User:NickW1129/sandbox

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sBNQHh3MAcM RESOURCES

https://www.pcworld.com/article/447531/the-astounding-evolution-of-the-hard-drive.html

https://www.eetimes.com/drive-makers-look-to-steal-wind-from-ibm-in-microdrive-segment/

https://www.eetimes.com/improved-ibm-microdrive-hunts-for-broader-use/

https://www.cnet.com/tech/computing/ibm-to-ship-4gb-microdrive/

https://www.cnet.com/tech/tech-industry/shaping-the-evolution-of-the-pc/

https://www.computerworld.com/article/2783479/ibm-claims-world-s-tiniest-disk-drive.html

https://www.fastcompany.com/1000253/sandisk-announces-32gb-compactflash-cards

https://www.eetimes.com/one-inch-no-cinch-for-ibm-storage-gurus/

Samsung SpinPoint A

http://www.hjreggel.net/hdtechdat/hd-samsung.html

http://www.hjreggel.net/hdtechdat/hd-ibm.html

The Microdrive is a registered trademark for miniature, 1-inch hard disks originally produced by IBM then later Hitachi. These rotational media storage devices were designed to fit in CompactFlash (CF) Type II slots. The release of similar drives by other makers led to them often being referred to as "microdrives" too.

By 2010, Microdrives were viewed as obsolete, having been overtaken by solid-state flash media in read/write performance, storage capacity, durability, and price.

History
Prior to the 1-inch Microdrive, a 1.3-inch HDD nicknamed the "Kittyhawk" was developed and launched in June 1992 by Hewlett Packard with a capacity of 20, then later 40 MB. These units weighed about 28g (1oz), with dimensions of 2.0" × 1.44" × 0.414" (50.8mm × 36.5mm × 10.5mm) and were physically the smallest hard drives in the world before the Microdrive. The Kittyhawk was a failure however, and didn't last long in the market.

Development
The idea of the Microdrive was created by IBM researcher Timothy J. Reiley who was working at the Almaden Research Center in San Jose on a funded project to look at micromechanics. He saw tiny mechanical devices people were building with IC's and silicon, and was inspired to make a tiny disk drive.

Timothy's work began with a micro-fabrication expert. With him, they created a few models of tiny disk drives over the years. Eventually Timothy's manager at the time felt that the microdrive wasn't really practical or worth the effort to pursue, as it was thought it wouldn't produce a real product that works. After this, Thomas Albrecht was asked to look at the project and became very interested in it. He then worked with Timothy to try to make the microdrive become real.

The original idea by Timothy was to simply make a tiny disk drive with Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS), but there was an increased technical risk and cost. The main issue was the size limit. Even if a tiny drive could be made, it's capacity would be very limited due to the diameter of the magnetic media and so the cost would be much higher, making the drive very expensive to produce."“Our view is that MEMS [microelectromechanical-system] devices will be a key part of a disk drive in the future, so we were looking at micromotors on the head for finer positioning. As we went along, we found it was more suited to a miniaturized drive than to use micromotors in larger drives.”"It was then decided to stick with a conventional disk drive and all it's systems, but make it much smaller.

The leader of mobile drive development at IBM's Fujisawa facility at the time, Hideya Ino, highly sought the potential of a 1-inch disk drive. He decided that the Microdrive should become a real product, and had a team collaborate with Timothy and Thomas to create working prototypes.

There were many challenges to overcome in creating a working Microdrive, such as the design, the load/unload system, the spindle motor, and the weight.

The load/unload system could not retract the head into the parking ramp when the drive was powered off, but this was fixed by using a small capacitor and some clever engineering to get enough energy for the actuator to park. Rather than using a traditional ball-bearing spindle motor for the platters, the Microdrive used a fluid-type spindle motor.

Having all the necessary ICs fit for the drive to work was an even greater challenge. The original design used components on one side of the main-board of the drive, but an engineer came up with a way to use direct chip attach, which allowed components on both sides of the board.

Getting support and marketing for the Microdrive was another difficult process due to the Kittyhawk's failure. Many ploys were used to get support, such as chart's that implied the Kittyhawk failed due to it's huge size reduction at the time.

The form factor that ended up being chosen was CompactFlash, as that's what digital camera manufacturers were using. The CompactFlash interface was essentially IDE but scaled down. The original CompactFlash form factor was 3.3mm thick. Microdrive prototypes made in the 3.3mm size failed to work, however they did work in 5mm size.

Thomas/IBM visited the CompactFlash association and asked them to make a 5mm variant, which would then become CompactFlash Type II. It was the same as the original form factor, but just thicker. Because of this, camera manufacturers began making the slots on their cameras Type II and Type I compatible. This then became the Microdrive's main market.

It had a spindle speed of 4500 RPM, and drew 300 mA of current.

Announcements/Launch
In September 1998, IBM officially announced the Microdrive, a year before the expected launch.

“For IBM Disk Drives, this was an uncharacteristically early announcement. We normally would never announce a product a year in advance of shipments,” Albrecht said. “Everyone agreed that it was necessary. People needed to design Type II slots, and there were also questions whether we were serious about this.”

It was advertised by marketers in varying ways. One source claimed it was about the size of a large coin, weighing less than an AA battery, and had the capacity of over 200 floppy disks. Another said it weighed half as much as a golf ball, and had a capacity of 300 novels. And a manager at Sanyo said it could store 1,500 1.5 mega-pixel images or 10 minutes of VGA-quality video. The Microdrive was expected to be launched by mid-1999, and would be a competitor to CompactFlash, which was originally released in 1994. On June 24, 1999, IBM Japan announced the IBM Microdrive 340 MB for ¥58,000 or $475 USD.

In June 1999, IBM officially launched the first generation 1-inch Microdrive. It had storage capacities of 170MB and 340MB at a price of $499. The drive was initially ordered by several companies such as Compaq, Casio, Minolta, Nikon, and more.

The first generation of the Microdrive was a partial success, having a few products released using the drive. Such as the Sanyo VPC-SX500, and the Casio QV2000UX.

Second Generation
A second generation of Microdrive was announced by IBM the following year in June 2000. These models would draw less power with a spindle speed reduction to 3600 RPM and have a higher bit density of 15.2 gigabit-per-square-inch. They would have increased capacities at 512 MB and 1 GB. The 512 MB model would cost $399 and the 1 GB model $499 upon release, with the original 340 MB microdrive decreasing to $299. The initial microdrive models had limited-success due to their price tag. It was hoped with the improved models use could be expanded to other products such as audio players and handheld computers.

The microdrive was much more expensive than conventional drives at the time, but less expensive than CompactFlash. The microdrive cost $0.50 per MB while CompactFlash was $2 per MB.

Microdrive in Space
The 1GB microdrive was successfully used to store and bring back digital images from NASA's STS98 and STS102 shuttle missions in 2001. The microdrive was first tested with high doses of radiation and durability in a weightless environment before being used on the missions. It was put in a Kodak DCS 660 camera and was used to take hundreds of photograph on the missions.

Portable Audio Players
One of the main use cases of the Microdrive considered was portable audio players. The current capacity at the time was limited due to the cost of solid-state storage, and so only about 30 minutes of audio was available on consumer devices. With the Microdrive, this space could be expanded much larger although adding a bit to the price.Timothy & Thomas along with some of IBM's marketing and development team went to various companies to advertise the Microdrive. They visited Sony, Panasonic, Phillips, and more. They however refused to use the Microdrive, and went with other formats such as record-able CD-ROM.

In 2004 Apple unexpectedly chose to use the Microdrive in their iPod Mini. This was surprising to the microdrive team.

Hitachi Merge
Following the merger of IBM and Hitachi HDD business units, Hitachi Global Storage Technologies continued the development and marketing of the Microdrive. In 2003, 2GB and 4GB models were announced by Hitachi & IBM. The 4 GB model was first available on February 20, 2004 for a price of $499. This was followed by a 6GB capacity model in February 2005 for a price of $299, with the 4 GB model dropping to $199. Hitachi additionally planned an even smaller 1-inch hard drive with a capacity of 8-10 GB under the code-name "Mikey" for late 2005 with a weight of 14 grams and a size of 40 mm × 30 mm × 5 mm.



Discontinuation
In 2006, flash-based CompactFlash cards began to surpass Microdrives in capacity and lower costs, which made the Microdrive technology obsolete. CompactFlash began in 1994 released by SanDisk with capacities of 2, 4, 10, and 15 MB at a cost of. By 2006, capacities reached 12 and 16 GB with a price of

In 2008, capacity reached 32 GB with a price of just $220 versus the $199 for a 4 GB microdrive.

By 2007, sales and profit of the Microdrive were dwindling so Hitachi discontinued production of 1 inch hard disk drives. Sales of 1-inch drives were only about 3,000 in a three-month period in 2007, while 560,000 units of 1-1.8-inch drives were sold throughout July to September 2007. Hitachi wanted to shift over to bigger 2.5 and 3.5-inch hard disk drives, rather than retain focus on the small hard disk drive business.

Seagate
In 2004, Seagate launched 2.5 and 5GB hard disk drives in the same small physical form-factor as IBM Microdrive and referred to them as either 1-inch hard drives or CompactFlash hard drives due to the trademark issue. These drives were also commonly known as the Seagate ST1, and we're made entirely by Seagate themselves. Seagate also sold a standalone consumer product based on these drives with a product known as the Pocket Hard Drive. These devices came in the shape of a hockey puck with an integrated USB 2.0 cable.

Seagate launched their 6 GB mini drive on the same day as Hitachi, in February 2005.

Western Digital
In early 2005 Western Digital announced they would be joining the mini hard drive market with their own drives. These would be available by the second half of 2005 and reach capacities up to 6 GB.

Western Digital launched a 6 GB external USB 2.0 microdrive as a part of the Passport Pocket brand in March 2006. This was made as a competitor to the Seagate Pocket Hard Drive. The unit had 2 MB of cache, 11 ms seek, spun at 3,600 RPM, and was 60 × 45 × 9 mm. The price for the unit was $130 upon release.

GS Magicstor
On July 16, 2003, a Chinese manufacturer called GS Magicstor, Inc. (subsidiary of GS Magic, Inc.) announced it had produced 1-inch hard disk drive with capacity of 2.4GB at the beginning of the year 2003, originally marketed as an alternative to Microdrive by Hitachi Global Storage Technologies. It was to be followed by 2.2 and 4.8GB 1-inch HDD that was unveiled in 2004 International CES, with 0.8-inch HDD. On December 28, 2004, Hitachi Global Storage Technologies announced it had filed lawsuit against GS Magicstor, Inc., GS Magic, Inc., and Riospring, Inc. for infringement of multiple Hitachi GST's patents relating to hard disk drives, after GS Magic Inc. had started promoting mini-HDD (small form factor hard disk drive).

Samsung
In 2008 Samsung released a 1.3 inch hard disk drive line named "Spinpoint A1" with capacities of 30 and 40 GB. They were only slightly larger than the original microdrive, at a size of 42.8 x 36.4 x 5mm.

Toshiba
In January 2004 Toshiba released an even smaller hard disk drive than the Microdrive, being 0.85" (24 mm × 5 mm × 32 mm). It had a capacity of 4 and 8 GB available, and it holds the Guinness World Record for the smallest HDD. The drive had a proprietary interface and was made to be used for cell-phones, mp3 players, and other small devices.