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Yodok concentration camp

요덕 정치범수용소(耀德政治犯收容所)는 조선민주주의인민공화국 함경남도 요덕군에 위치한 정치범 수용소이다. 정식 명칭은 15호 관리소이다. 이 영역은 대체로 광복 당시의, 또 대한민국에서 발행한 지도에 표기된 함경남도 영흥군 요덕면 일대이다. 북조선에는 요덕수용소 이외에도 정치범 수용소가 몇 군데가 더 있지만 대외적으로 가장 잘 알려진 것은 요덕 정치범수용소이다. 그 이유는 규모가 큰 것 이외에도, 타지역의 수용소에는 석방이 불가능한 완전통제구역만이 있지만 이 요덕수용소에는 '완전통제구역' 외에도 간혹 석방되기도 하는 혁명화구역이 있기 때문에, 요덕 정치범수용소에서 풀려난 사람들의 증언이 존재하기 때문이다.

Yodok concentration camp (also romanized Yodŏk, Yodeok, or Yoduk) is a political prison camp in North Korea. The official name is Kwan-li-so (penal labor colony) No. 15. The camp is used to segregate those seen as hostile to the regime, punish them for political misdemeanors, and exploit them with hard labor.

위치
The Yodok camp is about 70 mi from Pyongyang. It is located in Yodok county, South Hamgyong province, stretching into the valley of the Ipsok River, surrounded by mountains: Paek-san 1742 m to the north, Modo-san 1833 m to the northwest, Tok-san 1250 m to the west, and Byeongpung-san 1152 m to the south. The entrance to the valley is the 1250 m Chaebong Pass to the east. The streams from the valleys of these mountains form the Ipsok River, which flows downstream into the Yonghung River and eventually into the sea near Wonsan city.

죄목
요덕 정치범 수용소는 정치범을 수용하는 곳이라고 해서 국가적 범죄를 저지른 사람만 수용하는 곳이 아니라 조선민주주의인민공화국 내부에서 주체사상에 어긋나거나 김일성 가문에 대해 조금이라도 부정적으로 논하는 등의 소위 '국가원수 모독죄'를 범한 사람들도 수용되었다. 수용자들의 죄목은 다음과 같다.


 * 실제 정치범
 * 대한민국에서 제작한 방송, 영화, 가요 등 엔터테인먼트를 감상한 자.
 * 김일성 주석의 목 뒤에 혹이 났다고 주장하는 사람.
 * 김일성 가족의 사진에 흠집 수준으로 작은 훼손을 한 사람.
 * 기독교 신자. 이 중에 다른 사람에게 기독교를 믿으라고 권유한 자는 총살에 처해진다.
 * 탈북자
 * 휴대전화 사용자.
 * 대한민국의 인터넷 사이트 접속자.
 * 기타 각종 범죄자 및 김정일의 판단에 의해 수용되는자.

Description
Yodok camp has two parts: In the 1990s, the total control zone had an estimated 30,000 prisoners while the smaller revolutionary zone had about 16,500 prisoners; recent satellite images, however, indicate a significant increase in the camp's scale. Most prisoners are deported to Yodok without trial, or following grossly unfair trials, on the basis of confessions obtained through torture. People are often imprisoned together with family members and close relatives, including small children and the elderly, based on guilt by association (Sippenhaft).
 * The total control zone (Chosŏn'gŭl: 특별독재대상구역), with the prison labor colonies Pyongchang-ri and Yongpyong-ri, is for people who authorities believe have committed crimes against the regime or who have been denounced as politically unreliable (e.g. returnees from Japan or Christians). These prisoners are never released.
 * The revolutionary zone (Chosŏn'gŭl: 혁명화대상구역), with reeducation camps Ipsok-ri, Kuup-ri and Daesuk-ri, is to punish people for less serious political crimes (e.g. illegally leaving the country, listening to South Korean broadcasts, or criticizing government policy). These prisoners are eventually released after serving their sentences.

The camp is around 378 km2 in area. It is surrounded by a barbed-wire fence 3 – tall and walls with electric wire and watchtowers at regular intervals. The camp is patrolled by 1,000 guards with automatic rifles and guard dogs.

In 2004, a Japanese television station aired what it said was footage showing scenes from the camp.

실태
1990년대에 약 3만 명의 수인(囚人)들이 완전통제구역에 수용되어 있었으며, 약 1만 6천 명의 수인(囚人)들은 혁명화구역에 수용되었다. 완전통제구역의 수인들은 종신 수용되며, 혁명화구역에 수용된 수인들의 대부분은 대체로 북송 재일교포와 정치범의 가족들이다.

수용소의 전체는 3~4미터 정도의 높이를 가진 담이 있고, 그 위에 2~3미터 높이의 전기철조망으로 둘러싸여져 있다. 담을 따라서는 감시탑이 있어, 자동소총과 감시견을 가진 1천 명의 경비대가 순찰하고 있다.

실제로 김정일의 부인이었던 성혜림과 친구였다는 이유로 요덕수용소에 갇혔던 김영순 씨의 증언을 보면 월북한 만담가 신불출이 숙청후 1976년에 요덕수용소에서 영양실조로 사망했다고 말을 하였다. 김정일의 집안 사정과 고위층에 대한 자세한 정보를 알게 되고 그걸 너무 아는 것도 이 수용소로 가게된다고 김영순은 밝혔다.실제로 북송된 재일교포들이 갖가지 이유로 북송교포 구역으로 투옥된 적이 있다.

1977년부터 1987년까지 수감되었던 강철환씨는, 구읍리의 혁명화 구역에서 매년 수인의 4% 가량이 사망하는 것으로 추산하는데, 대부분 질병과 영양 실조로 죽어간다. 한 사람의 이른바 '범죄'로 인해 전 가족(어린이도 포함)이 수감되지만, 죄수들 사이의 성관계 및 결혼은 금지되며, 임신할 경우 강제로 낙태되고 만다. 강철환은 수용소에서의 삶을 '수용소의 노래'라는 책에서 묘사한 바 있다.

1995년부터 1999년까지 수감되었던 이영국씨는 대숙리의 혁명화 구역에서 매년 수인의 20% 가량이 사망한다고 추정했다. 매 달마다 새로운 수인들이 들어오는데, 수인들이 거주하는 집에는 난방이 되지 않으므로 겨울이 되면 수인들은 극심한 추위를 견뎌야만 한다.

혁명화 구역에서는 탈출을 시도하거나 음식을 "도둑질한" 수인들에 대한 공개처형이 자행된다.

Living conditions
The prisoners live in primitive dusty huts with walls made of dried mud, a roof (rotten and leaking) made of straw laid on wooden planks, and a floor covered with straw and dry plant mats. In a room of around 50 m2, 30–40 prisoners sleep on a bed made of a wooden board covered with a blanket. Most huts are not heated, even in winter, where temperatures are below -20 °C, and most prisoners get frostbite and have swollen limbs during the winter. Camp inmates also suffer from pneumonia, tuberculosis, pellagra, and other diseases, with no available medical treatment.

New prisoners receive clothes that predecessors had worn until their death. Most clothes are dirty, worn-out, and full of holes. Prisoners have no proper shoes, socks, or gloves, and usually no spare clothes. The dead are buried naked because their possessions are taken by other prisoners. All prisoners are covered with a thick layer of dirt, as they are overworked and have almost no opportunity to wash themselves or their clothes. As a result, the prisoners’ huts stink and are full of lice, fleas, and other insects. Prisoners have to queue in front of dirty community toilets, one for every 200 prisoners, using dry leaves for cleaning.

The camp guards make prisoners report on each other and designate specific ones as foremen to control a group. If one person does not work hard enough, the whole group is punished. This creates animosity among the detainees, destroys any solidarity, and forces them to create a system of self-surveillance.

Slave labor
Men, women, and children perform hard labor seven days a week and are treated as slaves. Labor operations include a gypsum quarry and a gold mine, textile plants, distilleries, a coppersmith workshop, agriculture, and logging. Dangerous work accidents often occur.

Work shifts in summer start at 4 a.m. and end at 8 p.m. in the evening. Work shifts in other seasons start at 5:30 a.m., but are often extended past 8 p.m. when work quotas are not met, even when dark. After dinner, prisoners are required to attend ideological education and struggle sessions from 9 to 11 p.m., where inmates who do not meet the targets are severely criticized and beaten. If prisoners cannot memorize the instructions given by Kim Il-sung, they are not allowed to sleep, or their food rations are reduced.

Most of the primary school children attend school in the morning. The main subject is the history of revolution of Kim Il-sung and Kim Jong-il. In the afternoon they carry out hard labor with very high work quotas in terms of amount and intensity. Children are beaten with a stick for failure to meet the day's quota. Primary school children have to carry heavy logs 12 times a day over 4 km or dung buckets of 30 kg 30 times a day. Other child works involve collecting 20 kg of plants in the mountains or cultivating 130 – of field. Sometimes children die in work accidents. Older children have to work all day, and from age 16 are assigned the same work quotas as adults.

Malnutrition
Prisoners are constantly kept on the verge of starvation. The daily rations for prisoners are between 100 and 200 g of corn boiled into gruel, served three times a day. Depending on the agricultural produce of the year, rations can be less. If prisoners do not finish their daily work quota or violate minor rules, the daily rations are reduced or temporarily discontinued, no matter if they are sick, crippled, or disabled. Prisoners eat whatever wild animals they can catch, including rats, snakes, frogs, salamanders, worms, and insects, though they are severely punished if seen doing so by the guards. To avoid being detected, they mostly eat the meat raw, often without removing the skin. Wild animals are the only source of meat or fat, as the food rations lack both meat and plant oil. Some prisoners sneak into the pigsties and steal pig slops or pick undigested corn kernels out of animal feces to survive.

Lee Young-kuk estimates that end of the 1990s, around 20% of prisoners in Daesuk-ri died from malnutrition each year, with new prisoners arriving each month. All former prisoners say they frequently saw people dying.

Torture
The following torture methods are described in testimonies of former prisoners: Prisoners are completely at the guards’ mercy; guards can abuse them without restraint. Former prisoners witnessed a man being tied by the neck to a vehicle and dragged for long distances and a primary school child being beaten and kicked hard on his head. In both cases, the prisoners died soon after.
 * “Pigeon torture”: The prisoner’s arms are tied behind his back, his legs tied together, and he is hung from the ceiling for several days.
 * Forced water ingestion: The prisoner is strapped to a table and forced to drink large amounts of water. Guards then jump on a board laid on the swollen stomach to force the water out.
 *  Immersion in water: A plastic bag is placed over the prisoner’s head and he is submerged in water for long periods of time.
 * Beatings: Prisoners are beaten every day if work quotas were not met, if they do not kneel down quickly enough before the guards, or just for the sake of humiliation. Prisoners often become disabled or die from the beatings. Even children are severely beaten and tormented.

Executions
Prisoners who violate camp rules (e.g. steal food or attempt to escape) are usually executed in public (barring those already shot). Summary executions take place in front of assembled prisoners several times each year; and every former prisoner testifies to having witnessed them. Before the execution, the prisoners are tortured and denied food. Those forced to watch the execution often cannot endure the scene without protest and are killed as well.

A more common method of killing singled-out prisoners is to assign them an impossible workload. When the work is not finished, the prisoner's food rations are reduced as punishment. Eventually, the combination of heavy work and less food leads to death by starvation.

Prisoners released from Yodok are forced bide by a written oath with a hand stamp. The pledge reads: “I will face execution if I reveal the secrets of Yodok.”

Abuse and forced abortions
Women in the camp are completely unprotected against sexual assaults by the guards. Prisoners are often ordered to strip naked to be beaten and harassed, and a former prisoner said that it is routine for guards to sexually abuse female prisoners. The women sometimes die after being raped. Pregnant women are usually given forced abortions.

Demand for closure
Amnesty International summarize the human rights situation in Yodok camp: "Men, women and children in the camp face forced hard labour, inadequate food, beatings, totally inadequate medical care and unhygienic living conditions. Many fall ill while in prison, and a large number die in custody or soon after release." The organization demands the immediate closure of Yodok and all other political prison camps in North Korea. The demand is supported by the International Coalition to Stop Crimes against Humanity in North Korea, a coalition of over 40 human rights organizations.

Prisoners (Witnesses)

 * Kang Chol-hwan (in Yodok 1977–1987) was imprisoned as 9-year-old child because his family returned from Japan and was considered politically unreliable.
 * An Hyuk (in Yodok 1987–1989) was imprisoned at the age of 18 because he illegally left North Korea.
 * Kim Tae-jin (in Yodok 1988–1992) was also imprisoned at age 18 because he illegally left North Korea.
 * Lee Young-kuk (in Yodok 1995–1999), former bodyguard of Kim Jong-il, was kidnapped from China and imprisoned because he illegally left North Korea and criticized the country.
 * Kim Eun-cheol (in Yodok 2000–2003) was imprisoned at the age of 19 because he illegally left North Korea. He was part of a group of seven refugees repatriated by Russia; the United Nations granted them refugee status but failed to protect them.
 * South Korean citizens Shin Suk-ja and her daughters Oh Hae-won and Oh Kyu-won (in Yodok since 1987, when the daughters were ages 9 and 11) were imprisoned because her husband Oh Kil-nam did not return from a stay abroad. The family had been lured from Germany on North Korean agents’ false promises two years prior. Kang Chol-hwan and An Hyuk testified to meeting Shin Suk-ja during their imprisonment.
 * South Korean citizen Jeong Sang-un (in Yodok since 2010) is an unrepatriated Korean War prisoner and was imprisoned at age 84 for illegally leaving North Korea.

외부 링크

 * 北 요덕수용소 수감자 254명 공개…"폭력·죽음의 공포만이"
 * 요덕수용소 수감 경험자 증언자료


 * – Overview of North Korean prison camps with testimonies and satellite photographs
 * – Document on conditions in Yodok and other camps
 * – Comprehensive analysis of various aspects of life in political prison camps
 * – Testimonies and witness accounts of North Korean refugees
 * – Analysis of political prison camps on the basis of in-depth interviews with North Korean witnesses
 * – Report emphasizing the need to end mass killings, arbitrary imprisonment, and torture
 * – Eye-witness accounts from North Korean prison camps
 * – Interactive map of Yodok camp
 * – Satellite imagery and witness accounts of North Korean camps
 * – Book review of Kang Chol-hwan’s account from Yodok
 * – Report on Kang Chul-hwan and Yodok camp
 * – Former Yodok prisoners report that suspects and their relatives are incarcerated without trial
 * – Petition by Amnesty International to close Yodok camp
 * – Video analyzing Yodok satellite images and testimonies

참고자료



 * In 2001, Kang Chol-hwan wrote the book The Aquariums of Pyongyang describing his childhood in Yodok camp.
 * In 2006, Jung Sung-san, another former prisoner of Yodok camp, directed the musical Yoduk Story about Yodok camp.
 * In 2008, Andrzej Fidyk made the film Yodok Stories about life in Yodok camp based on the musical and on witness accounts. North Korean refugees act in the film.

같이 보기

 * 조선민주주의인민공화국의 인권


 * 요덕 스토리: 2008년작 다큐멘터리 필름


 * 신숙자


 * 개천 정치범수용소


 * 북창 정치범수용소
 * 나치 강제 수용소