just good practice.
 * Specific feedback:
 * Great work all!Osquaesitor (talk) 18:57, 23 March 2021 (UTC)

= Sources =